有机化学专业英语

1、精品烷基Alkyl?lkil芳基aryl?ril甲基methyl?meOil亚甲基methylene?me0ili:n乙基ethyl更Oil,?0?l丙基propyl?pr?upil异丙基isopropyl?ais?u?pr?upil丁基butyl?bju:til戊基pentyl?pentil己基hexyl?heksil庚基heptyl?heptil辛基octyl?kt?l壬基nonyl?n?nil奎基decyl'des?l叔丁基tert-butyl异丁基iso-butyldi:'sil环戊基cyclopentyl环己基甲氧基methoxyl'met?ks?l乙氧基et

2、hoxyle?0ksilcyclohexyl丁氧基butoxyl酰基acyl?sil甲酰基formyl?f?:mil乙酰基acetyl?sitil乙烯基vinyl?va?n?l或ethenyl丁烯基butenyl?bjut?nil己烯基hexenyl庚烯基heptenyl?hept?nil烯丙基allyl?lil乙焕基ethinyle?ainil或alkynyl硝基nitro?naitr?u亚硝基nitrosonai?tr?us?u氨基amino?mi:n?,?m?n?二氨基diamino亚氨基imino?imin?u,i?mi:n?u重氮基diazodai?z?u苯基phenyl?fen?l

3、,?fi:n?l,?fi:nil苄基benzyl?benzil或phenmethylfin?meOil苯乙基phenethylfen更8R乙氧苯基ethoxyphenyl苯胺基anilino?nili:n埃基carbonyl尔a:b?nil竣基carboxylka:?）?ksil联苯基biphenylbai?fenl甲酰基formyl?f?:mil苯酰，苯甲酰benzoyl'benz?l脒基guanylil羟基hydroxylhai?dr?ksil烷氧基alkoxy?l?k?ksi或alkoxylgroup芳基arylgroup二芳基diarylgroupdai?ril吡啶基pyrid

4、yl?piridil三苯甲基trityl'tra?tl二苯甲基benzhydrylbena?d'ra?l氨基甲酰基carbamoylka:'b?m?l三甲基硅基trimethylsilyl焕丙基propargylpr?'pa:d?丙酮基（乙酰甲基）acetonyl'?s?t?n?l正n，normal异iso令B位ortho-?0?u间位meta-'m?t?对位para-®a:r?伯Primary'praim?ri仲Secondary'sek?nd?ri叔Tertiary't?:?ritert-季碳quaterna

5、rykw?t?:n?ricarbon一，单mono-二di-，双bis，bi（化学中只有碳酸氢根才用bi，如bicarbonate三tri-，trisbai尔a:b?nit）四tetra-四quadric-五penta-六hexa-五quinque-七hepta-八octa-九nona-十deca-'d?k?七septi十一undeca，hendeca-十二dodeca-十三trideca-十四tetradeca十五pentadeca-十六hexadeca-十七heptadeca-顺式，cis-同，共syn反式trans有机化合物类名AliphaticcompoundHydrocarb

6、onAlkane烷Wax蜡Paraffinwaxarene芳烃Alkene烯Alkyne炔?lkainAcetylide炔化物Activehydrogencompounds物acid?sidCarbonacid碳氢酸Superacid超酸Diene双烯?daii:n脂肪族化合物碳氢化合物?ha ?dr ?% a:b ?n石蜡活泼氢化合Triene三烯?traii:nAllene丙二烯?li:nPropylene丙烯cumulene累积多烯Enyne烯炔e?ni:nDiyne二炔Alkylhalide卤代烷?lkil?h?laidAlcohol醇Homoallylicalcohol高烯丙醇Eth

7、er醴?:8?Ester酯兔st?Ketone酮Aldehyde醛?ldihaidEpoxide环氧化物e?p?ksaidSulfone碉&?lf?unSulfoxide亚砜Sulfonicacid磺酸Carboxylicacid羧酸Cellosolve溶纤剂Crownether冠醚Nitrocompound硝基化合物Amine胺感谢下载载Quaternaryammoniumcompound季铵化合物Amineoxide氧化胺Diazoalkane重氮烷da?,?z?'?lke?nMercaptan硫醇Aldehydehydrate醛水合物Ketonehydrate酮水合物He

8、miacetal半缩醛?hemi?sit?lAcetal缩醛acetal化乙缩醛,乙缩醛二乙醇?sit?lKetal缩酮?ki:t?lthiazole曝嘎?ai?2?ulDithiane二曝烷dai?ai?nAminal缩醛胺;动物imine亚胺Aldimine醛亚胺Oxime肟nitrosocompound亚硝基化合物aldoxime醛肟，乙醛肟?l?d?ksi:mHydrazone腙?haidr?z?unAzine嗪?zi:nSemicarbazone缩氯基脲Cyanohydrin羟腈,氰醇?sai?n?u?haidrinPinacol频哪醇Enol烯醇?i:n?lEnolether烯醇醚

9、Enolester烯醇酯?i:n?l?est?Enamine烯胺i?n?minYnamine炔胺Mannichbase曼尼希碱orthoester原酸酯Acylhalide酰卤?silAcylfluoride酰氟Acylchloride酰氯Acylbromide酰溴Acyliodide酰碘?ai?daidCarbobenzoxychloride苄氧甲酰氯Acyltosylate酰基对甲苯磺酸酐Ketene乙烯酮?ki:ti:nPeracid过酸Perester过酸酯Acylperoxide酰基过氧化物Nitrile 睛?12代间1Thioester硫代酸酯?ai?u?ist?acetonitr

10、ile乙腈?sit?u?naitril或methylcyanide?sa?na?dNitrileoxide氧化腈Isonitrile异腈，异氰化物Amide酰胺?maidImide二酰亚胺?imaidN-bromocompoundN-溴化物Hydrazide酰肼Azide叠氮化物?zaid,?eizidAcylazide酰基叠氮?sil?zaid,?eizidAmidine脒?mi?di:nKetoester酮酸酯Acylcyanide酰腈?sil?sa?na?dCarbonsuboxide二氧化三碳Glycidicacid环氧丙酸Carbammicacid氨基甲酸Carbamate氨基甲酸酯

11、尔a:b?meitUrea脲，尿素Cyanamide氨腈sai?n?maidCarbodiimide碳二亚胺,ka:b?dai'imaidThiolacid硫埃酸?ai?uLactone内酯?l?kt?unLactol内半缩醛?l?kt?lMacrolide大环内酯?m?kr?laidAminoacid氨基酸Zwitterion两性离子?tsvit?rai?nInnersalt内盐Betaine甜菜碱?bi:t?i:nLactam内酰胺?l?kt?mHydantoin或glycolylurea乙内酰脲hai?d?nt?winHydration水合，水合作用ha?'dre?nPe

12、ptide肽?pep?ta?dGlycol乙二醇Aldol羟醛?ld?ulAcyloin偶姻，酮醇?sil?uinacyloincondensation酮醇缩合Carbohydrate碳水化合物Aldose醛糖?ld?usKetose酮糖?ki:t?usAllophanate 脲基甲酸酯Furanose呋喃糖?fju?r?n?usPyranose吡喃糖?pai?r?n?usGlycoside糖音?如ik?saidGlucoside葡萄糖苷Aglycon昔元?laik?nSaccharide糖类?s?k?raidOligosaccharide寡糖?ig?u?3?k?raidPolysacchar

13、ide多糖p?li?s?k?raidAlditol糖醇?ldit?lOsazone脎?us?z?unAlicycliccompound脂环化合物?li?siklikCycloalkane环烷Cycloalkene环烯Spirane螺烷?spai?reinCagecompound笼型化合物Propellane螺桨烷Rotazane轮烷Catenane索烃?k?tneinFusedring稠环fju:zdri?化学专业英语词汇常用前后缀-acetal醛缩醇acetal-乙酰acid酸-al醛alcohol醇-aldehyde醛alkali-碱allyl丙烯基'alkoxy-烷氧基Metho

14、xy甲氧基的-amide酰胺amino-氨基的?mi:n?,?m?n?-amidine脒?mi?di:n-amine胺-ane烷anhydride酐?n?haidraidanilino-苯胺基?nili:naquo-含水aqueous水的，水成的?eikwi?s-ase酶-ate含氧酸的盐、酯-atriyne三炔azo-偶氮?z?uazoxy-氧化偶氮-N=N(O)-hydrazo-氢化偶氮-NH-NH-epoxy-环氧benzene苯?ben?zi:n,ben?zi:n-ester酯bi-在盐类前表示酸式盐-ether醚bis-双ethoxy-乙氧基-borane硼烷?b?ureinethy

15、l乙基bromo-溴fluoro-或fluor-氟代butyl丁基.-form仿-carbinol甲醇-glycol二醇carbonyl羰基hemi-半-caboxylicacid羧酸hendeca-十一centi-10-2hepta-七chloro-氯代heptadeca-十七cis-顺式hexa-六condensed缩合的、冷凝的hexadeca-十六cyclo-环-hydrin醇deca-十hydro-氢或水deci10-1hydroxyl羟基di二hypo-低级的，次-dine啶-ic酸的，高价金属dodeca-十二-ide无氧酸的盐，酰替胺，酐-ene烯-il偶酰epi-表-imin

16、e亚胺/iodineiodo- 碘代iso- 异，等，同-ite 亚酸盐碘octadeca-十八-oic酸的-ol醇9a$f!Q,H:5n&G-one酮ortho-邻，正，原-ous亚酸的，低价金属keto-酮oxa-氧杂ketone 酮-lactone 内酯mega- 106meta- 间，偏methoxy- 甲氧基methyl 甲基micro- 10-6milli- 10-3mono- ( mon-) 一，单nano- 10-9nitro- 硝基nitroso- 亚硝基nona- 九nonadeca- 十九octa- 八-oxide氧化合物-oxime肟oxo-酮oxy-氧化-oy

17、l酰para-对位，仲penta-五pentadeca-十五per-高，过petro-石油phenol苯酚?fi:n?lphenyl苯基pico-10-12poly- 聚，多quadri- 四quinque- 五semi- 半septi- 七sesqui 一个半sulfa- 磺胺 sym- 对称syn- 顺式，同，共ter- 三 -tetra- 四tetradeca- 十四tetrakis- 四个thio- 硫代 trans- 反式，超，跨tri- 三trans- 反式，超，跨tri- 三trideca- 十三tris- 三个undeca- 十一 .Alkylation烷基化C-alkylat

18、ionC-烷基化O-alkylationO-烷基化N-alkylationN-烷基化Silylation硅烷基化Exhaustivemethylation彻底甲基化Secoalkylation断裂烷基化Demethylation脱甲基化Ethylation乙基化Arylation芳基化Acylation酰化Formylation甲酰化Carbalkoxylation烷氧羰基化Carboamidation氨羰基化Carboxylation羧基化Amination氨基化Bisamination双氨基化Cinesubstitution移位取代Transamination氨基交换Hydroxylati

19、on羟基化acyloxyation酰氧基化Decarboxylativenitration脱羧卤化Allylichalogenation烯丙型卤化?dai?z?uni?mDehalogenation脱卤Cross-couplingreaction交叉偶联反应Nitration硝化1,4-addition1，4-加成Decarboxylativenitration脱羧硝化C-CPi-bondC-Cn键Nitrosation亚硝化Conjugateaddition共轭加成?k?nd?ge?Sulfonation磺化tChlorosulfonation氯磺酰化Dimerization二聚Desulf

20、onation脱磺酸基Trimefization三聚Sulfenylation亚磺酰化Additivedimerization加成二聚Sulfonylation磺酰化Sulfurize使硫化Chlorosulfenation氯亚磺酰化Chlorocarbonylation氯羰基化sulfurization硫化Diazotization重氮化dai?z?tai?zei?nSelenylation硒化Diazotransfer重氮基转移Hydroboration硼氢化?haidr?u?b?:?rei?nCouplingreaction偶联反应Oxyamination羟氨基化uni-单，一Inser

21、tion插入unsym-不对称的，偏位carbonylation羧基化-yl基Hydroformylation加氢甲酰基化-ylene撑（二价基，价在不同原子上）Hydroacylation加氢酰化-yne炔Oxoprocess羰基合成Decarbonylation脱谈di:伙a:b?n?ei?nDiazoniumcoupling重氮偶联Hydrocarboxylation氢羧基化Homologization同系化Cyanoethylation氰乙基化Decyanoethylation脱氰乙基Ringclosure环合，闭环Dienesynthesis双烯合成Dienophile亲双烯体End

22、oaddition内型加成Exoaddition外型加成Diels-Alderreaction第尔斯-尔德反应RetroDiels-Alderreaction逆第尔斯-阿尔德反应Enesynthesis单烯合成Anioniccycloaddition负离子环加成Dipolaraddition偶极加成Dehydrohalogenation脱卤化氢Deamination脱氨基Pyrolyticelimination热解消除Elimination-addition消除-加成Decarboxylation脱羧Decarboxamidation脱酰胺Decyanation脱氰基Alkylolysis,a

23、lkylcleavage烷基裂解Acylolysis,acylcleavage酰基裂解Flashpyrolysis闪热裂Fragmentation碎裂Chiletropicreaction螯键反应Chelation螯环化Esterification酯化Transesterification酯交换Saponification皂化Alcoholysis醇解Ethanolysis乙醇解Cyanomethylation氰甲基化Aminomethylation氨甲基化Hydroxymethylation羟甲基化Hydroxyalkylation羟烷基化Cholromethylation氯甲基化Haloa

24、lkylation卤烷基化Transacetalation缩醛交换Enolization烯醇化Haloformreaction卤仿反应Condensation缩合Aldolcondensation羟醛缩合Crossaldolcondensation交叉羟醛缩合Retrograde aldol condensation 逆羟醛缩合Acyloin condensation 偶姻缩合Cyclization 环化Annulation,annelation 增环反应Spiroannulation 螺增环Autoxidation 自氧化Allylic hydroperoxylation 烯丙型氢过氧化Ep

25、oxidation 环氧化Oxonolysis 臭氧解Electrochemical oxidation 电化学氧化Oxidative decarboxylation 氧化脱羧Aromatization 芳构化Catalytic hydrogenation 催化氢化Heterogeneous hydrogenation 多相氢化Homogeneous hydrogenation 均相氢化Catalytic dehydrogenation 催化脱氢Transfer hydrogenation 转移氢化Hydrogenolysis 氢解Dissolving metal reduction 溶解金属

26、还原Single electron transfer 单电子转移Bimolecular reduction 双分子还原Electrochemicalreduction电化学还原Reductivealkylation还原烷基化Reductiveacylation还原酰化Reductivedimerization还原二聚Deoxygenation脱氧Desulfurization脱硫Deselenization脱硒Mitallation金属化Lithiation锂化Hydrometallation氢金属化Mercuration汞化Oxymercuration羟汞化Aminomercuration氨

27、汞化Abstraction夺取反应Internalabstraction内夺取反应Rearrangement重排Prototropicrearrangement质了转移重排Doublebondmigration双键移位Allylicmigration烯丙型重排Allylicmigration烯丙型迁移Ringcontraction环缩小反应Ringexpansion,ringenlargement扩环反应Electrophilicrearrangement亲电重排-ketolrearrangement-酮醇重排Photosensitization光敏化Pinacolrearrangement频

28、哪醇重排Forbiddentransition禁阻跃迁Retropinacolrearrangement逆频哪醇重排photooxidation光氧化Photoisomerization光异构化Semipinacolrearrangement半频哪醇重排Photochemicalrearrangement光化学重排Angularmethylgroup角甲基Benzilicrearrangement二苯乙醇酸重排Alkylidenegroup亚烷基?l?kil?di:nAcylrearrangement酰基重排Methylene亚甲基?me0ili:nMigratoryaptitude迁移倾向A

29、llylgroup烯丙基Transannularinsertion跨环插入Allylic烯丙型的?l?likTransannularrearrangement跨环重排Phenylgroup苯基?fen?l,?fi:n?l,?fi:nilMigration迁移Arylgroup芳基Prototropy质子转移Benzylgroup苄基Cationotropicrearrangement正离子转移Benzylic苄型的重排Activatinggroup活化基团Anionotropy负离子转移Chromophore生色团?kr?um?f?:Anionotropicrearrangement负离子转移

30、Auxochrome助色团?:ks?kr?um重Magneticallyanisotropicgroup磁各向异Sigmatropicrearrangement-迁移重排性基团?nais?u?tr?pikHomosigmatropicrearrangement同迁移Smallyring小环重排Commonring普通环Mediumring中环?mi:dj?mLargering大环Bridged-ringsystem桥环体系Spirocompound螺环化合物Helicalmolecule螺旋型分子Octahedralcompound八面体化合物Conjugation共轭Conjugated-s

31、ystem共轭体系Acylcation酰基正离子Benzyliccation苄基正离子?k?tai?nAreniumion芳基正离子或arylcationKetylradical羰自由基Radicalion自由基离子?ai?nRadicalcation自由基正离子Radicalanion自由基负离子?nai?nIsomerism异构现象Acidform酸式Fluxionalstructure循变结构Stereochemistry立体化学Opticalactivity光学活性，旋光性Dextroisomer右旋异构体Laevoisomer左旋异构体Tetrahedralconfiguration

32、四面体构型Stereoisomerism立体异构现象Asymmetricatom不对称原子Asymmetriccarbon不对称碳Pseudoasymmetriccarbon假不对称碳Phantomatom虚拟原子Homotopic等位的Heterotopic异位的Enantiotopic对映异构体的Diastereotopic非对映异构体的?dai?sti?ri?t?pikConfiguration构型k?nfigju才ei?nAbsoluteconfiguration绝对构型Chirality手性Chiral手性的英?t?ir?l美?ka?r?lChiralcenter手性中心Chiral

33、molecule手性分子Achiral非手性的ei'kair?lFischerprojection费歇尔投影式Neomanprojection纽曼投影式D-LsystemofnomenclatureD-L命名体系R-SsyytemofnomenclatureR-S命名体系Cahn-Ingold-Prelonsequence顺序规则Symmetryfactor对称因素Planeofsymmetry对称面Mirrorsymmetry镜面对称Enantiomer对映异构体Diastereomer非对映异构体Epimer差向异构体Anomer端基差向异构体Erythroconfiguratio

34、n赤型构型Erythroisomer赤型异构体Threoconfiguration苏型构型Threoisomer苏型异构体Trigonalcarbon三角型碳Cis-transisomerism顺反异构EisomerE异构体ZisomerZ异构体Endoisomer内型异构体Exoisomer外型异构体Prochirality前手性Pro-Rgroup前R基团Pro-Sproup前S基团RefaceRe面SifaceSi面Racemicmixture外消旋混合物Racemiccompound外消旋化合物Racemicsolidsolution外消旋固体溶液Mesocompound内消旋化合物Q

35、uasirecemate准外消旋体?wa：zi（：）,尔weisaiConformation构象Conformational构象的Torsionangle扭转角Rotamer旋转异构体Anticonformation反式构象Bisectingconformation等分构象Antiperiplanarconformation反叠构象Synperiplanarconformation顺叠构象Cisoidconformation顺向构象Synclinalconformation反错构象Synclinalconformation顺错构象Eclipsedconformation重叠构象Gaucheco

36、nformation,skewcon-formation邻位交叉构象Staggeredconformation对位交叉构象Stericeffect空间效应?sti?rik,?sterikSterichindrance位阻Atropismer阻转异构体Puckeredring折叠环Conformationalinversion构象反转Chairconformation椅型构象Boatconformation船型构象Twistconformation扭型构象Skewboatconformation扭船型构象Half-chairconformation半椅型构象Pseudorotation假旋转En

37、velopeconformation信封型构象Axialbond直立键?ksi:?lEquatorialbond平伏键?i:kw?t?:ri:?l,-?t?r-,?ekw?-Transoidconformation反向构象Retentionofconfiguration构型保持Regioselectivity区域选择性Regiospecificity区域专一性Stereocelectivity立体选择性Stereospecificty立体专一性Conformer构象异构体Conformationaleffect构象效应Cramsrube克拉姆规则Prelogrule普雷洛格规则Stereoch

38、emicalorientation立体化学取向Conformationaltransmission构象传递Homolog同系物Ipsoposition本位Orthoposition邻位Metaposition间位Paraposition对位Amphiposition远位Periposition近位Trigonalhybridization三角杂化Molecularorbiralmethod分子轨道法Valencebondmethod价键法Delocalezedbond离域键Crossconjugation交叉共轭Vinylog插烯物Mesomericeffect中介效应Resonance共振?

39、rez?n?nsResonanceeffect共振效应Hyperconjugation超共轭Isovalenthyperconjugation等价超共轭No-bondresonance无键共振Aromaticity芳香性Aromaticsexter芳香六隅Huckelrule休克尔规则Paramagneticringcurrent顺磁环电流Diamagneticringcruuent抗磁环电流Homoaromaticity同芳香性Antiaromaticity反芳香性Alternanthydrocarbon交替烃Non-alternanthydrocarbon非交替烷Pericyclicrea

40、ction周环反应Electrocyclicrearrangement电环化重排Conrotatory顺旋Disroatatory对旋Cycloaddition环加成Symmetryforbidden-reaction对称禁阻反应Synfacialreaction同面反应Antarafacialreaction异面反应Mobiussystem默比乌斯体系Leoisstructure路易斯结构Coordinate-covalentbond配位共价键Bananabond香蕉键Paulingelectronegativityscale鲍林电负性标度Polarizability可极化性Inductiv

41、eeffect诱导效应Fieldeffect场效应Electricaleffect电场效应tautomerism互变异构Tautomerization互变异构化Keto-enoltautomerism酮-烯醇互变异构Phenol-ketotautomerism酚-酮互变异构Imine-enamineatutomerism亚胺-烯胺互变异构Kineticcontrol动力学控制Ring-chaintautomerism环-链互变异构Thermodynamiccontrol热力学控制Valencetautomerism价互变异构Substrate底物Ambident两可的Intermediate中

42、间体Solventeffect溶剂效应Reactiveintermediate活泼中间体Acid-basecatalyxedreaction酸性溶剂Microscopicreversibility微观可逆性Basicsolvent碱性溶剂Hammondpostulate哈蒙德假说Dielectricconstant介电常数Linearfreeenergy线性自由能Solvatedelectron溶剂化电子Non-bondedinteraction非键相互作用Acid-basecatalyzedreaction酸碱催化反Torsionaleffect扭转效应应Pitzerstrain皮策张力Co

43、njugatebase共轭酸Restrictedrotation阻碍旋转Conjugatebase共轭碱Eclipsingeffect重叠效应Thermodynamicacidity热力学酸度Eclipsingstrain重叠张力Kineticacidity动力学酸度Small-anglestrain小角张力Electrondonof-acceptorcomplex,EDAcoLargeanglestrain大角张力mplex电子给体受体络合物Transannularinteraction跨环相互作用Host主体Transannularstrain跨环张力Guest客体Istrain内张力Pr

44、imaryisotopeeffect一级同位素效应Fstrain前张力Secondaryisotopeeffect二级同位数效应Bstrain后张力Inverseisotopeeffect逆同位素效应Anomericeffect端基异构效应Waldeninversion瓦尔登反转电取代Racemization外消旋化Unimolecularelimination单分子消除Isoinversion等反转Bimolecularelimination双分子消除Isoracemization等消旋UnimoleculareliminationthroughthecoHomochiral纯手性的njug

45、atebase单分子共轭碱消除Mechanism机理BimoleculareliminationthroughtheconjUnimolecularnucleophilic单分子亲核取代ugatebase双分子共轭碱消除Bimolecularnucleophilicsub-stitution双分子亲核取代Bimoleculareliminationwithfor-mationofacarbonylgroup双分子羰基形成消除Bimolecularnucleophilicsubsti-tution(wiUnimolecularacid-catalyzedacyl-oxygenthallylicr

46、earrange-ment)双分子亲核取代cleavage单分子酸催化酰氧断裂（含烯丙型重排）Bimolecularbase-catalyzedacyl-oxygenInternalnucleophilicsubstiru-tion分子内cleavage双分子碱催化酰氧断裂亲核取代Unimolecularacid-catalyzedalkyl-oxygeAromaticnucleophilicsubstitu-tion芳香ncleavage单分子酸催化烷氧断裂亲核取代Bimllecularbase-catalyzedalkyl-oxygencUnimolecularelectrophilics

47、ub-stitutionleavage双分子碱催化烷氧断裂单分子亲电取代Tt-allylcomplexmechanismn烯丙型络合Bimolecularelectrophilicsubsti-tution双机理分子亲电取代Borderlinemechanism边理机理Nucleophile-assistedunimolecu-larelectHomolysis均裂rophilicsubstitution亲核体协助单分子亲Heterolysis异裂芳香取代Heterolyticmichanism异裂机理Counrergegenion反荷离子Electrontransfer电子转移Ionpair

48、离子对Electron-donatinggroup给电子基团Carbocation碳正离子尔a:b?kei?nNonclassicalcarbocation非经典碳正离子Carbanion碳负离子我a:b?nai?nMaskedcarbanion掩蔽碳负离子Carbenoid卡宾体Carbene卡宾Nitrene氮宾aCarbine碳炔Electrophilicaddition亲电加成Electrophile亲电体Diaxialaddition双直键加成Markovnikovsrube马尔科夫尼科规则Anti-Markovnikovaddition反马氏加成Michaeladdition迈克尔

49、加成Substitution取代Electrophilicsubstitution亲电取代Addition-eliminationmechanism加成消除机理?mek?niz?mElectrophilicaromaticsubstitu-tion亲电Electron-Withdrawinggroup吸电子基团Deactivatinggroup钝化基团Orinentation取向Ortho-paradirectinggroup邻对位定位基Metadirectinggroup间位定位基Orthoeffect邻位效应Partialratefactor分速度系数Nucleophilicreactio

50、n亲核反应Internalreturn内返Nucleophilicity亲核体Nucleophilicity亲核性a-effect%效应Backsideattack背面进攻Inversion反转Umbrellaeffect伞效应Push-pulleffect推拉效应Leavinggroup离去基团Electrofuge离电体Nucleofuge离核体Phase-transfercatalysis相转移催化Neighboringgroupparticipation邻基基参与Neighboringproupassistance,anchimericassistance邻助作用Neighboring

51、groupeffect邻基效应Apofacialreaction反面反应Briddgeheaddisplacement桥头取代Arylaction芳正离子Benzyne苯炔Zaitsevrule札依采夫规则Anti-Zaitsevorientation反札依采夫定向Hofmannsrule霍夫曼规则Bredtrule布雷特规则Initiation引发Anioniccleavage负离子裂解Partialbondfixation键的部分固定化exothermic发热的，放出热量的更ks?u?8:mik各种反应类型Halogenationsreaction卤化反应Hydrogenationreaction氢化反应Alkylationreaction烷基化（烃化）反应Hydrocarbylation烃基化反应Oxidationandreductionreaction氧化还原反Reductiveamination还原胺化反应Cross-couplingreaction交叉耦合反应Cycloadditionreaction环加成反应Rearrangementreaction重排反应Acylationreaction酰化反应Acetylizationreaction乙酰化反应Amidereaction酰胺反应Sulfonylation磺酰化反应Nitrationreaction硝化反应Est