高一英语外研社版期中专题二——阅读理解解题指导（二）

1、.高一英语外研社版期中专题二阅读理解解题指导二课程目的：一、学习目的1. 掌握各种阅读理解题型的设置方式和解题技巧。2. 理解主旨要义；理解文中详细信息；根据上下文推断生词的词义；做出简单判断和推理；理解文章的根本构造；理解作者的意图和态度。二、重点、难点 1. 丰富词汇量 2. 培养阅读兴趣 3. 进步阅读技巧 4. 抑制心里障碍，进步学习英语的积极性三、考情分析1. 阅读理解题目在考试中占40分，但并不是说其他题目就不考察阅读才能了，随着教育改革和考试题目的改革，任何题目就连单项选择也会考阅读才能，考察对语境的理解。2. 学生不重视词汇和阅读文章，偏爱语法知识和单项选择；缺乏阅读兴趣；没有

2、良好的阅读习惯和阅读技巧；阅读失分很严重。知识梳理：一、题目选项设置方式1. 正确的选项命题人员把阅读材料的内容或信息用不同的语言形式再现出来。一般而言，答案项的设置有以下几种方法：1选用原文中的词句；2使用原文词句的同义词或相似构造；3使用原文词句的反义词或相反构造；4答案项是对生词、长句或难句的解释；5答案项是对原文词句或段落的归纳、推理或演绎；6使用原文的上下义构造，如用“科学涵盖“计算机、航天、创造、电子等概念。 2. 干扰项的设置 1张冠李戴 命题者把文章作者的观点与别人的观点混淆起来，题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是别人的观点；或者题干问的是别人的观点，却把作者的观点放到选项

3、中去。 以某篇阅读理解第60题“The author planned to stop at Oklahoma City_.为例。此题乍看C项“to pay at the cash register和D项“to have more gas for his car都对，因为原文中有这么一句“While I was standing in line at the cash register，I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas。很明显作者是停下来付款加油时，偶遇一对老夫妇并问好，似乎选项C和D本身都没错，但题干问的是

4、“作者方案在俄克拉荷马市逗留的原因，假如考生没有理解题干，就会误选C项或D项。正确选项应为A项“to visit a friend。 2偷梁换柱 干扰项用了与原文相似的句型构造和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变。 以某篇阅读理解第57题“It can be inferred that greyhounds_. 为例。此题乍看应选B项“like staying in bed all day，因为原文中有这么一句“especially they would much rather be at home in bed than walking around out

5、side. 殊不知选项中加了“all day，使意思绝对化了。正确选项应为D项“need some exercise outdoors。考生假设注意不到此细节的变化，势必造成失分。 3无中生有 干扰项往往是生活的根本常识和普遍承受的观点，但在原文中并无相关的信息支持点，这种选项的设置往往与问题的设问毫不相干。 以某篇阅读理解第67题“We may infer from the last two paragraphs that_. 为例。干扰项C项“English courses are necessary for foreign students就是这种情况，而正确答案应为A项“differe

6、nt teaching methods should be used。解答这类考题时考生还应注意问题中有无“In the authors opinion或“According to the passage之类的限定语。 4以偏概全 考生在做猜测文章中心思想、给文章添加标题或判断推理题时，往往会犯以偏概全的错误。产生这类错误的原因是考生受思维定势的影响或考虑不周，以部分代替整体。其详细表现为合理关联与不合理关联、准确概括与不准确概括之间的错位。 以某篇阅读理解第69题“What is the text mainly about?为例，正确答案为D项“Life after retirement。干

7、扰项A项“Learning to paint in later life与C项“An artist turned teacher极具迷惑性，但它们只是文章中的某个细节信息。考生假如不清楚细节信息与短文主题之间的关系，就容易犯概括不准确的错误。 二、不同题目类型解题技巧1. 细节理解题O. Henry was a pen name used by an American writer of short stories. His real name was William Sydney Porter. He was born in North Carolina in 1862. As a youn

8、g boy he lived an exciting life. He did not go to school for very long, but he managed to teach himself everything he needed to know. When he was about 20 years old, O. Henry went to Texas, where he tried different jobs. He first worked on a newspaper, and then had a job in a bank, when some money w

9、ent missing from the bank. O. Henry was believed to have stolen it. Because of that, he was sent to prison. During the three years in prison, he learned to write short stories. After he got out of prison, he went to New York and continued writing. He wrote mostly about New York and the life of the p

10、oor there. People liked his stories, because simple as the tales were, they would finish with a sudden change at the end, to the readers surprise.题目：People enjoyed reading O. Henrys stories because_. A. they had surprise endings B. they were easy to understand C. they showed his love for the poorD.

11、they were about New York City 【自我归纳】该题属于细节理解题；题干：People enjoyed reading O. Henrys stories because文中同义句：People liked his stories, because根据文章细节：because simple as the tales were, they would finish with a sudden change at the end, to the readers surprise.关键词：a sudden change, end, surprise 结论：正确答案是A【题型的

12、设置形式】 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? Which of the following statements is NOT true? Which of the following statements is correct / wrong according to the passage? How many ? What / Who / When / Where / How / Why ?【解题技巧】 1做这类题的一般方法是通过略读法把握文章中心后，再通过寻读法快速确定该细节在文中的出处，对照选项进展“三对一错

13、或三错一对的判断。假设该信息句是长句或难句，要学会找出其主干部分、分析句子构造，正确理解信息句的意义。2明确干扰项1扩缩范围文章为了表达得准确严密，很注意对范围的限定。有的是通过加上相应的词语限制，如涉及到数量时常用many, almost all, nearly, more than, over, only a few, normally等加以限制。有些干扰项是通过改变或去掉限定词语，甚至是扩大或缩小了语言范围。2偷换概念命题者设计试题时往往把原文的概念偷换成另一个不同的概念。望文生义是造成错误的主要原因。原文： Sea anemones海葵are an example. Some have

14、 been kept for nearly a century without showing any signs of lifelessness. Some kinds of sea worms can even “grow backwards. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true? A. We can keep certain kind of sea worm growing and ungrowing again and again. B. Human beings will gr

15、ow old and die. C. An anemone is a kind of sea worm that can grow backwards.D. Some anemones will live nearly a hundred years.答案：D 解析：D中的关键词：live不等于kept, 这是偷换概念，所以做细节理解题一定要小心看每个选项。3正误并存在一干扰项中，某个句子或词语是正确的，其他分句或词语是错误的或表达不全面，正误并存，命题者借此以假乱真。要排除这类干扰项，只要一个选项部分有误或选项不全面，都属于排除的干扰项。2. 主旨大意题On the evening of J

16、une 21, 1992, a tall man with brown hair and blue eyes entered the beautiful hall of the Bell Tower Hotel in Xian with his bicycle. The hotel workers received him and telephoned the manager, for they had never seen a bicycle in the hotel hall before though they lived in “the kingdom of bicycles.Robe

17、rt Friedlander, an American, arrived in Xian on his bicycle trip across Asia which started last December in New Delhi, India.When he was 11, he read the book Marco Polo and made up his mind to visit the Silk Road. Now, after 44 years, he was on the Silk Road in Xian and his early dreams were coming

18、true. Robert Friedlanders next destinations目的地were Lanzhou, Dunhuang, Urumqi, etc. He would complete his trip in Pakistan.题目：The best title for this newspaper article would be_. A. The Kingdom of Bicycles B. A Beautiful Hotel in Xian C. Marco Polo and the Silk Road D. An American Achieving His Aims

19、【自我归纳】该题属于主旨大意题；题干：关键词title本篇文章大意：Robert Friedlander，affected by the book Marco Polo about the Silk Road, toured Asia on his bicycle. He started in New Delhi, India, then arrived in Xian where his dreams came true. Finally, he was going to Lanzhou and would end his trip in Pakistan. 解题关键：文中提到四个地点：Ne

20、w Delhi, Xian, Lanzhou, Pakistan可知Robert要沿着Silk Road参观，实现他小时候受马可波罗游记的影响而去实现自己梦想的愿望。结论：正确答案是D【题型的设置形式】 The title of this passage should be Which of the following can be the title of this passage?What is the main idea of this passage?What does the writer mainly tell us in this passage?【解题技巧】1最常用的方法是仔细

21、研读短文的1、2两句即短文的主题句，或辅以阅读各段的第1、2句即段落中心句。此方法多适用于说明文、议论文。2记叙文等需要通读全文，抓住关键点或论题来归纳意思常说明一个道理。3全文末尾段找答案。此类文章的特点是以列举事实开头，通过论证，最后阐述核心观点。在处理文章标题的选择时，要防止以下三种错误：概括不够多表现为部分代替整体，从而导致范围太小；过度概括多表现为人为扩大范围；以事实或细节代替抽象详细的大意。3. 词义猜测题You can not see any object unless light from that object gets into your eyes. Some of the

22、 things you see give off light of their own. The sun, the stars, a lighted lamp are examples that can be seen by their own light. Such things are luminous. Most of the things you see are not giving off light of their own 题目：The underlined word “luminous means _. A. visibleB. all colorsC. giving off

23、lightD. sunlight【自我归纳】该题属于词义猜测题；题干：关键词The underlined word “luminous means根据文章第2句 Some of the things you see give off light of their own 和第 4 句 Such things are luminous，尤其是和第5句Most of the things you see are not giving off light of their own中的not giving off light是鲜明的比照，可推知此题答案为 C。结论：正确答案是C【题型的设置形式】The

24、 underlined word _ in Para. _ means _.What does the underlined word _ in Para. _mean? The underlined word _ in Para. _ is closest in meaning to _.【解题技巧】1利用构词法猜词；2利用语境及逻辑关系猜词。有时完全可以利用上下文语境和前后句之间的并列、因果、转折、比照、解释定义和举例等关系来猜测词义。同时要特别留心某些词语，例如：or, that is, in other words, including, although, but, even if,

25、 on the other hand, on the contrary, other than, rather than, more than, instead of等，及其之后的内容。4. 推理判断题In a very real sense, people who have read good literature have lived more than people who cannot or will not read. To have read Gullivers Travels is to have had the experience of listening to Jonath

26、an Swift, of learning about mans inhumanity残酷to man. To read Huckleberry Finn is to feel what it is like to drift漂流down the Mississippi River on a raft木排. To have read Byron is to have suffered his rebellions with him and to have enjoyed his nose-thumbing at对的蔑视society. To have read Native Son is to

27、 know how it feels to be frustrated受挫折in the particular way in which Blacks in Chicago are frustrated. This is effective communication交流. It enables us to feel how others felt about life, even if they lived thousands of miles away and centuries ago. It is not true that “We have only one life to live. If we read, we can live as many more lives and as many kinds of lives as we wish.题目：The author implies that good literature _. A. must deal with social problems B. must teach a lesson C. is varied in subject