England Before the Industrial Revolution

1、England Before the Industrial Revolution Second Part Member:Liu Jiajia Wei Ningning (Jessica) ()Brindley had begun on his own account, out of interest, to survey the waterways that he travelled as he went about his engineering projects for mills and mines. 布林德利在为他的磨坊和矿井建筑工程到处奔走的时候,出于自愿和兴趣,对沿途经过的河道进行

2、了勘察。当布林德利在为他的磨坊和矿井建筑到处奔波时，出于自己的兴趣，开始勘察他沿途所经过的河道。The Duke of Bridgewater then got him to build a canal to carry coal from the Dukes pits at Worsley to the rising town of Manchester随后，布里奇沃特公爵让布林德利在自己处于沃斯利的矿井和正在兴起的曼彻斯特镇之间修建一条运河，方便运煤.然后，布里奇沃特公爵让布林德利修建一个运河。以此用来从他自己的沃斯利的矿井运煤到正在崛起的曼特斯特镇Brindley went on to

3、connect Manchester with Liverpool in an even bolder manner, and in all laid out almost four hundred miles of canals in a network all over England.布林德利开始以一种更大胆的方式连接利物浦与曼彻斯特，并且奠定了整个英格兰总计近四百英里运河网络的基础布林德利开始以更广阔的方式连接利物浦与曼彻斯特，四百里的运河网络遍布英国。 Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system o

4、f canals, and they characterize all the Industrial Revolution.在修建英国运河网络的过程中,有两点是非常突出的,它们也正是整个工业革命的特点。在修建英国运河网的时候有两点是非常突出的，它们也是整个工业革命的特点。One is that the men who made the revolution were practical men. Like Brindley, they often had little education, and in fact school education as it then was could on

5、ly dull an inventive mind.特点之一是，进行变革的人都是实用主义者。和布林德利一样，他们往往几乎没有接受教育，而实际上当时的学校教育只会使创造性的头脑变得笨拙第一个特点，进行革命的人都是实用主义者。和布林德利一样，它们基本上没有受过教育，事实上学校教育只会让它们敏捷的头脑变得愚笨。The grammar schools legally could only teach the classical subjects for which they had been founded. 合法的文法学校只能教他们早已成立的古典科目。合法的语法学校只能教他们一些早已成立的古典课程。

6、The universities also (they were only two, at Oxford and Cambridge) took little interest in modern or scientific studies; and they were closed to those who did not conform to the Church of England. 各大学（仅牛津大学和剑桥大学两所学校）也对现代或科学研究甚少，他们中间不符合英国的教会要求的还会被关闭。各所大学（这里仅仅有牛津和剑桥两所）也对现代或者科学研究有极小的兴趣，如果不符合英国的教会要求就会关

7、闭。The other outstanding feature is that the new inventions were for everyday use. 另一个突出特点是，新发明的目的在于日常使用。第二个特点，这些新的发明用来日常使用。The canals were arteries of communication: They were not made to carry pleasure boats, but barges. 运河交通干线是为了承载驳船，而不是游艇。运河是交通的动脉，开运河不是为了走游艇，而是为了通行驳船。And the barges were not made

8、to carry luxuries, but pots and pans and bales of cloth, boxes of ribbon, and all the common things that people buy by the pennyworth.驳船的建造不是为了运输奢侈品，而是锅碗瓢盆、布、丝带，和人们日常购买的所有普通物什。而驳船也不是为了运送奢侈品，而是为了运送瓦罐铁锅、成包的棉布、成箱的缎带，以及那些只花个把便士能买到的各式用品。These things had been manufactured in villages which were growing into tow