借鉴国际经验促进我国小额信贷的商业化发展（Using international experience for reference to promote commercial development of microfinance in China）

1、借鉴国际经验促进我国小额信贷的商业化开展Using international experience for reference to promote commercial development of microfinance in ChinaAbstract: in 2005, the people's Bank of China initiated the pilot project of commercial microfinance. The investment of micro credit has broken the capital constraint in the

2、 rural economic development, which is beneficial to the farmers to obtain loans timely, conveniently and effectively, and alleviate the difficulty of farmers' loans. However, the lack of stability and the unclear allocation of property rights restrict the sustainable development of microfinance

3、institutions.Key words: rural microfinance; sustainable development; commercial propertyCLC number: F832 / 33 document identification code: A article number: 1006-1770 (2021) 010-044-04With the transformation of rural production and management mode and the adjustment of rural industrial structure, r

4、ural financial demand has become increasingly diversified. On the one hand, the existing rural financial institutions in China can not meet the needs of farmers and small rural enterprises to a large extent. The existing rural financial institutions include agricultural bank, agricultural developmen

5、t bank, rural credit cooperatives, rural commercial banks, rural cooperative banks and postal savings bank. On the surface, these rural financial institutions have reasonable functions and complete categories, but in fact, they provide little financial support for rural development. The rural enterp

6、rise is based on the development of local resources, market supply and demand is uncertain, because the rural financial institution to its lending risk, the shortage of funds in rural enterprise growth has not been able to solve.The poor and micro enterprises due to the lack of collateral and reject

7、ed the formal financial institutions, so that they lack the initial funding or technical transformation funds lost a lot of profitable business opportunities, poverty or low trap inextricably bogged down in. In order to solve the difficulties of the poor population and micro enterprise, micro credit

8、 arises." Micro credit "(Microfinance), from the international point of view, is the continuing credit service to the low-income clients to provide a small amount. In poor or low-income groups for specific target customers and provide financial products and services for specific target cla

9、ss customers, microfinance programs from formal financial institutions to conventional financial services as well as traditional poverty alleviation projects; projects or organizations to provide special financial products and services such as specific target customers, the pursuit of their own fina

10、ncial independence and persistent goal the essential difference between the project development, and it constitutes a general government or donor institutions long-term subsidies and traditional poverty alleviation project download.First, the international experience of microfinance commercial devel

11、opment referenceMicrofinance as an effective means of poverty alleviation and financial development, first appeared in Bangladesh in late 1970s, followed by its successful experience has been warmly welcomed by the poor, quickly extended to many developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America

12、, has become a very effective way of poverty alleviation. The development and evolution of microfinance has experienced four stages: from 1970s to the development of small loans to farmers small loans to micro enterprises in 80s to 90s, the further development of the pursuit of sustainable business

13、development and coverage of microfinance loans, target at present, diversification mode of microfinance is gradually integrated into the financial system. The concept of microcredit has been greatly expanded, from the original high interest unsecured small loans become micro finance covers deposits,

14、 loans, foreign exchange, insurance, housing, financial leasing and other financial services to small. International microfinance is rapidly developing towards commercialization, finance and regularization.At present, the higher level of sustainable development of Bangladesh Rural Bank (GB), India (

15、LBP) plans to contact the bank, microfinance Department of the people's Bank of Indonesia (BRI-UD), Bank of Bolivia sun (BancoSol), Ukraine microfinance Bank (MFB) and other institutions, mainly have the following experience.(1) moderate competition can increase the external pressure of microfin

16、ance sustainable developmentIn the countries with more successful micro credit, there is a system of micro credit system, and there is a good competition between these systems,The existing micro credit institutions to survive pressure, to strengthen its management, reduce costs, and actively innovat

17、e, which has become an important external driving factors for the sustainable development of microfinance institutions. As in Bangladesh, there are many institutions to provide micro credit to rural areas, and even a district where there are 40 -125 institutions to provide microfinance services, it

18、is this competition environment into a dynamic continuous development of the Grameen Bank, to promote its efforts to provide differentiated products. At present, the products provided by Grameen Bank cover the education, health, retirement and debt burden of the borrower's children until the dea

19、th of the service products, and is in a favorable position in competition with other organizations. In Indonesia, in addition to the Indonesian people's Bank (BRI) to provide microfinance services, and rural banks and other non bank institutions to provide microfinance services, including rural

20、banks and rural credit institutions (BPR) (BKD) etc. In Ukraine, in addition to microfinance banks (MFB), there are many other microfinance organizations in the country, such as Aval bank, the micro and small business projects Department of the forum bank, etc. These institutions are interdependent

21、and form a situation of division of labor and moderate competition, which promotes the sustainable development of microfinance institutions.(two) high interest margin is the common characteristic of international microfinanceThe serious information asymmetry, the lack of high cost of these four kind

22、s of special collateral, specific costs and risks, the credit crunch caused by non production, is the main problem of microfinance institutions issuing loans in rural areas face, which makes it difficult to profit. Local financial institutions are often unable to provide a wide range of financial se

23、rvices for lack of funds or guarantee loan repayment rate. The Indonesian government implemented the interest rate market reform in June 1983, and BRI can make interest rates independently. At the same time, the BRI village bank provides a series of targeted customer savings products to absorb funds

24、, launched high spreads loan service products, guaranteed profits, overcome the plight of other financial institutions facing sustainable development. The idea that low interest rates can help poor people get loans has been proven unworkable for years. This not only can not achieve financial sustain

25、ability, but also to corruption, rent-seeking opportunities. Indonesia's interest rate liberalization policy, the annual interest rate is usually 20%-40%, Bangladesh Rural Bank loans at an annual interest rate of about 20%, Bolivia sunshine bank loan interest rate is usually 47.5%-50.5%. The fac

26、t that microfinance operations are successful in some countries shows that demand for high interest loans is very strong, which suggests that capital availability is more important than low interest rates in rural areas where capital is scarce. Moreover, higher loan interest rates make the richer no

27、n target groups not motivated by crowding out target groups, so that low-income people and SMEs will have access to loans. At the same time, high interest rates are enough to cover costs and achieve higher profits.(three) the reasonable upward shift of loan objects is an important basis for the sust

28、ainable development of microfinanceMost microfinance organizations do not necessarily aim at the poorest people, and the goal of reasonable relocation has become the trend of microfinance development, and it is also the important basis for microfinance organizations to achieve sustainable developmen

29、t. Providing microfinance services to high-income people does not hinder the service principle of microfinance. In the long run, it is more conducive to achieving a win-win situation of sustainable development and social welfare improvement. In practice, Grameen Bank, even the model of poverty allev

30、iation, has not limited its lending targets to the poorest farmers, such as 2005 of its total loans, by the end of 22%. The rural credit department (BRI-UD) of the people's Bank of Indonesia mainly serves 60% rural ordinary small and medium-sized farmers, basically excluding the high income 10%

31、farmers and the poorest 30% farmers. Bolivia sun bank's predecessor PRODEM, the target group is the main city of micro enterprises or self-employed, poverty groups that actively carry out economic activities, rather than the poor, while the Bolivia sun bank its service object is all kinds of sma

32、ll enterprises have been established in the city.Microfinance banks in Ukraine are also providing financial services to small and micro businesses.(four) commercial operation is the universal choice of international microfinance institutionsThe commercialization of microfinance refers to the commerc

33、ial operation and management of microfinance institutions based on the market, so as to achieve the sustainable development trend. Chinese traditionally considered for a long time, microfinance is a kind of welfare poverty alleviation tools, may not be the sustainable development of the industry, no

34、t to mention the profit, implicit in this view behind the view is: microfinance to aid international institutions or soft loans for capital source, in order to maintain the microfinance business, injection there must be Everfount donor funds. It is impossible to rely on the continuous injection of c

35、haritable funds, so the prospect of further expansion of microfinance is extremely limited. But the fact that microfinance in some countries, through commercial operations, has changed people's ideas. Microfinance institutions as an independent credit subject, can create enough income to compens

36、ate for the cost of funds and other related costs, including fill because of bad loans losses. In this respect, microfinance in Bangladesh, Indonesia and Latin America has demonstrated the role.Two, the obstacles to the commercialization of microfinance in ChinaMicrofinance, as a new financial way t

37、o alleviate poverty and promote employment in developing countries, has attracted worldwide attention, and is gradually being paid attention to and promoted. The history of micro credit development in China is very short, but under the impetus of the policy, the development is very rapid. In May 202

38、1, the China Banking Regulatory Commission and the people's Bank of China jointly issued the guiding opinions on the pilot of small loan companies. Most provinces responded positively and started the pilot work. Together with the existing nearly 300 non-governmental organizations microfinance in

39、stitutions, microfinance has made remarkable achievements in anti-poverty and rural financial development. But at the same time from exposed a lot of problems, such as the rural microfinance is still difficult to meet the requirements of rural economic development, the loan interest income cannot co

40、mpensate for operating costs and other issues, has become a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of small loan "".(1) the raising of funds has no continuity and the lack of stable sources of fundsIn order to avoid systemic financial risks brought by Xichu, the provisions of t

41、he central bank funding commercial microfinance company for its own funds, donated funds or a single source of wholesale funds form. From the perspective of maintaining the stability of the macro financial environment, this idea is worthy of recognition. However, from a business perspective, "m

42、icrofinance institutions, only the loan does not exist, it is difficult to maintain long-term, because the microfinance company faces some practical constraints, such as borrowers repayment ability is poor, lack of collateral, higher operating costs, which will make investors bear the risk greatly,

43、make small loans to the company itself in it is difficult to maintain long-term financial. In the expansion of the scope and scale of business will encounter the problem of funding sources, once the capital chain of short-term interruption, the blow to the company will be fatal. Solving the problem

44、of financing becomes the key to realize commercial sustainable development of micro credit institutions. In fact, this problem has become a limiting factor for the large-scale promotion of microfinance.(two) the guarantee mechanism of microfinance is not perfectThe first is the risk of the loan itse

45、lf. At present, microfinance plays an increasingly important role in effectively solving the financial needs of rural vulnerable groups and alleviating the contradiction between supply and demand of agricultural funds. However, the risk of small loans is gradually accumulating, and the potential ris

46、ks are increasing. The risk mainly comes from the natural risk of agriculture, and this risk is a risk that can not be controlled in the credit management of rural credit cooperatives. The second is the risks from outside. One is the credit risk from farmers. Credit risk is the biggest risk of small

47、 loans, credit is the lender's own personal reputation, is a moral quality category, variable greatly. Because some farmers credit consciousness, avoiding serious thought, even, there is a certain degree of psychological comparisons in repayment, often with each other form a chain reaction,The r

48、esulting debt chain is very fragile, and once broken and damaged, it will lose its binding force on the repayment of the loan. Two is legal risk. Because of farmers' knowledge of laws and regulations are weak, will transfer a number of small loans to a person to use the phenomenon of the formati

49、on of risk superposition, and the rural law enforcement difficult, and small loan dispersion, the execution cost is high, so it is difficult for borrowers with bad credit behavior to give effective legal constraints. The three is management risk. The characteristics of small loans lead to strong con

50、cealment of illegal loans. Microfinance has the characteristics of simple operation, do the loan, issuing independent decentralized, part of the rural credit cooperatives microcredit is one-sided emphasis on simplify loan procedures and relax the examination, small loan responsibility is not clear,

51、the "three check" system is not implemented, to the credit supervision and management difficult, there is a strong concealment in illegal loans. In addition to the rural credit cooperatives over a broad area, the vast rural regions, loans of farmers living in scattered, management and supe

52、rvision of microfinance to effectively follow up, resulting in some places even more than other microfinance loan risk situation. Four is administrative intervention. Because the understanding of small loans still stay on the level of poverty alleviation means, this will inevitably make small loan a

53、dministrative color, the emergence of heavy funds, light fund management and recycling phenomenon. Especially in 2001 the people's Bank of China advocate to carry out a comprehensive microfinance call, some local governments began to engage in formalism, not realistically the credit evaluation o

54、f farmers, but the subjective conjecture, a mere formality. Some local governments make use of the policy characteristics of small loans, blindly carry out some performance projects, and guide farmers to carry out some less assessment demonstration production and management projects. And farmers are

55、 earned, unable to afford, once the project failure, and ultimately responsible for these loans only rural credit cooperatives, rural credit cooperatives for capital security considerations, the natural will not be a large number of small loans. Some rural credit cooperatives are afraid of the troub

56、le, convenience, the farmers' credit investigation, rating and loan card issued a series of work are dependent on the village cadres, village cadres is easy to cause the loan or grant interception favor lending, thus affecting the normal operation of microfinance loans, increase the risk of loan

57、s.(three) disadvantages of interest rate controlIn China, the interest rate of deposit and loan is strictly controlled by the state, and the deposit interest rate of RMB is entirely formulated by the state, while the loan interest rate of commercial banks and credit cooperatives can only fluctuate w

58、ithin the prescribed range. In recent years, the central bank approved the microfinance company, the loan interest rate has been liberalized, but also was controlled within four times the benchmark rate, low interest rates, the intention is to benefit more people with low incomes, improve their repa

59、yment ability, but the practice proves that the effect is not ideal. This restricted range, rather than through the market to determine the level of interest rates, will conflict with the market, when interest rates make most microfinance institutions charge interest rates cannot compensate for operating costs, will be active against the development of microfinance. In fact, low interest rates for microcredit often make low-income groups at a disadvantage, and funds are often acquired by some powerful class. Interest rate regulation can not compensate the