张道真高中英语语法之20定语

1、张道真高中英语语法之定语担纲指导 张道真 执行主编 席玉虎 山西出版传媒集团山西教育出版社2013年6月第2版2014年2第6次印刷出 版 人 雷俊林 出版策划 苗补坤责任编辑 孙晓芳LSBN 978-7-5440-6435-4学习探讨请加微平台bbzdzyyyf 语法学习交流微平台 纸介图书京东旗舰店 纸介图书天猫旗舰店 百度阅读手持媒体免费读丨学英语，凭什么让我学语法吗？不时听到一些青年问道：学英语一定要学语法吗？语法应该怎么学呢？我们就这两个问题简单地谈一点个人意见。对中国学生来说，尤其是成年人，我看是学点语法好。语法，顾名思义，乃是语言的法则和规律。学习语法，尤其是一些基本法则，至少有

2、下列几个好处：第一  可以使你学得快些，因为已有现成的前人总结的法则，用不着你从头摸索。第二  可以使你学得透些，因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然，而且可以知其所以然。第三  可以使你学得准些，因为语法法则就是一条条准绳，可以用以衡量一句话是否正确。第四  语法不但可以引你入门，更可以引你入胜，使你逐渐眼界开阔，语感加深，从而使你的英语水平不断提高。丨那么应该如何学习语法呢？我认为在学习语法过程中，应该注意下面几点：第一  基本概念最重要。在学习每个语法项目时，一定要把它的基本概念搞清，牢记

3、在心。第二  要大量地实践，大量地练习。实践要包括听、说、读、写四个方面，练习要着重说和写。第三  学习语法时，应多用比较法。如对动词时态、冠词、介词、名词的单、复数等较难的语法项目进行相互比较，效果就比较好。  第四  要将语法法则与习惯用法分开。碰到习惯用法，就不必钻牛角尖，进行徒劳的分析。而习惯用法在英语中则是大量地存在着的。第五  将一本语法书通读一遍，当然也不无好处。但最好将它作为工具书，像词典一样地经常查阅，始能学得比较细致牢靠。第六  实用英语语法只应是入门的向导，像一根

4、拐棍一样。英语达到一定水平之后，就应将它扔掉。起码不要让许多语法条条充斥头脑，影响你说和写的流利性。最后  可能还会有人说，语法应该学，就是太枯燥。我的感觉是：开头有点枯燥，过些时候，就会像嚼橄榄似的，越学越有味了。如若不信，请试试看。 张道真高中英语语法之·定语目 录A 定语的表示法 形容词作定语 代词作定语 数词作定语 名词或名词所有格作定语 分词（短语）作定语 不定式（短语）作定语 介词短语作定语 副词作定语 词组或合成词作定语10 从句作定语B 定语从句 关系代词引导的定语从句 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 关系副词引导的定语从句 限制性定语从句和非限

5、制性定语从句 关系代词和关系副词的选用 定语从句与强调句的比较学以致用Unit 20 定 语定语是用来修饰名词或代词的句子成分，汉语中用“的”表示。 A 定语的表示法充当定语的主要是形容词。此外，名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式（短语）、分词和定语从句等都可用作定语。 1. 形容词作定语She is a responsible girl. 她是一个负责任的姑娘。The girl responsible was expelled. 对此负责的姑娘被开除了。 2. 代词作定语Whose fault is it? 这是谁的错？This could change our lives. 这

6、可以改变我们的生活。 3. 数词作定语She bought two kilos of apples. 她买了两公斤的苹果。Our office is on the 12th floor. 我们的办公室在12层。 4. 名词或名词所有格作定语名词作定语They are going to send a trade delegation to China. 他们将派遣一个贸易代表团来中国。名词所有格作定语What's your government's view about it? 你们政府对此有何看法？名词常可作定语，也可构成复合名词。如：information desk 询问处h

7、eart attack 心脏病发作alarm clock 闹钟air conditioner 空调机blood pressure 血压family planning 计划生育brain drain 人才外流welfare state 福利国家 5. 分词（短语）作定语现在分词作定语It was a pressing meeting and all the members had to attend. 这是一次紧急会议，所有成员都得参加。分词短语作定语There is a door leading to the garden. 有一扇门通往花园。过去分词作定语She is the daughte

8、r of a retired professor. 她是一位退休教授的女儿。(1) 在不少情况下，现在分词短语起定语从句的作用，都放在所修饰的词之后。如：People wishing (=who wish) to visit the caves may sign up here. 想去参观岩洞的人可以在这里签名。There are a lot of children needing (=who need) medical attention. 有大量儿童需要医疗照顾。There was a long line waiting (=who were waiting) outside the ci

9、nema. 有长长一行人在电影院外等候。(2) 过去分词短语作定语，放在所修饰的名词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如：She bought a computer (which was) produced in Shanghai. 她买了一台上海生产的电脑。What do you think of the play (which was) put on by the students? 你觉得学生们表演的戏剧怎么样？She is a dancer (who was) trained in our college. 她是我们大学培养的舞蹈演员。 6. 不定式（短语）作定语(1) 不定式作定语可用于固定

10、的句型中。如：I have several letters to write today. 今天我有好几封信要写。I want to get something to read. 我想找点东西读读。This has given me a lot to think of. 这令我深思。(2) 在某些名词（像ability，ambition，attempt，decision，effort，failure，intention，plan，promise，reason，wish等）后，常可用不定式作定语。如：We've got to think of a way to explain it. 我

11、们得想个办法来解释这件事。We're starting a movement to clean up the city. 我们将开展一场清洁城市的运动。I had not the courage to tell you. 我没有勇气告诉你。(3) 不定式也可代替一个定语从句作定语。如：In the lectures to follow (which followed) she talked about South Africa. 在以后的报告中，她谈到南非的情况。She was one of the girls (who were) to be sent to work in Colu

12、mbia. 她是将要派往哥伦比亚工作的其中一个姑娘。Do you know anything about the conference (which is) to be held next week?你对下星期召开的会议有什么了解吗？ 7. 介词短语作定语That has no relation to the matter under discussion. 这与讨论的问题没有关系。Plans for the weekend are still tentative. 关于周末的计划还只是暂时的。There's no business like show business. 没有一种行业

13、能比得上娱乐界。注意有些名词后可直接跟介词短语作定语。如：How can I express my gratitude for your help? 对于你们的帮助，我怎么表达感激之情呢？ He showed great jealousy of their success. 对于他们的成功，他表现出强烈的妒嫉。His separation from his family made him sad. 他离开了自己的家人感到很伤心。 8. 副词作定语This is the Out Patient Department. 这是门诊部。Tickets are cheaper during the of

14、f season. 淡季，机票比较便宜。The buildings around were badly damaged. 附近的建筑物受到严重破坏。 9. 词组或合成词作定语(1) 由“名词+of”构成的词组作定语。如：a glass of bear 一杯啤酒a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶a cup of tea 一杯茶a loaf of bread 一大块面包a pile of earth 一堆土a roll of paper 一卷纸a pair of glasses 一副眼镜a pair of pants 一条短裤a bit of advice 一点忠告a series of

15、problems 一系列问题a piece of research 一项研究a crowd of people 一群人(2) 有些由of构成的短语不带冠词a作定语。如：lots of people 很多人plenty of time 大量时间loads of friends 许多朋友miles of swamps 大片的沼泽地rows of houses 一排排房子masses of work 大量工作groups of children 一群孩子great numbers of tourists 大量游客(3) 合成名词作定语。如：a long-distance call 长途电话a ful

16、l-page advertisement 整版广告one-way traffic 单向交通last-minute arrangement 最后一分钟的安排present-day life 现今的生活a part-time job 部分时间的工作front-page news 头版新闻third-world countries 第三世界国家day-to-day teaching 日常教学one-parent families 单亲家庭 10. 从句作定语There are a number of factors which we're to consider. 有很多因素需要我们考虑。T

17、his is the only reference book (that) I find useful. 这是我发现的唯一有用的参考书。The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. 那个在读书的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。B 定语从句在复合句中充当定语的从句称为定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某个名词、代词或整个主句，所以也称为形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句通常紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。 1.

18、关系代词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词有who，whom，whose，which，that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。用于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句只用于限制性定语从句代替先行词指人指物既指人也指物作主语whowhichthatwhomwhichthat作定语whose(=of whom)whose(=of which)who指人，在定语从句中作定语。如：The man who told me this refused to tell me his name. 告诉我这件事的人不肯告诉我他的名字。（定语从句修饰先行词the man）He who l

19、aughs last laughs best. 谁笑到最后，谁就笑得最好。（定语从句修饰先行词he）The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right. 会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。（定语从句修饰先行词the chairman）whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可省略或可用who来代替，但在介词之后和非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。如：These are some people (whom / who) we like and others (whom / who) we dis-like

20、. 有些人是我们喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。（定语从句修饰先行词people和others）The man with whom I travelled (that I travelled with) couldn't speak English. 和我一起旅行的这个人不会说英语。（定语从句修饰先行词the man） Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan. 昨晚，和我在电话里交谈过的卡特先生对我们的计划很感兴趣。（非限制性定语从句中通常不用who代替whom）

21、whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。如：There are some people whose faces you can never forget. 有些人，他们的容貌你永远不会忘记。（定语从句修饰先行词people）I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air. 我看见一些树的叶子由于空气污染而发黑。（定语从句修饰先行词trees）which(1) 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。如：English is a language which is

22、 very easy to learn. 英语是一门容易学的语言。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）The children like cookies (which) my wife makes. 孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。（关系代词which作makes的宾语，可以省略）(2) which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this。如：Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody. 吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。（定语从句修饰的是整个从句，而不是his driving test）She

23、ila couldn't come to the party, which was a pity. 希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the party）(3) which在非限制性定语从句中有时也可作定语。如：John stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the West Lake together. 约翰在这里待了一星期，在此期间，我们一起游览了西湖。It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go to Beijing

24、. 周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们将不去北京了。that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。如：He is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（定语从句修饰先行词the man，that作主语）Is there anything (that) I can do for you? 我能为你做点什么？（定语从句修饰先行词anything，that作宾语，可省略） 其他关系代词as和but也可作关系代词，引导定语从句。as可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。(1)

25、在限制性定语从句中，as可用于由such，so，the same修饰的先行词之后。如：Such women as knew Tom thought he was charming. 那些认识汤姆的女人都认为他很迷人。（as在定语从句中作knew的主语）I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲的这种故事。（as在定语从句中作tells的宾语）He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift. 他搬起了别人都搬不起的大石头。（as在定语从句中作lift的宾语）(2) 在非限制性定语从句中，as

26、可代表主句的整个句子，引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：Sophia was not unconscious, as could be judged from her eyes. 索菲娅并未失去知觉，这从她的眼睛里可以看出。Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference. 弗雷迪在参加会议，这是可以预料到的。As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China. 众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。(3) but作关系词只能引导限制性定语从句，同具有否定意思的主句

27、连用，相当于that.not，who.not或which.not。其先行词可以是人，也可以是物。如：There is not a single student in my class but would like to study more. 我们班上没有一个学生不愿意多学一点东西的。There is nothing in the world but is influenced by the sun. 世界上没有任何东西不受到太阳的影响。 2. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句是一种非常常见，但也比较复杂的定语从句。“介词+关系代词”中介词的位置关系代词whom

28、，which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间（that，who不可以），也可以把介词放在从句中动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。如：He is a man of rich experience, from whom much can be learned. =He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from. 他是个经验丰富的人，从他那儿可以学到很多东西。The school in which he once worked is a key school. =The school (whi

29、ch / that) he once worked in is a key school. 他曾经工作过的学校是一所重点学校。“介词+关系代词”的常见结构(1) 介词+which / whomAshdown forest, through which we'll be driving, isn't a forest any longer. 我们将开车穿过阿斯顿森林，可是现在它已经不再是一片森林了。This is the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 这就是那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家。This is an undo

30、ubted social evil against which many voices were to be raised. 这无疑是一种社会邪恶，势必遭到人们的强烈反对。(2) 名词+of+which / whomPlease pass me the book the cover of which is blue. 请把那本蓝色封面的书递给我。There are twenty students in this class, the backgrounds of whom are different. 在这个班有20个学生，他们各自的家庭背景是不同的。(3) 数词+of+which / who

31、mIn our school there are 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women. 我校大约有200名教师，其中30%是女教师。The committee consists of 20 members, 5 of whom are workers. 委员会是由20个成员组成的，其中5个是工人。(4) 代词+of+which / whomI picked up the peaches, some of which were badly bruised. 我捡起那些桃子，其中有些已经碰伤了。I met the fruit-pickers

32、, several of whom were university students. 我碰到那些摘水果的人，其中有好几个是大学生。(5) 最高级+of+which / whomChina has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。(6) 介词+which+名词He usually returns home at 10：00, at which hour is his father locks all the doors and windows. 他通常10点回家，这时候他父亲会锁好

33、所有的门窗。Don't call between 12 o'clock and 1 o'clock, at which time I am usually having lunch. 不要在12点和1点之间给我打电话，那个时候我通常在吃午饭。关系代词前介词的选择在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，应注意介词的正确选择。(1) 根据动词和介词的搭配关系选择。如：The things of which they felt proud were Jim's watch and Della's hair. 他们引以自豪的东西是吉姆的手表和黛拉的头发。（feel

34、 proud of是固定搭配）In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在漆黑的街道上没有一个她可以求助的人。（turn to sb. for help是固定搭配）(2) 根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择。如：I'll never forget the day on which I first met him. 我永远也忘不了我第一次遇见他的那一天。（the day前面通常用介词on）Can you imagine a proper situation in which

35、 the expression can be used? 你能设想一个使用这个词语的适当场合吗？（a situation前面通常用介词in）(3) 有时需要同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。如：Galileo made a telescope through which he could study the sky（=study the sky through the telescope）. 伽利略制作了一个望远镜，通过它可以研究天空。Is that the house in which you once lived（=live in the house）? 那就是你曾经居住

36、过的房子吗？(4) 根据所要表达的意思来决定。如：This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly. 这是我的眼镜，离了它我什么也看不清。 3. 关系副词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系副词有when，where和why等。when，where，why在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于“介词+which”结构，分别代替表示时间、地点和原因的先行词。（见下表）关系副词先行词功能 使用范围When (=during / in / on which)表示时间的名词作时间状语 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句Where (=i

37、n / at which)表示地点的名词作地点状语 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语 从句why (=for which reason）作原因状语限制性定语从句(1) when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。如：1994 was the year when (=in which) he was born. 1994是他的出生年。I still remember the day when(=on which) I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来这所学校的那一天。(2) where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。如：That's the hotel

38、where(=in which) we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。What's the name of the place where(=at which) you spent your holiday? 你度假的那个地方叫什么名字？(3) why指原因，在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。如：Give me the reason why you should be interested in his affairs. 告诉我你为什么竟对他的事这样感兴趣。The reason why he was punished is unknown

39、to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。注意无论是关系代词还是关系副词，都在定语从句中取代了先行词，因此，先行词在定语从句中不再出现。如：This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday. （误）This is the book that I borrowed yesterday. （正）这就是我昨天借的书。（that在定语从句中取代了先行词the book，作borrowed的宾语，因此，要去掉it。）The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practise th

40、eir spoken English. （误）The English Corner is the place where people often go to practise their spoken English. （正） 英语角是人们经常去练习英语口语的地方。（where在定语从句中取代了先行词the place，作go的状语，因此，要去掉there。） 4. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句根据定语从句在句中所起的作用，可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。(1) 限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。书写

41、时不用逗号与先行词隔开。如：This is the boy who broke the window. 这就是打破窗户的那个男孩。（the boy是先行词，who broke the window是限制性定语从句，明确指出the boy是打破窗户的那个男孩。）I have a book which teaches English grammar. 我有一本讲解英语语法的书。（a book是先行词，which teaches English grammar是限制性定语从句，修饰a book。）Boys who attend this school have to wear uniforms. 在

42、这所学校上学的男孩必须穿校服。（boys是先行词，who attend this school是限制性定语从句，修饰boys。） (2) 非限制性定语从句在意义上只是一个附加修饰语，对先行词或主句作些附加的说明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。书写时往往用逗号与先行词隔开。如：My daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 我女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。（my daughter是先行词，who is in Boston now是非限制性定语从句，对先行词my daughter起附加说明的作用。）She gave me t

43、his sweater, which she had knitted herself. 她给我的这件毛衣，是她自己织的。（which she had knitted herself是非限制性定语从句，对主句作进一步的补充说明。）非限制性定语从句的用法(1) 当先行词表示的是世界上独一无二的人或物时。如：The sun, which gives us light and heat, is a fixed star. 太阳是一颗恒星，它给我们带来光和热。Last year I visited the People's Great Hall, where many important mee

44、tings are held every year. 去年我参观了人民大会堂，每年许多重要的会议都在那里举行。(2) 当定语从句修饰整个主句时。如： Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 他说他从未见过她，这是不真实的。(3) 当先行词是专有名词，或先行词本身表示的意义十分明确时。如：Three of the biggest man-made projects in the world are

45、the Great Wall of China，the Pyramids of Egypt and the Aswan High Dam， which is also in Egypt. 世界上最大的三项人造工程是中国的长城，埃及的金字塔和阿斯旺高坝，它也在埃及。 I congratulate my neighbour, whose son has just won the election. 我祝贺我的邻居，他的儿子刚刚赢得选举。 5. 关系代词和关系副词的选用定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的选用比较复杂，除了牵涉到所指的先行词是人还是物，所引导的定语从句是限制性的还是非限制性的，以及关系词在

46、从句中充当什么句子成分外，还要根据习惯用法而定。只用who的情况(1) 在非限制性定语从句中：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查尔斯·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。The children, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained. 那些孩子想踢足球，都因下雨而感到失望。(2) 先行词是one，anyone，those时：One who has nothing to fear for himself dar

47、es to tell the truth. 一个无所畏惧的人敢说真话。Anyone who breaks the law shall be punished. 任何犯法的人都将受到惩罚。(3) 在there / here be开头的句子中： Here is a boy who wants to see you. 有个男孩想见你。(4) 先行词与定语从句被其他词所分隔时：Don't tell anyone about the secret who oughtn't to know. 不要把这秘密告诉任何一个不该知道的人。I was the only person in my of

48、fice who was invited. 我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。只用which / whom的情况(1) 在非限制性定语从句中：Her house, which was built a hundred years ago, stood still in the earthquake. 她的房子在地震中依然耸立，它是一百多年前建造的。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。(2) 关系代词紧跟在介词或介词短语后：Chaplin went to the states in 191

49、0，by which time he had learnt to dance and act in comedies. 卓别林在1910年去了美国，那时他已学会跳舞和表演喜剧了。 They talked about a movie，the name of which I've never forgotten. 他们谈论过一部电影，我决不会忘记这个电影名。只用that的情况(1) 当先行词为everything，anything，nothing，all，none，few，little等词时，或当先行词被every，any，all，some，no，little，much等词修饰时。如：Ev

50、erything that he said was true. 他所说的一切都是真的。Have you any books that are worth reading? 你有值得看的书吗？This is all that I want to say at the meeting. 这就是我想在会上说的一切。(2) 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：You are the first person that I want to ask for. 你是我想见的第一个人。She was probably the hardest working student (that) I have e

51、ver taught. 她也许是我教过的学生中学习最勤奋的。(3) 当先行词被the very，the only修饰时。如：This is the very pen that I am looking for. 这正是我找的钢笔。The only book (that) I want to read is missing. 我唯一想看的书不见了。(4) 当先行词为who或前面有who，which等疑问代词时。如：Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense? 有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的事情？My brother studies in

52、 the school which is the most beautiful in our city that isn't far from my company. 我弟弟在我们城市最美丽的学校读书，学校离我们公司不远。(5) 当先行词为人与事物或动物时。如：The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them. 我听说的那位教授和他的成就得到他们的赞美。Let's talk about the persons and the things that we can remember.

53、让我们谈论能够想起的人物和事情。The boy and his dog that were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued this morning. 被认为在树林里迷路的孩子与狗，今天早上已经获救了。(6) 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。如：He is all (that) a man should be. 一个人应有的品质，他都有。Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的学校了。关系代词和关系副词的选择 当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词时，定语从句用关系代词还是关系副词来引导，要根据关系词在定语从句中所担当的句子成分来决定。其选择的依据有：(1) 弄清楚代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分，是主语、宾语还是状语；(2) 辨别先行词表示的人、物、时间、地点还是原因；(3) 判断从句是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句。试比较：This is the place where the traffic accident occured. 这就是发生交通事故的地方。（where作状语）This is the place w