分子细胞与组织名词英文

1、分子细胞与组织名词-中英文-五年制259个（2015）中文英文第一章细胞 cell细胞生物学cell biology 原核细胞prokaryocyte真核细胞eukaryocyte第二章构件分子 building block molecule等电点isoelectric pH，pI 肽键peptide bond 多肽polypeptide肽单元peptide unit构象conformation蛋白质的一级结构primary structure of proteinDNA的一级结构primary structure of DNA区室化compartmentalization第三章螺旋 heli

2、x片层 pleated sheet模体motif蛋白质的三级结构tertiary structure of protein结构域domain蛋白质的四级结构quaternary structure of protein亚基subunit 分子病molecular disease别构效应allosteric effect第四章双螺旋double helix 核小体nucleosome 端粒telemere基因gene 基因组genome操纵子operon外显子exon 内含子intron5'端帽子结构5'cap structure3'端多聚腺苷酸尾巴3'poly(

3、A)-tail解链温度melting temperature,Tm 增色效应hyperchromic effect退火annealing杂交hybridization 变性denaturation复性renaturation 第五章常染色质euchromatin核小体nucleosome非编码RNAnon-coding RNA核被膜nuclear envelope核孔复合体nuclear pore complex, NPC核纤层nuclear lamina核仁nucleolus半保留复制 semiconservative replication基因表达gene expression转录tran

4、scription翻译translation核仁组织者nucleolar organizer, NOR着丝粒centromere第六章细胞器organelle胞质溶胶cytosol核糖体ribosome蛋白质折叠protein folding蛋白质糖基化 protein glycosylation内质网endoplasmic reticulum高尔基体Golgi apparatus第七章蛋白酶体proteosome泛素化ubiquitination吞噬作用phagocytosis溶酶体lysosome自体吞噬autophagy第八章线粒体mitochondrion质子动力势proton-mot

5、ive force氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation基粒elementary particle电子传递链（呼吸链）electron transport chain(respiratory chain)第九章细胞骨架 cytoskeleton微管microtubule 微丝microfilament中间丝intermediate filament中心体centrosome微管组织中心microtubule organizing center, MTOC第十章质膜 plasma membrane脂双层 lipid bilayer膜脂membrane lipids整合膜蛋白

6、integral membrane protein转运体transporterNa-K泵sodium-potassium pump通道蛋白channel protein离子通道ion channel水通道water channel偶联转运体 coupled transporter第十一章上皮 epithelium极性 polarity内皮 endothelium间皮 mesothelium微绒毛 microvillus纹状缘 striated border刷状缘 brush border纤毛 cilia细胞衣 cell coat第十二章成纤维细胞 fibroblast纤维细胞 fibrocyt

7、e巨噬细胞 macrophage肥大细胞 mast cell浆细胞 plasma cell脂肪细胞 adipocyte胶原纤维collagenous fiber弹性纤维elastic fiber网状纤维reticularis fiber软骨 Cartilage软骨细胞 Chondrocyte同源细胞群 Isogenous group透明软骨 Hyaline cartilage弹性软骨 Elastic cartilage纤维软骨 Fibrocartilage骨组织 Osseous tissue骨基质 Bone matrix类骨质 Osteoid骨板 Bone lamella骨祖细胞 Osteop

8、rogenitor cell成骨细胞 Osteoblast骨细胞 Osteocyte破骨细胞 osteoclast骨单位 Osteon软骨内成骨endochondral ossification第十三章肌组织 Muscle tissue肌膜 Sarcolemma肌质 Sarcoplasm骨骼肌 Skeletal muscle心肌 Cardiac muscle平滑肌 Smooth muscle肌原纤维 Myofibril肌丝 Myofilament肌节 Sarcomere横小管 Transverse tubule肌质网 Sarcoplasmic reticulum纵小管 Longitudinal

9、 tubule终池 Terminal cisternae闰盘 Intercalated disk三联体 Triad二联体 diad第十四章神经元 neuron神经胶质 neuroglia细胞体 soma树突 dendrite轴突 axon神经递质 neurotransmitter尼氏体 Nissl body神经原纤维 neurofibril轴丘 axon hillock化学突触 chemical synapse星形胶质细胞 astrocyte少突胶质细胞 oligodendrocyte小胶质细胞 microglia室管膜细胞 ependymal cell施万细胞 Schwann cell卫星细

10、胞 satellite cell被囊细胞 capsular cell髓鞘 myelin sheath无髓神经纤维 unmyelinated nerve fiber有髓神经纤维 myelinated nerve fiber郎飞结 Ranvier node结间体 internode游离神经末梢 free nerve ending触觉小体 tactile corpuscle环层小体 lamellar corpuscle肌梭 muscle spindle运动终板 motor end plate第十五章肝小叶 hepatic lobule肝血窦 hepatic sinusoid肝细胞 hepatocyt

11、e窦周隙perisinusoidal space胆小管bile canaliculus门管区portal area肾单位 nephron肾小体 renal corpuscle肾小管 renal tubule血管球 renal glomerulus足细胞podocyte滤过屏障/膜filtration barrier/membrane球旁复合体juxtaglomerular complex肺泡 pulmonary alveoli呼吸膜 respiratory Membrane肠绒毛intestinal villus小肠腺small intestinal gland黏膜mucosa黏膜下层subm

12、ucosa肌层muscularis外膜adventitia固有层lamina propia皱襞plica第十六章细胞连接 cell junction细胞黏附cell adhesion 细胞外基质extracellular matrix紧密连接tight junction桥粒desmosome间隙连接gap junction细胞黏附分子cell adhesion molecule钙黏素cadherin 整合素integrin基膜basal lamina （basal membrane）胶原collagen第十七章蛋白质分选protein sorting翻译后转运post-translationa

13、l translocation共翻译转运 co-translational translocation门控运输 gated transport穿膜运输transmembrane transport小泡运输vesicular transport信号肽 signal peptide信号斑 signal patch 受调分泌途径 regulated secretory pathway固有分泌途径 constitutive secretory pathway受体介导的胞吞receptor-mediated endocytosis内体endosome第十八章细胞通讯cell communication

14、细胞信号转导 cell signaling膜受体membrane receptor核受体nuclear receptorG蛋白偶联受体G protein coupled receptor (GPCR)受体酪氨酸激酶receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)小分子信使small messenger molecules分子开关molecular switch微小RNAmicroRNA(miRNA)基因调控蛋白gene regulatory protein第十九章膜电位membrane potential静息电位resting potential去极化 depolarization

15、超极化hyperpolarization复极化 repolarization离子通道ion channels平衡电位equilibrium potential动作电位action potential局部电流local current跳跃式传导 saltatory conduction阈电位threshold potential总和 summation兴奋excitation兴奋性excitability可兴奋细胞excitable cells绝对不应期absolute refractory period相对不应期relative refractory period第二十章神经肌肉接头 neuromuscular junction终板电位end-plate potential兴奋-收缩耦联 excitation-contraction coupling等长收缩isometric contraction等张收缩 isotonic contraction单收缩single twitch强直收缩tetanus前负荷preload后负荷 after load收缩性（收缩能力） contractility第二十一章细胞增殖周期 cell cycle细胞周期检查点