外文翻译建筑物出口标志的能见度实验研究

1、附录翻译原文Experimental study on visibility of exit signs in buildingsL.T. Wong, K.C. LoDepartment of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China Received 26 November 2003; received in revised form 19 January 2006; accepted 23 February 2006Abstract：Visibility of

2、exit signs in terms of the height of the sign content was studied experimentally in an 18m internal corridor. Four factors affecting the visibility including graphics, colours, lighting conditions and ages of the observers were investigated. Combinations of designations containing the English and Ch

3、inese words EXIT, five directional indicators and two exit symbols in different colours under normal and emergency lighting conditions were presented to 30 observers of different age groups to determine their visibility. The sign heights detected, identified and identified with confidence were measu

4、red. Increased height for correct identification was found for an exit sign containing two symbols as compared to a sign containing only one symbol. A green exit sign was reported to be highly visible. It was also reported that at reduced illumination, the sign height for correct identification incr

5、eased.©2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionEmergency exit signs are installed to provide markings of exits and escape routes in buildings and should be able to assist the occupants to leave the buildings effectively in case of emergency 1,2. Exit sign is an essential installat

6、ion in buildings and the specifications are stated in design guides and regulations 36. Thousands of exit signs can be found in many high-rise buildings. In Hong Kong, exit signs containing the word EXIT in English and Chinese of not less than 125mm height are specified for local buildings 5,6. A si

7、gn shall be designed with a combination of directional indicator, symbol and words: while the general design shall follow the standard specified 4, the Chinese word shall reach a minimum width of 15mm in vertical strokes and 10mm in horizontal strokes 5. Moreover, the colour-pair of sign content and

8、 background shall be green and white (GW) or white and green (WG) 5, though black and green (BG) is being used in some existing buildings 6. Comprehensible symbols, words and directional indicators for exit designation were studied and applied to exit sign designs 710. Both signage design and illumi

9、nation conditions affect the visibility of an exit sign 11. The changes in visibility with size and luminance in terms of the visual angle were studied by Jin et al. 13. Increasing the contrast of the arrow, enlarging the area of the chevron and changing the aspect ratio of the chevron will increase

10、 the distance of identification 12. Larger exit symbols are thus quantified in large spaces. It was found that colour of the sign content (green or red) would increase the identification distance by about 6m in smoke clear conditions 14. The recognition performance of a green exit sign was found to

11、be high for both colour normal and deficient observers 15. Luminance is also important in determining the visibility of an exit sign in smoky conditions 1620. In fact, sign area, stroke thickness, bounding area of words, word spacing, and luminance of characters, contrast, colour, orientation, and v

12、isual environment surrounding the sign will all have effects on a preferred exit sign in terms of signage legibility 21. In bilingual context, the visibility of exit signs in Chinese is important in designing an egress system for buildings in Hong Kong, but this has not yet been studied in detail. S

13、uch visibility was included and examined in this study. Four factors affecting the sign visibility, graphics, colour, lighting condition and age of the observers, were considered. In an internal corridor under normal and emergency lighting conditions, the visibility of a number of coloured exit sign

14、s with different combinations of symbol, directional indicator, English and Chinese words signifying an exit in building environment was studied. The experimental results were then compared with the previous results reported in literature to highlight the effective designs of an exit sign. 2. Exit s

15、ign content Configurations for combination of the symbols, words and directional indicators on an exit sign can be found in the literature 36. For example, a 57-mm-wide chevron in gray fitted onto a 300-mm-wide white sign containing the word EXIT of 150mm height would be identified correctly at a me

16、an distance of 30m 3. In Hong Kong, an exit sign designed with the word EXIT in English and Chinese and an exit symbol of a running person is specified for local buildings 5,6, and a directional indicator shall be used in a directional sign with an exit symbol or the English and Chinese words. Exit

17、symbols (E1, E2), words (W1, W2) and directional indicators (D1 to D5) used in this study are shown in Table 1. The following are their sources. The graphics of a person running through an open door (E1) 710 and a person running away from fire (E2) 5 from current codes were used as the exit symbols.

18、 E2 is believed to be a good exit indication and prescribed in the local code 6. The English word EXIT (W1) contributed to accurate identification of exit messages 710 and has been widely adopted in design guides and standards 36. The Chinese word for exit (W2) has also been specified for local appl

19、ications 5-6. Visibility of directional indicators and their effectiveness in indicating direction were studied extensively 710. A chevron (D1) was identified as the most visible and effective directional indicator and recommended for building environment 3. Alternatively, an angelfish (D2) was foun

20、d to be eye catching and a triangle (D3) (of increased area related to D1) would be easily visible 11, 12. An arrow containing a chevron with a tail (D4) prescribed in British Standard 4 has been used in local buildings 5, 6. A triangle with a tail (D5) was hypothesized to have increased visibility

21、because of its increased area relating to the arrow (D4) 11,12. Visibility of the combinations of E1, E2, W1, W2, D1 to D5 in six colour-pairs, namely green and white (GW), red and white (RW), black and white (BW), white and green (WG), white and red (WR) and white and black (WB) as shown in Table 3

22、, was studied and reported in this paper.2.1. Experimental studyVisibility is defined as the ability of an observer to both see and identify the sign content correctly at a distance in terms of the height of the content of an exit sign. Smaller sign content for correct identification indicates a hig

23、her visibility. Visibility of an exit sign was determined for observers at a fixed distance in smoke clear conditions. The visual distance L2 (m) of a sign of height h2 (mm) would be calculated from the measured h1 (mm) at L1 (m) in the experiment with the same visual angle assumed 22, 23:L2=L1h1h2T

24、he visibility is alternatively defined in terms of distance between the observer and the sign with Eq. (1). Longer distance for correct identification indicates higher visibility associated with the sign. To access the visibility, a corridor of 1.2m (width)_18m (length) _ 2.5m (height) with an inspe

25、ction window of size 0.6m (height)_0.6m (width) was used. As shown in Fig. 1, an exit sign installed at the end of the corridor was presented to an observer behind the window. The participants were 22 male and 8 female volunteers aged from 18 to 55 with a mean age of 36. They were invited through lo

26、cal advertising. All of them reported to have normal or corrected-to-normal vision and no colour deficiency. A total of 10 participants wore glasses. The experiments were divided into two parts. Part 1 studied the visibility of the designations in Tables 1 and 2. For Table 2, the interference betwee

27、n the two components of a sign was also studied. The symbols, words and directional indicators of good visibility were identified and used to design the exit signs for the second part. Part 2 studied the visibility of the exit signs in different colour pairs of sign content and background under norm

28、al and emergency lighting conditions. Three exit sign designs in six colour-pairs as shown in Table 3 were studied. In both experiments, the observer looked at a sign of content height of 20mm and reported whether the sign content was detected, identified or identified with confidence. The same sign

29、 in larger graphics, with a height increment of 5 mm, would be presented until it was identified with confidence. Another sign was then presented in the same way till all the signs were done. The second part was repeated for two illumination conditions: normal lighting and emergency lighting 2326. F

30、luorescent lamps were installed in the corridor to simulate both conditions in a building environment. The average floor luminance and wall luminance were 115 lux and 2.8 cd/m2 for normal lighting condition, and 5 lux and 0.35 cd/m2 for emergency lighting condition.The average time to complete Part

31、1 was 15 min. The average times to complete Part 2 were 27 and 68 min for normal and emergency lighting conditions, respectively. A break of 20 min between tests was arranged for each participant. 3. Result and discussionTable 1 presents the results of the visibility of symbols, words and directiona

32、l indicators in terms of average and standard deviation (in parentheses) of the sign heights identified and identified with confidence (denoted by confident). As indicated in the table, different sign heights for correct identification were recorded for different designations. For confident identifi

33、cation, a bigger sign was confirmed. Although E1 should be familiar to local occupants, the results showed that both exit symbols E1 and E2 were of similar visibility. It was found that the English word EXIT associated with a higher visibility in comparison with the Chinese one. The directional indi

34、cator D4 (normally adopted in local buildings) was reported most visible while D5 (of similar design to D4) was highly visible. The experimental results were used to calculate the visibility in terms of visual distance for a directional indicator (D1 to D5) of height 63.5mm and for an English word E

35、XIT (W1) of height 150mm with Eq. (1). D1 to D5 would be identified at 33, 26, 27, 41, 39m and confidently identified at 23, 19, 19, 27, 26 m, respectively, while W1 would be identified at 90m and confidently at 59 m. The results are shown in Fig. 2 comparing with those measured by Collins; a good a

36、greement was found. Except for the confident identification of D1, the identification measured in this study generally occurred at a longer distance when compared with Collins 11. Probably a brighter environment of illuminance of 115 lux and signage of contrast of 0.60.7 increased the identification

37、 distance. It was noted that, however, local occupants were not familiar with the directional indicator D1. Likewise, sign heights of combining a directional indicator and an exit symbol/word to be identified and identified with confidence were studied and the results are summarized in Table 2. Redu

38、ced visibility of a sign of combined symbols was reported if compared to a sign containing only one symbol. For instance, the identified sign heights of E1 and D5 individually were 40 and 32 mm, respectively, while the sign height of them combined was 34 mm. Although an observer would recognize the

39、exit sign if any one of the two symbols in it was identified, a bigger size of it was still required for correct identification than when the symbols were identified separately. Sign heights to be detected, identified and identified with confidence for three exit signs (C1, C2 and C3) in different s

40、ign-content-and-background colour-pairs under normal and emergency lighting conditions were studied and the results are summarized in Table 3. Six colour-pair combinations were considered: GW, RW, BW, WG, WR and WB. Average sign heights to be detected were 31 to 37mm for emergency lighting condition

41、. Under normal lighting condition, sign heights for correct identification were 3036mm for a white background and 3540mm for a white content. These values changed drastically under emergency lighting condition, in which sigh heights recorded were 5359mm for signs of white background and 5460mm for s

42、igns of white content. Visibility of an exit sign in green was ranked high among the signs of same design as shown in the table. In some cases, highest visibility was reported for an exit sign in black and white. It is possible that the sharp contrast between sign content and background have increas

43、ed the visibility. The identified heights of signs C1, C2 and C3 in different colour pairs under normal and emergency lighting conditions are also shown in Fig. 3. The sign height for correct identification was increased by 2025mm under emergency lighting condition as shown. To be correctly identifi

44、ed, a larger sign is required for elder observers because their visual acuity is reduced 27. Fig. 4 shows the average sign heights for correct identification found for age groups below 30, 3050 and above 50 were 45, 48 and 55 mm, respectively, under normal lighting condition, and 72, 75 and 80mm und

45、er emergency lighting condition. The average sign heights in different colour-pairs are shown in Table 4. The variations of the sign height for correct identification for the three age groups are shown. Taking the group below 30 as the baseline, sign height increments needed to maintain the visual p

46、erformance of observers aged 50 or above for green signs were 9 and 6mm for normal and emergency lighting conditions, respectively. Larger variations for red and black signs were recorded. 4. Conclusion A visible, legible and understandable exit sign should be designed for building occupants. In thi

47、s work, the visibility of exit signs in both English and Chinese, as an important component of an egress system for buildings in Hong Kong, was studied in an internal corridor under normal and emergency lighting conditions experimentally. In particular, four factors affecting the sign visibility, gr

48、aphics, colour, lighting condition and age of the observers, were considered. The results showed that green exit signs associated with highest visual performance while colour-contentandwhite- background designs were of higher visibility. Hence, an exit sign of green graphics against a white backgrou

49、nd would be a good design. Also, the English word EXIT was found associated with a higher visibility than the Chinese one. Although an exit sign of combined symbols would be recognized if any one of its symbols could be identified, its visibility was reported reduced when compared to a sign containi

50、ng only one of these symbols. An enlarged exit sign of combined symbols might be required for good visibility. Moreover, for correct identification, this study showed that the sign height would be increased under emergency lighting condition. A larger sign would also be required for the elder age gr

51、oup. Acknowledgements This work was undertaken in the Department of Building Services Engineering at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and supported by the PolyU Research Grant (Account code: G-T815).译 文建筑物出口标志的能见度实验研究LT黄，罗国洲（屋宇设备工程学系，香港理工大学，香港，中国。 2003年11月26日收到来稿，2006年1月19日收到修改后稿件，2006年2月23日收稿录用

52、。）摘要：在一个18米长的内廊中根据高度对出口指示牌的标志内容的可见性进行研究。调查探讨了四个影响标志可见性的因素图形、色彩、照明条件和观察者的年龄。令30位不同年龄的观察者观察不同颜色的标志和正常以及紧急情况时照明情况下的标志组合，以此判断其能见度。这些标志组合包括五种方向指针标志和两种出口符号。我们测量了人们感觉到标志、识别出标志以及确信识别出标志内容的不同标志高度。研究发现相较于只有一个符号的标志，为正确识别，含有两个符号的标志需要提高高度。据报道，绿色的出口标志会非常明显。另据报道，在低照明时，为达到正确识别的目的，标志高度也会增加。©2006年爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利.

53、1.前言在建筑物内安装的消防应急标志，主要用来标志安全出口和逃生路线，并且应该能够协助建筑内人员在紧急情况下能够有效的撤离建筑物。1,2出口标志是建筑物内一种重要的设备。其规格在设计说明和规范中有相应说明。3-6高层建筑内有成千上万的出口标志在香港，建筑物的出口标志都是有指定规格的。它们一般包括中英文的“EXIT“（出口）并且高度不得小于125mm。设计标志时，应当为方向箭头、符号和字的组合。同时一般的设计应该遵循标准规定，中文文字最小尺寸不能低于高度15mm和宽度10mm。此外，标志内容和背景的颜色应是绿色和白色（GW）或白色和绿色（WG），5，虽然在一些现有的建筑物正在使用黑色和绿色（BG

54、）6。退出标志设计会研究或应用可理解的符号，文字和退出方向箭头。7-10。标牌设计和照明情况同事影响着出口标志的可见性。11Jin等人研究了尺寸和亮度变化与视角对能见度的影响。13.增加箭头与背景的对比度、扩大箭头人字形的面积、改变人字形的高宽比，这些措施都将能够增加识别标志的距离。12因此，大空间中大尺寸的出口标志均被定量化。研究发现，在清晰无烟的环境下，红色或者绿色的标志内容会增加大约6m的识别距离。同事，我们发现绿色标志的鉴别性能对色觉正常和色觉障碍的观察着而言都非常高。在烟气条件下，亮度对鉴别标志能见度也非常重要。事实上，标志面积、字体笔画粗细、文字边界面积、字间距、字符亮度、对比度、

55、颜色、文字方向以及标志周围的视觉环境都将对首选出口标志的可读性造成影响。在双语背景下，香港的建筑设计疏散系统时，中文出口标志的可见性是很重要的一点。可是这方面还没有详细的研究。 上述可见性既被列入本次研究中。 图形、色彩、照明条件和观察者的年龄这四个影响因素也进行了审议。 我们研究了内廊环境中，正常已经紧急照明条件下数个标志的可见性。这些标志均为表征建筑物出口的符号、方向箭头和中英文字。我们将实验结果同之间文献中报道的结果作比较，突出最有效的出口标志设计。2.出口标志内容出口标志上符号、文字和方向指示组合的各种配置均出自文献3-6。例如：一个57mm宽的灰色人字形在香港，本地建筑使用的标志都使

56、用含有中英文的EXIT和一个奔跑的人形团。方向性指示则被用于有出口符号的方向标志或是有中英文字的方向标志中。 图1 实验室用内廊图 1. 实验用内廊本次研究中使用的退出符号（E1，E2），字（W1，W2）和方向指示灯（D1至D5）等都列在表1中。以下是其来源。现行规范中，出口符号的图形有两种。一种是一个奔跑的人穿过一扇打开着的门（E1）；另一种是一个人跑离火场（E2）。本地规范人为标志E2是一个比较好的户口指示。英文EXIT（W1）有助于准确识别文字信息并且被广泛应用与指引和标准中3-6。中文的出口（W2）也已经被指定应用于本地实践中。5-6。 方向性指示的可见性和说明方向的有效性都得到了广泛

57、的研究7-10。（D1）中的人字被人形方向标记视觉性能和方向指示性能都是最好的，一直被作为推荐使用的图形。另外，我们发现一种“神仙鱼”（D2）标志比较醒目，还有一种三角形（D3）（其增加的面积与D1有关）也会很容易看到。本地建筑物内还是用过一种英国标准中描述的标志，它是一个有尾巴的人字形箭头（D4）。我们推测D5所示的带尾巴的三角标志会增加能见度，因为他与增加的面积与D4有关本文研究并报告了六种颜色对下E1, E2, W1, W2, D1 与 D5组合的能见度。这些颜色对罗列在表三中。分别为绿白(GW)、红白(RW)、黑白(BW)、白绿(WG)、白红(WR)和白黑(WB)。2.1实验研究可见性

58、是指观察者就一定高度的出口标志而言，相距一定距离的情况下看到并且正确鉴别出标志内容的能力。正确识别较小的标识内容表明更高的可是性。出口标志的可见性使用如下方法确定，即观察者在无烟环境下看清标志的固定距离。上述在标志高度为h2下可视距离L2可以通过同视角下实验环境中测得的h1和L1 （距离单位均为m）计算得出：L2=L1h1h2(1)则可见性也可以用式（1）定义下的观察者与标志的距离定义表示。更长的正确识别距离意味着该标志具有更高的能见度。为了获取能见度数据，我们搭建了一个1.2m宽，18m长的内廊，在一端开有边长0.6m的房型检视口。如图1所示，出口标志安装在走廊的一段，观察者在检视口后满正对着标志的方向。实验的志愿参与者由22名男性和8位女性，年龄在18到55岁之间，平均年龄36岁。我们通过本地广告邀请了这些志愿者。他们都有正常的（或校正后正常的）视力，并且没有色觉障碍者。共10人戴眼镜。名称标志描述标志平均标志高度（标准差）（mm）鉴出可信E1一个人逃离火场(出口符号)40 (11)55(14)E2一个人跑着穿过一扇开着的门（出口符号）41(12)57(14)W1英文出口文字30(11)46(12