2019-2020年高考英语冲刺讲义五动词的时态和语态

1、2019-2020年高考英语 冲刺讲义五 动词的时态和语态1 .常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例）名称构成用法一般现在时do/does,（ 连系动 词 is/am/are ）1 .一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科 学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。2 .主句是一般将来时，时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时 表示将来。I ' ll go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrowwon' t go there.3 .在以here,there 开头的句子里，go,e等少数动词的一 般在时表小正在发生的

2、动作。There goes the bell.铃响了。There es the bus.汽车来了。Here she es. 她来了。一般过去时did,（连系动词was/were）表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去 某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。现在进行时is/am/are doing1 .表小正在进仃的动作。2 .表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。My father is ing to see me this Sa

3、turday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。3 .代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.长江江水滚滚向东流。The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。过去进行时was/were doing1 .表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这 一过去时间须用时间状语表示）He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.2 .表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行They were still working when I left.3 .

4、用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生I was writing while he was watching TV.4 .表小过去将来动作He said she was arriving the next day.现在完成时has/have done1 .表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时 已完成的动作。I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room.2 .表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for. ”， “since. ”表述的一段时间状语连用。He has learned English for six year

5、s.They have worked here since they left college.3.表小 曾经到过某地（人已回来） 用have/has beento ,表小 到某地去了（还未回来） 用 have/has gone to ”。 Where is Li Hua?一He has gone to the reading-room. She knows a lot about Shanghai.一She has been there.4.短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,e,arrive,die,marry, finish,plete,b

6、egin,start,break out等，在元成时公中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说： He has joined the army for three years.要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用“ago法”He joined the army three years ago.“延续法”He has been in the army for three years.“since 法”It is/has been three years since he joined the army.过去完成时had done1 .表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。He had s

7、hut the door before the dog came up.Everything had been all right up till this morning.2 .表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开文土-直延续到 另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.3 .常用 hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算

8、或意图。We had expected that you would be able to win the match.将来完成时will/shall have done用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和 by短语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。Wewill have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.现在完成进 行时has/have been doing用来表示从过去某一时刻开文土-直持续到现在（还要继续 下去） 的动作。 He has been doing the maths problems since

9、8:00.过去完成进 行时had been doing表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开文土-直延续到另一个过 去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。一般将来时will/shall do一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况is/am/are going to dois/am/are (about ) to do（详见卜面2. 一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较）过去将来时would/should do was/were going to do was/were (about) to do1 .相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态He told me he would go to Beijing

10、.他告诉我他将去北京。I was told that he was going to return home. 有人告诉我他准备回家。2 . would do（ 表小过去的习惯）总是，总会，常常He would sit silent for hours.他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。2 . 一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较将来时用 法例 句1be + doing 进行时表将来go, e, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动 作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe?2be

11、about to + 动 词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动 作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.3be to +动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We re to meet at the school gate at noon.4一般现在时表将 来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情， 可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five o ' clock.The plane leaves at ten this evening

12、.3 .容易混淆的时态比较项 目区 另1J例 句We haven' t heard from Jane for a long time.What do you supposeto her?A. was happening B. happens C. has一般过去时与现在兀 成时的比较现在完成时强 调过去动作对 现在产生的影 响或造成的结 果happened D. happened说明：说t者强调 Jane目前的状况.Mr. Lee, who as a carpenter for over10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this

13、country.A. has workedB. had workedC.workedD. works(只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在)一般过去时只 表达过去的动 作或状态Hello, Iyou were in London. How longhere?A. don' t know; were youB.hadn' t known; are youC. haven' t known; areD.didn ' t know; have you been 说明：didn ' t know 强调见面前小知道I read the novel last month

14、.（只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住 ）现在完成时与现在完 成进行时的比较着重表示动作 的结果时，用现 在完成时I have read that book.我读过那本书了。 （知道那本书的内容）着重表示动作 一直在进行，即 动作的延续性 时，则用现在完 成进行时-Hi, Tracy, you look tired.-I am tired. Ithe living room allday.A. paintedB. had paintedC. have been painting D. have painted说明：强调动作从过去到现在的延续现在进行时与过去进 行时的比较现在进行时表 示现在某

15、个时 候或某段时间 正在进行的动 作I don' t really work here. I until the newsecretary.A. just help out; esB.have justhelped out; will eC. am just helping out; es D.will justhelp out; has e 说明：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作，until引导的是时间状语从句，动词需用一般现在时。过去进行时表 示某个时候或 某段时间正在 进行的动作 Hey, look where you are going! Oh, I ' m terribl

16、y sorry.A. I'm not noticing.B. Iwasn' tnoticing.C. I haven' t noticed.D. I don' t notice.说明：对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对 方时止在做的事情.一般过去时与过去进 行时的比较一般过去时只 表达过去的动 作或状态Tom into the house when no one.A. slipped; was noticingB. had slipped;noticedC. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed说明：sl

17、ip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、 C为错误选项，slipped 指过去有结果的动作（他 溜进去了）, when no one was noticing 指他溜进 去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。.Hea book about China last year, butI don ' t know if heit.过去进行时表A.wrote; has finishedB. was示某个时候或writing; has finished某段时间正在 进行的动作C. was writing; had finished will finish说明：正确选项为 B.从I finis

18、hed it.推断，他去年D. wrote;don' t know if he has 直在与OII.动词的被动语态常用被 动语会构 成常用被动语 态构 成1一般现 在时am/is/are done6过去进行时was/were being done2一般过 去时was/were done7现在完成时have/has been done3一将 来时shall/will be done8过去完成时had been done4过去将 来时should/would be done9将来完成时will/would have been done5现在进 行时am/is/are being done

19、10含有情态动 词的can/must/may be done注意事项被动语态的否te式是在看-个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不口漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to,used to,have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。Trees should not be planted in summer.The boy was made fun ofby his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.汉语一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示

20、：It is believed thatIt is generally considered that It is said thatIt is well known thatIt must be pointed out thatIt is supposed that It is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that 被动语态的句型1 .常见句式是：主语（受动者）+be +过去分词+ （ by+施动者）：He was scolded by theEnglish teacher.2 .主语+ get + 过去分词+ 其它成

21、分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got firedbecause of her faults.使用这种结构不能带有“ by+施动者”3 .带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也 可以是间接宾语。She lent me a bike. t 被动： I was lent a bike（by her）.A bike was lent tome（by her）.4 .情态动词+ be+过去分词： This problem must be worked out in half an hour.5 .双重被动式：主语+被动

22、式谓语+不定式的被动式+其它成分These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.The murderer was ordered to be shot.卜面主动形式常表示被动意义1 .不及物动词与状语连用，用 以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是： cut,sell,read,wAte,fill,cook,lock,wash等。This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。These books sell well.这些书好卖。The pen writes smoothly.这支笔与起来流畅。Meat won' t keep long in such hotweather.这样热的天气里放不长久。The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。2 .一些连系动词的主动式+形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turnout 等。The apples taste good.The flower smells wonderful.The news proved/turned out true.Cotton feels soft.不pJ及为被动语态的几种情况1 .I teach myself