应用语言学参考模板

1、AL: An advanced CourseChapter 1 Introduction P241. AL-AL(print), P22. Major aspects- AL(print), P23. Social relationships play a crucial role in ALChapter 2 The development of AL P51Chapter 3 AL and linguistics P971. Linguistics-P54 Linguistics plays an important role,P54m2. Pragmatics Pragmatic awa

2、reness is regarded as one of the most challenging aspects of language learning, and comes only through experience.There is considerable overlap between pragmatics and sociolinguistics, since both shares and interest in linguistic meaning as determined by usage in a speech community.Pragmatics helps

3、anthropologists relate elements of language to broader social phenomena; it thus pervades the field of linguistic anthropology.3. Relationship between L and ALGenerally speaking, P70 Specifically (1)Jia, P69u, P86 (2)Widdowson, P69d, P70, P75(3)Corder, P71 (4)Christopher, P71(5)Davies, P71 (6)Elasso

4、n, P80(7)Grabe and Kaplan, P85(8)I thinkApplied linguistics first concerned itself with principles and practices on the basis of linguistics. In the early days, applied linguistics was thought as “linguistics-applied” at least from the outside of the field. Research of applied linguistics was shifte

5、d to “the theoretical and empirical investigation of real world problems in which language is a central issue”.Chapter 4 AL and Language P991. Language-systematic, symbolic, arbitrary,primarily vocal, human specific, used for communication.2. Implication of identities of language to foreign language

6、 L&T3. Language identitiesThe relationship between identity and language learning is of interest to scholars in the fields of second language acquisition (SLA), language education, sociolinguistics, and applied linguistics. Is holds that learners can be defined in binary terms as motivated or un

7、motivated, introverted or extroverted, without considering that such affective factors are frequently socially constructed in inequitable relations of power, changing across time and space, and possibly coexisting in contradictory ways within a single individual.Chapter 5 Al and SLA P1121. AL and SL

8、A, P102, P1112. AL and LA3. SLA relate to pedagogy, P110u Applied linguist contribute to SLA, P110dChapter 6 AL and Psycholinguistics P1261. Psycholinguistics and AL, P121, P1252. Multilingual processing explain learners acquisition of non-native language Instrumental1 / 4 Regulatory pragmatic inter

9、personalmicro Interactional macro function Personal mathetic ideational Heuristic meta Imaginative textual Informative3. Future psycholinguistics Two other major subfields of psycholinguistics investigate first language acquisition, the process by which infants acquire language, and second language

10、acquisition.The field of aphasiology deals with language deficits that arise because of brain damage. Studies in aphasiology can both offer advances in therapy for individuals suffering from aphasia, and further insight into how the brain processes language.the advent of brain imaging equipment neur

11、olinguistic findings language impairmentexplores the question of whether language is a form of communication peculiar to human beings the question of how language evolvedcontributing to the work of clinicians, this research helps to shed contrastive light on normal language processing. Similarly, wo

12、rk on the relationship between language and other cognitive skills in conditions such as Down syndrome or autism provides insights into whether language is part of general cognition or develops independently of it.Studying Linguistics and Applied Linguistics teaches a wide range of generic skills th

13、at are useful in many ways, it also provides specific skills that are central to a wide range of occupations.Language teaching. Whether it's teaching foreign languages, or English as a second language, or traveling the world teaching English, Linguistics and Applied Linguistics lay essential fou

14、ndations. Once teaching, higher qualifications in Linguistics and Applied Linguistics considerably increase your career prospects. Information technology. As the IT industry rapidly expands direct interaction between people and machines the demand increases for linguists to work on speech recognitio

15、n and synthesis, and on developing computers facility to interpret and generate natural language.Speech therapy and speech pathology. A background in Linguistics and Applied Linguistics is a definite advantage in work helping people like stroke victims and the developmentally disabled overcome speec

16、h difficulties. Translation and interpreting. Careers in translation and interpreting can be attractive in pay and conditions, and Linguistics and Applied Linguistics provide unique skills in cross-linguistic and cross-cultural communication. Working with Aboriginal communities. The languages and cu

17、ltures of Australia's indigenous people are rapidly being lost, and many indigenous schools and communities employ trained linguists to help provide language and literacy materials. Linguists can also play a part in land-rights claims. Employment in multicultural Australia. Training in linguisti

18、cs provides skills that can lead to employment working with minority community groups, or with government to develop policies and programs on multilingualism and community languages. Publishing. Linguists are needed by publishers to work on language reference books such as dictionaries and thesaurus

19、es, and on language-teaching materials, and the demand for these kinds of books is huge.Principles of Language Learning and TeachingChapter 2 1st language acquisition P451. Behaviorisic theories explain earliest utterances well, P22d，P41mNativistic,P24-28 Function, P28-29 , Bloom, Piaget, Dan3. beha

20、vioristic-nativistic-functional cycle Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects, the innatist accounts most reasonable in explaining childrens acquiring complex system, and the interactionist description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language

21、appropriately from their environment.4. UG and LAD, First language acquisition(print), P45. Chomsky ,performance variables, P316. Competence and performance, note7. Comprehension and production, P33+note8. Form of language Function of language P29,Bloom9. Variability permanentvariability is the prop

22、erty of language which defines the range of possibilities from which choices can be made10. Frequency of meaningful occurrence, P41mChapter 3 Compare and Contrast 1 and 2 LA P723. Critical period hypothesis- (1) The strong one suggest that children must acquire their first language by puberty or the

23、y will never be able to learn from the subsequent exposure.(2) The weak holds that language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty. Perfect accent, S&D between 2 and 1(Print),success4. Scovels sociobiological critical period, P54d5. left- and right-brain, P536.The saliency

24、of interference, P65mChapter 4 Human Learning P1002. Teaching method: Grammar-translation method, Direct method, Audiolingual method, Situational method, Cognitive approach, Communicative approach, Task-based language teaching approach.10. Inductive method, the teacher induces the learners to realiz

25、e grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation.Advantage: it is believed the method is more effective in that student discover the grammar rules themselves while engaged in language use. This is especially true with grammatical regularities which are easily perceived, understood and applie

26、d. Deductive method, relies on reasoning, analyzing and comparing.Advantage: (1)it could be very successful with selected and motivated students.(2)it could save time when students are confronted with a grammar rule which is complex but which has to be learned.(3)it may help to increase students con

27、fidence in those examinations which are written with accuracy as the main criterion of success. Disadvantages: (1)it teaches grammar in an isolated way.(2)little attention is paid to meaning.(3)the practice is often mechanical.In practice, the distinction between the deductive method and the inducti

28、ve method is not always apparent. Perhaps a blend between the two is indeed more appropriate. Again, learner variables and instructional variables need to be considered when teachers decide whether to use a deductive method of an inductive method or a combination of both11.Gradners and Sternbergs in

29、telligence, P93, P94Chapter 8 CA, Interlanguage, and EA P2231. (1)It was around the 1940s and 1950s that CA developed and thrived with pedagogy as its concern.(2)before any of the questions of how to teach a foreign language must come the much more important preliminary work of finding the special p

30、roblems arising out of any effort to develop a new set of language habits against a background of different native language.(3)hence, CA of the NL and TL become essential in producing NL based materials detailed comparison between the two languages were carried out to determine similarities and diff

31、erences and with the pedagogical impetus.CA as a field developed quickly.3. Whitmans four procedures, P194 Prators six categories, P195-196.4. Three versions of CA hypothesis, Topic 8 CA and EA(Print), P1d7. Mistake and error (1)P205. (2)mistake is skin to slips of the tongue which are generally one-time-only events. Error is sys