简明英语语言学知识点汇总

1、新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1IntroductionWhatislinguistics?Scientificstudyoflanguage.Interpretationtrytoanswerthebasicquestionsandprobeintovariousproblemsrelatedtolanguage;linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguagebutlanguageingeneral;scientificstudybecausebasedonsystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata.Thescopeof

2、linguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistic.phoneticsStudythesoundsusedinlinguisticstudyphonologyHowsoundsputtogetherandconveymeaningmorphologyThewaysymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordssyntaxRulesgoverningthecombinationofwordssemanticsThestudyofmeaningpr

3、agmaticsStudythemeaningincontextAbovearemajororcorebranchesoflinguistics;Followingarelinguisticslinkwithotherdisciplines.sociolinguisticslanguageandsocietypsycholinguisticsHowinfantacquiremothertongue,processinformation(languageandbrain)AppliedlinguisticsAppliedtotherecoveryoflanguage,languageacquis

4、itionSomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsprescriptivedescriptiveAimstolaydownrulesfor“correct&standard”Describeandanalyzethelanguageactuallyuse(modernlinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzed)synchronicdiachronicThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeT

5、hedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeModernlinguisticsaremostsynchronic:CDDifficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment;Synchronicdescriptionareoftenthoughtofasbeingdescriptionsofalanguageinitscurrentexistence.speechwritingSpeechispriortowriting:writingsystemisal

6、ways“invented”bytheuserstorecordthespeechwhentheneedarises;speechplaysagreaterroleintermsofamountofconveyinginformation;speechisalwaysthewaynativespeakeracquiretheirmothertonguewhilewritingislearnandtaughtinschool;spokenlanguagerevealsmorefeatureofhumanspeech,whichisauthenticwhilewrittenlanguageison

7、lytherevisedrecordofspeech.Langue语言Parole言语Abstractlinguisticsystem;RelativelystableTherealizationoflanguageinactualuse;Concrete;Varyfrompersontoperson&situationtosituationProposedbySwisslinguistSaussureintheearly20thcentury:paroleisamassoflinguisticfacts,petenceperform

8、anceTheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageTposedbyAmericanlinguist,SimilartoSaussure,whatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeakerscompetence,nottheperformance.Difference:Saussuretooksociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisama

9、tterofsocialconvention;whileChomskylooksatpsychologicalpointandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.TraditionalgrammarModernlinguisticsPrescriptive;writtenlanguageisprimary;ForcelanguageintoaLatin-basedframework;Descriptive;Spokenlanguageisprimary;TryingtosetupauniversalframeworkModer

10、nlinguisticsbeginfromthepublicationofSassuresbookcourseingenerallinguisticsWhatislanguageDefinitionsoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Characteristics:to theA roselanguageissystem,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingrules;languageisarbitraryinthesensethatth

11、ereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatitstandsfor,byanyothernamewouldsmellaswell;languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguageissound;languageishuman-specific,differentfromanimalcommunication.DesignfeaturesoflanguageProposedbyAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett:comparingtheanima

12、l&humancommunicationarefivemajordesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage:arbitrarinessNologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds(exceptonomatopoeticandcompoundwords)productivityItmakestopossibletoconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalbyitsusers.dualityLanguageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwostructures.Atthelowerl

13、evelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythesoundscangroupedorregroupedtogetherintoalargernumbersofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemeorwords,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofsystem(carp&park).Thenthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumbersofsentences;DisplacementLanguagecanbeused

14、torefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeakers;culturaltransmissionWhilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemsarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.(languageisculturaltransmittedlanguagenotmutuallyintelligiblewhileanimalcall

15、systemisgeneticallytransmitted)FunctionsoflanguageThreemainfunctionsoflanguagewhichdistinctfromeachotherbutactuallyoverlappingtosomedegree:descriptivefunctionTheprimaryfunctionoflanguage;TheSichuanearthquakeisthemostseriousoneChinahaseversuffered. expressivefunctionSupplyinformationabouttheusersfeel

16、ing,preference,prejudicesandvalue,willnevercometothiscoffeeshopagain.socialfunctionServestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.HowcanIhelpyou,Sir?Others:Russian-bornstructurallinguistRomanJakobson：sixelemens(function)ofaspeech:Addresser-emotive(动机)addressee-conative(意动)context-referenti

17、almessage-poeticcontact-phaticcommunioncode-metalinguisticBritishlinguisticHalliday:ideationalfunction（语篇功能includeddescriptive&erpersonalfunctionistoindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipbetweenpeople.socialfunct

18、ion textualfunctionistoorganizewrittenorspokentextstocoherewithinthemselvesandfittotheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.ThephonicmediumoflanguageSpeechsoundsproducedbyhumanspeechorganTwomajormediaofcommunication:speechandwriting;whatisphonetics?Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwitha

19、llthesounds发音语言学）听觉语言学）声学语言学）Longestthatoccursintheworldslanguage.Articulatoryphonetics（ThreebranchesAuditoryphonetics（Acousticphonetics（organsofspeechPharyngealcavity（咽喉）Nasalcavity（鼻腔）Oralcavity（口腔）Voicing:vibrationofthevocalcordsnarrowVocalIJnlotsoundsorthgraphicrepgs涮ationofspeechsoUndS:broad&ti

20、sInternationalphoneticalphabet:etteraiBroad（usedintextbook）:lettersymbolsphaspirationphoneticianmoreinterestedinNarrow: letter symbols + diacriticus变音符）p hit spitclassificationofEnglishspeechsoundsBilabial（双5Labiodental（唇四音）Dental（齿音）Alveloar（四龈音）Palatal（iw）Velar（软腭）Glottal（喉音）TotalobstructionStops（

21、闭塞音）VLpftkPartialobstructionVDbvdgFricative（摩榛音）VLosfhompleteatfirsteleaseslowlywithartialobstructionVDdzgVLtftfAffricates（塞擦音）VDdgdgNasals（鼻音）VDmnnLiquids（流音）VDL,rGlides(#)VDwjMonophthongs：frontcentralbackcloseI:IU:uSemi-closeee:Semi-openeC:openaea八Da:phonologyphonology&phoneticsPhonologyvsphonetic

22、sphonephonemeallophonephonehonecontrastcomplementarydSpreechsoumadpairsomerulesinphonologyruledeletion ruleSequentiakuphonoaosimFi0 n suprasegmenaunifeatures(phodemic feggukes& thatStress : Nattersoccur above3thb/evelof segments)Tone咛: &Different 赧粒 ,Govern the combination of renres 3嬲鼠c0femeancogeP

23、roducec.orp.Worde锚ent meanngementujrese&(ences unchangedogy.begtnswc蛭一 ,_ erned witleWordnmmation and word structureWonexthe ssounestfree fom foowdlin languagerammarMorpheme: the smallesRoot stem baseRoot: believet 煦s imimeanmg sound toanother by copying a featureof sequential phoneme,makingStem: believable_（_除揖崛那相温/mila林下词根和派生成）份）Base： unbelievable (un的词基）Derivationalmorpheme:changecategorygramteaticaW/hassaofowordsstobedeletedPrefix:change meaningalthoughitisorthographicallySuffix:changemeaningandpartsofspeechInflectionalmorpheme:signifytensen