通信专业的外文及外文翻译

1、Research on Carrier Tracking in Hybrid DS/FH Spread Spectrum TT&C SystemAbstractBecause of the effect of carrier frequency hopping, the input IF signal of carrier tracking loop in DS/FHSS (Direct Sequence/Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) TT&C (Telemetry, Tracking & Command) System is c

2、haracterized by the Doppler frequency agile. The tracking loop will shift to the frequency step response state ceaselessly and the measurement resolution severely decline, even the loop is likely to be unlocked. This paper presents a carrier tracking loop aided by frequency hopping pattern. In order

3、 to keep the stability of the tracking loop, the Doppler frequency agility in the next frequency hopping dwell is estimated and timely compensated to the frequency adjustment of carrier NCO according to the preset frequency hopping pattern and current spacecraft velocity. Simulation results show tha

4、t this method effectively eliminates the instability due to carrier frequency hopping, and the resolution of loop meets the requirement of TT&C system. Keywords：carrier tracking；DS/FHSS；frequency agility；aided；TT&CIINTRODUCTIONThe main function of TT&C (Telemetry, Tracking and Command) s

5、ystem is ranging and velocity measurement. Presently, the most common used TT&C systems are unit carrier system and unit spread spectrum system. For the unit carrier TT&C system, ranging is realized by measuring the phase difference between transmitted and received tones, and for the unit sp

6、read spectrum TT&C system, according to the autocorrelation properties of PN code, ranging is realized by measuring the phase delay between the received and local pseudonoise (PN) code. Velocity measurement in both of TT&C systems depends on extracting the frequency difference resulting from

7、 the Doppler phenomena between the transmitted and received carrier. While all the processes mentioned above are finished on the ground of high resolution carrier tracking, and the phase lock loop is the common used method to implement it in TT&C system. As the space electromagnetism environment

8、 become more and more complicated, the capability of anti-jamming is required by the future TT&C system 1. So we consider using the hybrid DS/FHSS (Direct Sequence/Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) technology to build a more robust TT&C system. For many ordinary hybrid DS/FHSS communication

9、 systems, the most important function is demodulating data but not measuring, so it is not necessary to measure the carrier frequency precisely. However, in hybrid DS/FHSS TT&C system, measuring and tracking the carrier precisely is the foundation of system, so some special problem needs to be s

10、olved. In the hybrid DS/FHSS TT&C system, even the received signal has been dehopped by the pattern synchronization module, due to the Doppler Effect and carrier frequency hopping, the input frequency of tracking loop contains frequency agility severely. As a result, the loop is likely to shift

11、to the frequency step responses state again and again, and it seems to be impossible for frequency measurement and carrier tracking. The paper is organized as follows. In section I, the frequency hopping pattern synchronization module in the DS/FHSS TT&C system is introduced. In section II, we a

12、nalyze how the carrier frequency hopping influences the performance of the carrier tracking loop. In section III, a carrier tracking loop aided by frequency hopping pattern and current spacecraft velocity is proposed. In section IV, a simulation mode on the ground of actual requirement of TT&C s

13、ystem is built and the results of simulation show that this method is very simple and effective for DS/FHSS TT&C system. Finally, some conclusions are drawn in section V.IIINPUT SIGNAL OF CARRIER TRACKING LOOPAs the traditional TT&C and communication system, the input signal of carrier track

14、ing loop must be a monotonous intermediate frequency signal, so the received RF signal should be dehopped by the frequency hopping patternsynchronization module. In FH communication system, the signal during a hop dwell time is a narrowband signal and the general power detector is commonly used to d

15、etect the frequency hopping signal 2. But in the hybrid DS/FHSS TT&C system, the signal is submerged in the noise, it is impossible to acquire signal directly by power detector such as FH communication system. However, the signal during a hop dwell time in the system just is a direct sequence sp

16、read spectrum signal, so we can acquire it based on the acquisition of direct sequence spread spectrum signal. The acquisition methods, such as serial-search acquisition, parallel acquisition and rapid acquisition based on FFT have been discussed in a lot of papers 3-5, so we wont discuss the proble

17、m detailedly in this paper. In our system, since one hop dwell time is very short, the rapid acquisition based on FFT which can extract the phase delay and carrier frequency at one time will be the best way for acquisition. The scheme of the frequency hopping patters acquisition, i.e., coarse synchr

18、onization, could be shown as Fig 1.Figure 1. Scheme of frequency hopping pattern synchronizationThe synchronization of frequency hopping pattern is realized by the local frequency synthesizer rapid searching and the two dimension rapid acquisition of Direct Sequence PN code phase and carrier frequen

19、cy. At the beginning, the link switch is on the location 1, and the output signal of local frequency synthesizer with higher hop speed than the received one is mixed with the received signal. Then, via the band pass filter, the output signal of mixer is fed into the acquisition module of PN code and

20、 carrier. If the output of correlator in acquisition module is less than the preset threshold, the direct sequence spread spectrum signal is not acquired during this hop dwell time and the local frequency synthesizer steps the next frequency. By contrast, if detection variable of acquisition module

21、is more than the preset threshold, it means that the frequency hopping signal is acquired and the mixer outputs a stable district spread spectrum signal. After that, the switch is on the location 2 and the local frequency synthesizer will timely change the output frequency according to the frequency

22、 hopping pattern. After the coarse synchronization mentioned above, the DS/FHSS signal have being dehopped is fed to PN code tracking loop and a fine alignment between the received PN code and local PN code is achieved by a code tracking loop namely the delay-locked loop. Then, the output of code tr

23、acking loop, i.e., a duplicate of received PN code, is mixed to the IF direct sequence spread spectrum signal dehopped by coarse synchronization, and a monotonous intermediate frequency narrowband signal which will be fed to carrier tracking loop is obtained.III. CHARACTERISTIC OF DS/FHSS CARRIER TR

24、ACKING LOOPCompared with the carrier tracking loop in ordinarycommunication system, because of the high dynamic of the spacecraft, especially during the landing, accelerating and decelerating, the carrier tracking loop of hybrid DS/FHSS TT&C system will be influenced more severely by the Doppler

25、 Effect (up to 100KHz). Addition to that, a Doppler frequency agility resulted from the carrier frequency hopping wont be eliminated by dehopping the frequency hopping carrier, and which becomes the main factor influencing the performance of carrier tracking loop in DS/FHSS TT&C system. The freq

26、uency of downlink signal of DS/FHSS TT&C system may be described as:where i is the sequence number of carrier frequency, is the ith carrier frequency , is the Doppler frequency offset during the ith hop dwell time and is the current speed of spacecraft. We can assume that the synchronization of

27、frequency hopping pattern has been completed, and the output frequency of local frequency synthesizer is , where is the frequency difference between the received and local frequency, i.e., the intermediate frequency of input signal of carrier tracking loop. Passing a IF band pass filter, a IF signal

28、, the frequency of which is , is obtained. According to the relation among the velocity, carrier frequency and Doppler frequency offset, the input frequency of carrier tracking loop is derived easily as follow: Then, between the interval of the ith frequency and the (i+i)th frequency, the Doppler fr

29、equency agility is generated, and can be expressed as: Generally speaking, we assume that the velocity of spacecraft during two adjacent frequency wont change, i.e., so, which shows that the frequency agility is a function of the frequency difference of two adjacent hop and the current speed of spac

30、ecraft. Then, the input signal of the carrier tracking loop can be expressed as: where P is the carrier power after the synchronization of frequency hopping pattern, is the modulated data, is the intermediate frequency, and are the rudimental frequency offset and rudimental phase offset brought from

31、 acquisition module respective. otherwise , T is one hop dwell time, is the timing error of the synchronization of frequency hopping patterns, n(t) is the additive white Gaussian noise with two-side power spectral density W/Hz and c is the velocity of light. The tracking resolution is the basic desc

32、ription of the loop performance, and we can obtain it by the error transfer function as follow: where, F(s) is the transfer function of loop filter, K is the gain of open loop. Then we can apply the limit theorem, which is expressed as ,to derive the steady-state tracking error. Unfortunately, the d

33、erivation of Laplacian transfer of is seen to be impossible, so we cant calculate the measuring error precisely and only analyze it by simulation. For the 2edorder loop, the acquisition time can be expressed as:where, is the initial frequency offset, and are the natural frequency and damping factor

34、of the tracking loop. In the hybrid DS/FHSS TT&C system, just is the frequency agility which is a function of time according to the frequency hopping pattern. Thereby, three cases are discussed. Case 1: Tp<Tc , i.e., hop dwell time is more than the loop acquisition time.The carrier tracking l

35、oop is able to acquire and track the DS/FHSS TT&C signal, but shift the unlock state immediately when the next frequency signal is fed to the loop. The loop steps to lock, unlock, re-lock, re-unlock state repeatedly for all time, and the Doppler offset cant be extracted accurately.Case 2: Tp>

36、Tc, i.e., hop dwell time is less than the loop acquisition time. During the acquisition state of loop, the frequency of input signal is likely to step up suddenly, and then the loop steps to the acquisition state once again. For the case, the tracking loop will step to acquisition state again and ag

37、ain for all time. Case 3: For the non-ideal 2ed or high-degree order loop, the acquisition band is limited, and the hopping frequency agility also influences the performance of loop. When< , the conclusion is same as the analysis mentioned above, and when> , the tracking loop wont locked the s

38、ignal forever.The simulation result of 2ed order tracking loop used commonly in TT&C field is shown in Fig 2. The Doppler agility is plotted by broken line and the time response is denoted by real line. Fig. 2(a) shows the tracking performance without Doppler offset agility; the time response as

39、 Tp<Tc is described in Fig. 2(b), the loop state is alternating between locked and unlocked. In Fig. 2(c), the loop is acquiring signal forever. Because the frequency is changed before stepping to the locked state, the loop wont acquire any signal at all time. In Fig 2(d), when>, the tracking

40、capability of the loop is invalid entirely.Figure 2. Time response of tracking loop with Doppler offset agility: (a) No hopping, (b) Tp<Tc , (c) Tp>Tc ,(d) >IV. THE SCHEME OF CARRIER TRACKING LOOP AIDED BY HOPPING PATTERNThe structure of the carrier track loop aided by the hopping frequency

41、 pattern is shown in Fig 3. Generally speaking, we can assume that the velocity during the interval time between two adjacent frequency will keep a fixed value, then the doppler frequency offset in the next frequency interval can be calculated by the current velocity of spacecraft combined with carr

42、ier frequency. The is added timely to the adjustment value of the carrier NCO when the new frequency signal is fed to the loop. So the output frequency of NCO also changes synchronal as the frequency changing of input signal, and the loop keeps stable. Deserve to mentioned, before the loop stepped t

43、o steady state, the spacecraft velocity used by the scheme is given from the acquisition module. After having being locked state, then the velocity should be extracted from the loop itself directly. By this way, the loop is able to keep stable even on the high dynamic condition. Figure 3. Carrier tr

44、acking loop aided by frequency hopping patternBesides the thermal noise jitter, the main error of carrier tracking loop aided by the frequency hopping pattern is the frequency jitter of the frequency synthesizer and timing error due to frequency pattern synchronization. The former one depends on the

45、 resolution of frequency synthesizer as other communication and we only discuss the latter one. Briefly, when the local frequency changing of the local frequency synthesizer is advanced or retarded to the one of receive signal, the aiding module will provide a frequency offset to the carrier NCO at

46、the wrong time and the loop will step to the unlocked state at once, i.e., response of frequency step. Fortunately, when the frequency of input signal changes actually, the loop will return to the steady state rapidly. But as the increase of synchronization error, it also be likely to become too sev

47、ere to meet the resolution requirement of the TT&C system.V. SIMULATIOMThe model of carrier tracking loop of hybrid DS/FHSS system is shown in Fig 3, which is built in the simulink of Matlab. The tracking loop is the standard costas loop commonly used in the TT&C field, which is able to elim

48、inate the inference resulted form the polarity change of the modulated data 9. To adapt the Doppler frequency change due to the spacecraft movement, the loop is designed as a 2ed order loop, and the loop filter is a 1st order filter. The simulation parameter is set according to the actual TT&C t

49、ask as follows: Carrier frequency: 2.2GHz2.3GHz Amount of frequencies: 128 Frequency hopping pattern: based on m-sequence Rudimental frequency offset after acquisition: 300Hz Intermediate frequency of the carrier tracking loop: 4.8MHz Sampling frequency: 16.3Mbps Noise Bandwidth of the loop: 10Hz A.

50、 The time response on uniform motion and uniformly accelerated motionWe assume the spacecraft speed is 7.9km/s, by the relation among the Doppler frequency, carrier frequency and velocity, the frequency offset of the input IF signal of loop is obtained as Fig 4(a). The max frequency agility is up to

51、 2.3KHz. The time response without aid is shown in the Fig 4(b) and the one with aid by hopping pattern is shown in Fig4(c). The results show that the loop without aid is unlocked completely, while the one with aid can track the carrier accurately. When the spacecraft is on the uniformly accelerated

52、 motion (the initial speed is 7.9km/s, and speed accelerator is 30g), the time response is shown in Fig 5. The same conclusion is obtained as pre-paragraph. Figure 4. The time response on uniform motion: (a) doppler frequency,(b)without aid, (c) with aid.Figure 5. Time response on uniformly accelera

53、ted motion:(a) doppler frequency,(b)without aid (c) with aidB. Tracking resolution on different hopping speedIn this simulation, the resolution of carrier tracking loop is obtained by calculating variance. The relation between tracking resolution and hopping speed is shown in Fig 6 on different inpu

54、t SNR and the minimum value insuring the demodulating correctly in TT&C system is 13 dB. The result of simulation testified that the resolution is not sensitive to the hopping speed and the scheme is very robust for different hopping speed.Figure 6. Stead-state tracking resolution vs hopping spe

55、edC. Tracking resolution on different timing error of frequency pattern synchronization For carrier tracking loop aided by the frequency hopping pattern, according to the above discussion the main factor impacting the stability of loop is the timing error caused by the patterns synchronization. Fig

56、7 shows the stead-state tracking accuracies on different timing error of synchronization pattern on different input SNR. The measuring error is increase as increasing of timing error and the measurement error resulted from the SNR even can be ignored when the time error is up to some specified value

57、. Consequently, we can infer that the track accuracy wont meet the requirement of TT&C system finally, and the problem needs to be researched in the future.Figure 7. Stead-state tracking resolution vs timing error of pattern synchronizationVI. CONCLUSIONSIn the hybrid DS/FHSS TT&C system, th

58、e rudimental Doppler frequency agility leads the carrier tracking loop holding on frequency step response state ceaselessly, so it is hardy to extract the Doppler frequency offset precisely formeasuring the distance and velocity. By analyzing effect of frequency agility to the performance of the tra

59、cking, a tracking aided by frequency hopping pattern and current spacecraft velocity is presented. A compensated frequency is added to the tracking loop as carrier frequency hopping, and the accuracy of this method is demonstrated by simulation.REFERENCES1 L. Simone, N. Salerno, and M. Maffei, “Frequency-Hopping Techniques for Secure Satellite TT&C: System Analysis & Trade-Offs”, Satellite and Space Communications, 2006 International Workshop on , Sept.2006, pp.13-17, dio:10.1109/WSSC.2006.255980