Unit 9 Database

1、Database大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社Passage One Foundation of DatabaseTraining target: In this part, our target is to train your reading comprehension. We have made the flexible sentences strong black and marked the subject, predicate and have object of them. Try to grasp the main idea of these sentences.主语、谓

2、语、宾语大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社Passage One Foundation of Database1. Database System ApplicationDatabase System is now used in various aspects of society, such as government apparatus, universities, airlines, banking, telecommunication and manufacturing. In government apparatus, database can be used to know i

3、nformation resources of human affairs and carders in various aspects as well. In banking, database can be used for customer information, accounts, loans, and banking transactions. In airlines, database can be used for reservations and schedule information. In universities, database can be used for s

4、tudent information, course registrations and grades. In the management of economy, database can process at statistic data, analyze, and obtain a result so as to guide the enterprises to develop rapidly. Previously, very few people interacted directly with the database system. database n. 数据库apparatu

5、s n. 机关，机构account n. 账户loan n. 贷款transaction n. 处理reservation n. 订票registration n. 注册 statistic 统计大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社Passage One Foundation of DatabaseTill the late 1990s, the assessment to database for user increased with the development of Internet work. For example, when you access a network stati

6、on and look through the contents on it, in fact, you are accessing the data stored in database. When you access an on-line shopping website, information about your order for goods may be retrieved from a database. Database plays an import role in most enterprises today. 2. Basic Database conceptions

7、 Data: Data are a collection of facts made up of numbers, characters and symbols, stored on a computer in such a way that the computer can process it. Data are different from information in that they are formed of facts stored in machine-readable form. When the facts are processed by the computer in

8、to a form, which can be understood by people, the data becomes information. look through 浏览retrieve 取回，收回大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社Passage One Foundation of Database Database: Database is a collection of related objects, including tables, forms, reports, queries, and scripts, created and organized by a data

9、base management system (DBMS). A database can contain information of almost any type, such as a list of magazine subscribers, personal data on the space shuttle astronauts, or a collection of graphical images and video clips. Database management system: Data management system is a software that cont

10、rols the data in a database, including overall organization, storage, retrieval, security, and data integrity. A DBMS can also format reports for printed output and can import and export data from other application using standard file formats. A data-manipulation language is usually provided to supp

11、ort database queries. Database model: Database model is the method used by a database management system (DBMS) to organize the structure of the database. The most common database model is the relational database.query n. 查询script n. 文稿subscriber n. 订购者shuttle n. 宇宙飞船integrity n. 完整性data-manipulation

12、 数据控制大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社Passage One Foundation of Database Database server: It is any database application that follows the client/server architecture model, which divides the application into tow parts: a front-end running on the users workstation and back-end running on a server or host computer. T

13、he front-end interacts with the user, collects and displays the data. The back-end performs all the computer-intensive tasks, including data analysis, storage, and manipulation. Relational Database: Relational database is a database model in which the data always appear from the point of view of the

14、 user to be a set of two-dimensional tables, with the data presented in rows and columns. The rows in a table represent records, which are collections of information about a specific topic, such as the entries in a doctors patient list. The columns represent fields, which are the items that make up

15、a record, such as the name, address, city, state, and zip code in an address list puter-intensive 计算密集型two-dimensional adj. 二维的大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社Passage One Foundation of Databasedatabase n. 数据库 object n. 对象model n. 模型 symbol n. 符号enterprise n. 企业 query n. 查询online n. 在线 two-dimensional adj. 二维的 DBM

16、S (Database Management System) 数据库管理系统relational database 关系数据库Key Words大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社Passage Two Relational Database and Structured Query Language Training target: In this part our target is to train your reading speed. You should pay more attention to “keywords”. We have marked keywords in som

17、e paragraphs. You can quickly grasp the main idea of the sentences and paragraphs by these keywords, the rest can be practiced by yourself. It will raise your reading speed. 关键词大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社Passage Two Relational Database and Structured Query Language 1. Relational DatabaseA database is similar

18、 to a data file in that it is a storage place for data. Like a data file, a database does not present information directly to a user, the user runs an application that accesses data from the database and presents it to the user in an understandable format.Although there are different ways to organiz

19、e data in a database, relational databases are one of the most effective. Relational database systems are an application of mathematical set theory to the problem of effectively organizing data. In a relational database, data is collected into tables (called relations in relational theory).mathemati

20、cal adj. 数学的大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社Passage Two Relational Database and Structured Query Language A table represents some class of objects that are important to an organization. For example, a company may have a database with a table for employees, another table for customers, and another for stores. Each

21、 table is built of columns and rows (called attributes and tuples in relational theory). Each column represents some attribute of the object represented by the table. For example, an Employee table would typically have columns for attributes such as first name, last name, employee ID, department, pa

22、y grade, and job title. Each row represents an instance of the object represented by the table. For example, one row in the Employee table represents the employee who has employee ID 12345.When organizing data into tables, you can usually find many different ways to define tables. Relational databas

23、e theory defines a process called normalization, which ensures that the set of tables you define will organize your data effectively.column n. 列row n. 行department n. 部门instance n. 实例normalization n. 标准化大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社Passage Two Relational Database and Structured Query Language 2. Structured Quer

24、y Language To work with data in a database, you have to use a set of commands and statements (language) defined by the DBMS software. Several different languages can be used with relational databases, the most common is SQL. SQL is an abbreviation of structured query language, and pronounced either

25、see-kwell or as separate letters. SQL is a standardized query language for requesting information from a database. The original version called SEQUEL (structured English query language) was designed by an IBM research center in 1974 and 1975. SQL was first introduced as a commercial database system

26、in 1979 by Oracle Corporation. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO) define software standards, including standards for the SQL language. SQL Server 2000 supports the Entry Level of SQL-92, the SQL standard published by ANSI and ISO in 19

27、92. The dialect of SQL supported by Microsoft SQL Server is called Transact-SQL (T-SQL). T-SQL is the primary language used by Microsoft SQL Server applications.abbreviation 缩写词dialect n. 方言大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社Passage Two Relational Database and Structured Query Language Historically, SQL has been the

28、 favorite query language for database management systems running on minicomputers and mainframes. Increasingly, however, SQL is being supported by PC database systems because it supports distributed databases (databases that are spread out over several computer systems). This enables several users o

29、n a local-area network to access the same database simultaneously.Although there are different dialects of SQL, it is nevertheless the closest thing to a standard query language that currently exists. In 1986, ANSI approved a rudimentary version of SQL as the official standard, but most versions of

30、SQL since then have included many extensions to the ANSI standard. In 1991, ANSI updated the standard. The new standard is known as SAG SQL (SQL Access Group).rudimentary adj. 根本的大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社Passage Two Relational Database and Structured Query Language SQL contains about 60 commands and is use

31、d to create, modify, query, and access data organized in tables. It can be used either as an interactive interface or as embedded commands in an application:1)Dynamic SQL statements are interactive, and they can be changed as needed. If you normally access SQL from a command-line environment, you ar

32、e using dynamic SQL, which is slower than static SQL but much more flexible.2)Static SQL statements are coded into application programs, and as a result, they do not change. These statements are usually processed by a precompiler before being bound into the application.SQL is such a popular standard

33、 today, every major client/server application supports it. Many database implement SQL queries behind the scenes, enabling communication with database servers in systems with client/server architecture. embed v. 嵌入dynamic adj. 动态的大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社Passage Two Relational Database and Structured Query

34、 Language relational database 关系数据库 normalization n. 标准化query v. 查询 table n. 表row n. 行 column n. 列client/server 客户/服务器SQL(Structured Query Language) 结构化查询语言ANSI 美国国家标准化组织ISO 国际标准化组织Key Words大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社Reading Microsoft SQL Server 2008 New FeaturesTraining target: Read the following reading ma

35、terials and use the reading skills mentioned in the passage above. There may be some new words in the reading materials, just try to guess the meaning and put your dictionary aside.大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社SQL Server 2008 is the latest release in Microsofts enterprise relational database platform series. I

36、n this substantial upgrade, theyve packed the new database engine full of new features, but fortunately it doesnt pack any additional punch to your wallet: SQL Server 2008 is available at the same price points used by SQL Server 2005. There are seven different editions of SQL Server 2008 that you ca

37、n use: SQL Server 2008 Express Edition, SQL Server 2008 Workgroup, SQL Server 2008 Standard Edition, SQL Server 2008 Enterprise Edition, SQL Server 2008 Developer Edition, SQL Server 2008 Web and SQL Server 2008 Compact. Whether you are a developer, IT professional, or a database administrator, whet

38、her you are just developing and testing or you are ready to deploy in production, there is a SQL Server 2008 edition for you and your organization.Reading Microsoft SQL Server 2008 New Features大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社Lets look at the new features of SQL Server 2008: Transparent Data Encryption Enable encr

39、yption of an entire database, data files, or log files, without the need for application changes. Benefits of this include: Search encrypted data using both range and fuzzy searches, search secure data from unauthorized users, and data encryption without any required changes in existing applications

40、. Extensible Key Management SQL Server 2008 provides a comprehensive solution for encryption and key management. SQL Server 2008 delivers an excellent solution to this growing need by supporting third-party key management and HSM products. AuditSQL Server 2008 have the ability to monitor any log eve

41、nts, such as who is accessing objects, what changes occurred, and what time changes occurred. It can help the DBA(database administrator) to meet compliance standards for regulatory or organizational security requirements. Reading Microsoft SQL Server 2008 New Features大连理工大学出版社大连理工大学出版社Within SQL Se

42、rver 2008 (Enterprise and Developer editions only), SQL Server Audit provides automation that allows the DBA and others to enable, store, and view audits on various server and database components. Data CompressionEnable data to be stored more effectively, and reduce the storage requirements for your

43、 data. Data compression also provides significant performance improvements for large I/O bound workloads, like data warehousing. Policy-Based ManagementPolicy-Based Management is a policy-based system for managing one or more instances of SQL Server 2008. Use this with SQL Server Management Studio to create policies that manage entities on the server, such as the instance of SQL Server, databases, and other SQL Server objects. Backup CompressionKeeping disk-based backup