隧道故事（文字加英文）

1、忽必烈设立浮梁磁局元官窑 公元1271年，元帝国建立，元代统治者崇尚白色，“国俗尚白，以白为吉”，其服饰、建筑都崇尚白色，白色的瓷器同样为元代帝王珍爱。白瓷在元代的景德镇有很大的发展，优质的白瓷引起朝廷的高度重视。1278年，元世祖忽必烈在景德镇设立第一个官窑浮梁磁局，烧造官窑瓷器。元代景德镇成功地烧造出枢府瓷，青花和釉里红瓷，取得卓越成就，为明清两代制瓷工艺的高度发展奠定了基础，景德镇并因此在日后成为全国的制瓷中心，赢得了瓷都的桂冠。Kublai Set up Fuliang Ceramic Bureau-Empire Kiln Yuan empire was founded in 1271

2、, governors of which admired white color. As was called, the state paid homage to white and regarded it as good luck. So the dressing and architecture were all dominated with white color. In turn, the white porcelain was cherished by the respective kings of Yuan dynasty. White porcelain of the time

3、underwent a conspicuous development. High quality white porcelain wares were highly regarded by the court In 1278, initial king of Yuan dynasty Kublai set up the first empire kilnFuliang Ceramic Bureau, making the ceramic production for the royal court. In due time the empire kiln succeeded in produ

4、cing porcelain for official use, blue and white and under-glazed red porcelain in Jingdezhen. Such achievements laid a solid foundation for the high development of ceramic crafts for the following Ming and Qing dynasties, which in turn, contributed to the statewide centre of ceramic production and t

5、he laurel of “Porcelain Capital” for Jingdezhen. 洪武帝兴建珠山御器厂 朱元璋推翻蒙元帝国，建立了大明王朝，却几乎全盘承袭了元代“匠籍制度”。由于祭祀、赐赉、贸易所需，开国之初，就在原“浮梁磁局”的基础上建立了御器厂。洪武帝需要以瓷器换马用于战争，还要用瓷器扩大贸易和安抚邻邦。御厂烧造出器型硕大的青花、釉里红大盘、大碗、大罐，素朴雄浑、粗豪而不失风韵，形成了洪武官窑瓷器的独特风格。Empire of Hongwu set up Zhushan Royal Factory of Porcelain wares Zhu Yuanzhang smash

6、ed Mongolias Yuan empire and founded grand Ming dynasty, while he completely carried on the craftsmanship of the ex-dynasty. To meet the demands of sacrifice, presents and trade, he set up Royal Factory of Porcelain wares on the basis of Fuliang Ceramic Bureau, Emperor of Hongwu needed porcelain in

7、exchanges of horses for the use of war and also used porcelain to expand trade or for the diplomatic need. The porcelain wares made from it such as large-sized plates, bowls, and jars with decoration of under-glaze red and blue and white, are bold with beauty and formed the unique style of the Hongw

8、u official kiln. 明宣宗斩督陶官张善 宣德官窑有极为严格的管理制度，朝廷派官员督陶，负责宫廷用瓷的生产，特别是对贡余品、次品管理近乎苛刻。督陶官张善“贪酷虐下人不堪，所造御用器，多以分馈其同列”。宣德二年（1427年）为了整肃纪律，杜绝官窑贡余品的外流，宣德帝将督陶官张善处以极刑。同时将所有次品一律集中打碎，就地掩埋。既维护了皇权的威严，也确保了官窑瓷器的至精至美。 Emperor of Xuande Sentenced Ceramic Governor to Death The official kiln in Xuande Reign boasted strict admi

9、nistration. The royal court dispatched officials to supervise the porcelain production and had a strict control for the surplus of royal offerings or the under-graded products. The ceramic governor Zhang Shan was said to be greedy and cruel, so many porcelain wares were distributed. In the second ye

10、ar of Xuande reign(1427), in order to prevent the products from out-flowing, the emperor killed Zhan Shan with severe penalty and destroyed all the surplus and under-graded products. Such move not only maintained the prestige of the king but also guaranteed the delicacy and beauty of the products. 朱

11、瞻基与宣德官窑蟋蟀罐 明宣德皇帝朱瞻基喜好玩蟋蟀，在文学名著聊斋志异“促织”篇中有描写，而宫廷正史却无记载。1993年珠山宣德官窑遗址考古发现证实：御厂为朝廷烧造了数十种纹饰精美的蟋蟀罐，其中青花双角五爪龙纹蟋蟀罐就是进贡给宣德皇帝观赏斗蟋蟀的“斗盆”。这位“太平天子”不仅有玩蟋蟀之好，而且酷爱养鸟赏花，宣德御厂为朝廷烧造的花鸟虫鱼器皿就达几十种。 Zhu Zhanji and Cricket Pots The emperor Zhu Zhanji in Xuande of Ming dynasty enjoyed playing with crickets, which was descri

12、bed in the chapter of Chuzhi in “Liiaozhaizhiyi”( a well-known literature), but without record in the palace history. Archaeological discovery from the remaining sites of Xuande Official kiln in 1993 confirmed that the royal factory once produced more than ten kinds of exquisitely designed cricket p

13、ots, one of which was the “fighting pot” with the design of double-horned and five-pawed dragon in blue and white for the emperor of Xuande to enjoy the crickets fighting. Besides the passion for crickets, the king of peaceful time also had special hobby for birds and flowers, so the royal factory p

14、roduced more than ten kinds of ware for it. 太监王振督造青龙白瓷缸明代永乐年间，北京谨角，华盖，奉天三大殿被大火烧毁，正统六年（1441年）三大殿重建工程完成。太监王振命令景德镇为大殿烧造青龙白瓷缸，因缸大而且壁厚，屡烧不成，三大殿前的陈设便以铜缸代替。而几十口有裂纹的龙缸则被打碎掩埋在御厂西围墙下，直到1988年被考古工作者发现，青龙白缸才得以重见天日，现陈列在龙珠阁展厅。Eunuch Wang Zhen Supervised the Making of Porcelain Jar with design of blue dragons Durin

15、g the reign of Yongle of Ming dynasty, three of Beijings mansions-Jinjiao, Huagai and Fengtiang were burned down, in the sixth year of Zhengtong reign (1441) when the rebuilding of the three mansions was completed, the eunuch Wangzhen gave the order that Jingdezhen should produce a white porcelain j

16、ar with the decoration of blue dragons. Because the jar was too big and thick, the project failed. Then the three mansions was furnished with copper jars instead, while tens of porcelain jars with flaws were broken and buried under the foot of western wall of the royal factory. These jars were not d

17、iscovered until they were unearthed by the archaeologists in 1988 and now are displayed in the Dragon-pearl Pavilion. “佑陶灵祠”祭祀童宾 万历二十七年（1599年），太监潘相督造青花大龙缸，久未烧成，潘相对窑工进行鞭挞甚至杀害。窑工童宾（里村人）气愤之极，毅然纵身跳入窑火以示抗议。窑工悲愤万分，决心烧造好龙缸，表示对童宾的哀悼。童宾之死，激起窑工们悲愤万分，为平息风波缓和人心，官府在御厂东侧修建“佑陶灵祠”。为童宾立祠，并号之为“风火仙”。祠内供奉的童宾像即风火仙师像，两边是

18、窑工的师祖，有把桩、驮坯、架表、收兜脚、打杂、小伕手、三伕手、二伕手等各脚窑工形象。“Smart Temple of Blessing Pottery” in Memorial of Tong Bin In the 27th year of Wanli reign(1599), the eunuch Pan Xiang supervised the making of dragon jar with blue and white decoration. For the failure many times, the eunuch persecuted the potters. One of t

19、he potters with name of Tong Bin(from Lichun)was so indignant that he plunged himself into the burning kiln as protestant. Being grief and angry, the potters were determined to finish making the product to express their mourning for Tong Bin. In order to relieve the indignation of the potters arouse

20、d by the death of Tong Bin, the local government built the “Smart Temple of Blessing Pottery” on the east side of the royal factory and honored him as “God for Wind and fire”. Inside the temple was mounted the statue of Tong Bin-the god for wing and fire and on each side were the statues of originat

21、ors of potters in their images of working, such as monitoring fire, carrying biscuits, mounting top containers, mounting bottom containers, backman, junior passing hand , second passing hand and the third passing hand, etc. 督陶官唐英编制“陶治图说” 唐英（16821756年）自雍正六年（1728年）以内务府员外郎身份到景德镇驻厂署协理陶务，到乾隆二十一年（1756年）十一

22、月结束窑务离镇，先后在景德镇二十余年，对景德镇御厂生产管理、技术创新做出重要贡献。唐英是一位杰出的督陶官，他不仅身躬实践，精于管理，而且将工作中的经验加以总结，为后人留下了许多制瓷工艺的重要史料。乾隆八年，唐英奉旨编撰陶治图说，对景德镇瓷业采石制泥、淘炼泥土、炼灰配釉、制匣制坯、炼取青料、彩绘施釉、满窑烧窑、束草装桶等进行科学的总结和记载。 Ceramic Governor Tang Ying compiled “Illustration for Ceramic Making” Tang Ying, (1682-1756) came to Jingdezhen in charge of cer

23、amic affairs as an official of inner affairs department in the 6th of Yongzhen reign until he left in the November of 21th of Qianlong reign(1756), which lasted more than 20 year from the beginning to the end. Tang Ying was an outstanding ceramic governor for his great contribution to the production

24、 management and technique creation as well. He participated in the working practice himself and collected the experience of the work and left precious historical materials. Tang Ying compiled the “Illustration for Ceramic Making”, which makes a scientific outline for each step of making porcelain wa

25、res in Jingdezhen such as mining, clay-making, washing materials, kneading, concocting glaze, biscuit and container making, paint making, decoration, glaze adding, mounting kiln, firing and packing and so on. 李鸿章筹银兴复御窑 咸丰三年（1853年），太平天国军队攻打到景德镇，咸丰五年，太平军烧毁御窑厂，御厂被迫停止烧造。时至同治五年（1866年），清政府军机大臣李鸿章筹银十三万两，命九

26、江关督蔡锦青在御窑厂旧址重建堂舍72间，兴复御窑，所有督陶事务，由九江关监督遥领。同治七年（1868年），御窑厂为同治皇帝大婚烧造喜宴瓷器。1911年，辛亥革命推翻帝制，御厂制度终止，至此景德镇珠山御窑厂经过了五百余年的漫长历史。Li Hongzhan Collected Money to Revive Official Kiln” In the 3rd year of Xianfeng reign(1853), troops of Taipintianguo seized Jingdezhen, in the 5th year of Xianfeng, the arriving troops

27、 burnt down the royal porcelain factory and the production was paralyzed. Up to the 5th year of Tongzi reign(1866), the militant minister Li Hongzhang collected 130,000 liang silver and order Jiujiang governor Cai Jinqin to build 72 rooms to restore the royal porcelain factory on the former site. All the restoration and ceramic affairs were under the charge of Jiujiang governor. In the 7th year of Tongzi(1868), the royal factory made china wares for the emperors wedding ceremony use. In 1911, the public revolution smashed the empire government, and the royal porcelain fact