英语论文文献综述

1、v1.0可编辑可修改How to Write a Literature ReviewI. The definition of Literature Review文献综述(Literautre Review )是科研论文中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各 种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的 工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅 读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体 的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。II. The purposes of literature review And

2、 Its Comp onentsA. The PurposesOn the one han d, it helps you broade n the view and perspective ofthe topic for your graduati on thesis.On the other han d, it helps you n arrow dow n the topic and arriveat a focused research questi on.B. Its Comp onentsThere are six parts in a complete Literature Re

3、view.标题与作者(title and author)摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)弓丨言(in troducti on)述评(review)结论(con clusi on)参考文献(references)iii.Classificati on of Source MaterialsHow can we locate the materials releva nt to our topics better andfaster Basically, all these source materials may be classified intofour majo

4、rs of sources.A: Background sources:Basicin formatio n which can usually be found in diet ion ariesanden cyclopedia complied by major scholars or foun ders of the field.Three very good and commonly recommeneed encyclopedias are en cyclopedias ABC, n amely,En cyclopedia America na, En cyclopediaBrita

5、nnica,and Collier ' s Encyclopedia . There are also refereneeworks more specialized, such asThe En cyclopedia of Lan guage andLin guisticsfor lin guistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you mayalso find En cyclopedia on the web.B: Primary sourcesThoseprovidi ngdirect evidenee, such as works of scho

6、lars of thefield, biographiesor autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures,diaries, collectio nof letters, in terviews, case studies, approaches,etc. Primary sources comein various shapes and sizes, and often youhave to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure youhave correctly id

7、e ntified it. When a first search yields too fewresults, try searching by broader topic; whena search yields too many results, refi ne your search by n arrow ing dow n your search.C: Secon dary sourcesThose provid ing in direct evide nee, such as research articles orpapers, book reviews, assays, jou

8、rnal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources, but sec on dary sources will tell you which primary sources you should u

9、se and will help you interpretthose primary sources. To use theme well, however,you n eed to thi nk critically them. There are two parts of a sourcethat you n eed to an alyze: the text itself and the argume nt with in thetext.D: Web sourcesThe sources or in formatio n from websites.Web serves as ane

10、xcelle nt resource for your materials. However, you n eed to select and evaluate Websources with special care for very often Websources lack quality control. You may start with search engines, such asGoogle, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It' s a good idea to try more thanone search engine, since each

11、 locates sources in its own way. Whe n using websites for information, be sure to take care for the authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be criticalwhenyou use information. The currency of website informationshould alsobe taken into account. Don ' t use too out information dated

12、 for your purpose.IV. Major strategies of Select ing Materials for literature reviewA. Choos ing primary sources rather tha n sec on dary sourcesIf you have two sources, one of them summariz ing or expla ining a work and the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a pap

13、er on a topic without reading the original source.B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesisRemember that good argument essays take intoaccount counterargume nts. Do not reject a source because it makes an argume nt aga inst you thesis.C. Choos ing sources that cover the to

14、pic in depthProbably most books on Communi cative Lan guage Teach ing men ti onWilliam Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that fewsources cover the topic in depth. Choose those.D. Choos ing sources writte n by ack no wledged expertsIf you have a choice betwee n an article writte n by

15、a freela neejour nalist on Task-based Teachi ng and one writte n by a recog ni zedexpert like David Nunan, Choose the article by the expert.E. Choos ing the most curre nt sourcesIf your topic invoIves a current issue or social problem or development in a scientific field, it is essential to find the

16、 latest possible information. If all the books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in periodicals.V. Writ ing a literature ReviewA. When you review related literature, the major review focusesshould be:1. The prevailingand current theories which underlie the res

17、earchproblem.2. The main con troversies about the issue, and about the problem.3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.4. The studies which can be con sidered the better on es, and why.5. Descripti on of the types of research studies which can providethe basis forthe curre nt theories an

18、d con troversies.6. Criticism of the work in the area.B. Whenyou write literature review, the two principles to follow are:1. Review the sources that are most releva nt to your to your thesis.2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.C. Some tips for writing the review:1. De

19、fine key terms or con cepts clearly and releva nt to your topic.2. Discuss the least-relatedreferences to your question first andthe most related refere nces last.3. Con elude your review with a brief summary.4. Start writ ing your review early.VI.文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和注意事项主要部分细节提示：弓I言(Introduction)引言是文献综述

20、正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题；二是介绍综述的范围和内容。提出问题时，作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的；介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时，作者应使用简明扼要的语句加以概括。引言的内容和结构具有以下特点：(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和 范围；(2 )使用一般现在时介绍背景知识，使用现在完成时叙述他人成果，使用一般将来时或一 般现在时简介本文内容；(3 )句子结构力求简洁明了，多用简单句，并列成份较为常见；(4)以第三人称主语为主，间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。述评(Review

21、)述评是文献综述的核心所在， 是对引言的展开和深入。 根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围， 作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析，在此基础上列出与主题有关的所有重要学术观点，然后分别加以论述，以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究，以时间为序，由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能，叙前人研究，议其结果、探其原因、 究其不足。分析评论，特别是表达作者自己的观点时，要客观、谨慎，因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测 的语言形式。综述的结论(Conclusion )结论不仅是作者对全文的总结，也是作者发表个人意见的部分，一般有标题Con elusion 或Summary较短的综述如果没有小标

22、题，则往往有As mentioned above ， To sum up ， Tocon clude , In short ，In all等短语引出结论。结论的内容包括：对述评的归纳、对各种问 题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。二.注意事项1搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述，甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。2注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。3.引用文献要忠实文献内容

23、。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。4参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略，但文献综述绝对不能省略，而且应是文中引用过的，能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。5. 文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍， 而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此，文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。6. 文献综述要文字简洁，尽量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚，从原始文献中得出一般性结论。7. 文献综述不是资料库，要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”，确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题

24、研究直接相关，其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起，既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势，又能反映研究内容的各个方面。8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观，用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献，尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。VII. A Sample of Literature ReviewA Study of Chin ese Vogue Expressi ons and Tran slatio nsAlthough we can see the obta ined achieveme nts in research ing on Chin ese vogue expressi

25、 ons, papers on the tran slati on of con temporaryChinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressi ons, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressi ons.Few represe ntative papers on Chin ese

26、 vogue expressi ons tran slatio n are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92 94); CulturalReflectionon Vogue WordsTran slation (Su Yu, Wan gTi ng, 2011:50 51); The optimization of “Zero Tran slation ” in Tran slat ing Vogue Words (Shi Rui,

27、2010:102105).Hen ce, the nu mbers of researches on con temporary Chin ese vogue expressi ons tran slatio nare expected to be in creased and thecomprehensive and detailedresearches on this field are also expected toappear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions

28、, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentativeexploration.Somerepresentativepapers are: City Buzzwords andSocial-Cultural An alysis (Sun Manju n,1996:101 107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing tran sformati on as well as the relati o

29、n betwee n buzzwords and backgro und of social culture and psychological cha nges of urba n people; MetaphoricallySemantic Generalizationof Vogue Expressions (LiuDawei,1997:35 38) talks about the sema ntic gen eralizati onofmetaphors of vogue expressi ons; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Lan gu

30、age from Vogue Expressi ons (Xia Liho ng, 1999:1618) treats thedevelopme nt process of vogue expressi ons from the characteristics of creativity and homoplasy, believ ing that vogue expressi ons are orig in ally the “ creativity ” used in a certa in ran ge, and fin ally surpass the orig inal range o

31、f use because of the in teract ion among people and thehomoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeli ness, periodicity and randomn ess, some vogue expressi ons can not be included in commondictionaries, therefore, Ianguage scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue exp

32、ressions dictionaries,such asDictio nary of Con temporary Chin ese Vogue Expressi ons (Xiong Zhon gwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).After entering21st century,increasinglygreat number ofChin ese vogue expressi ons emerges and pen etrates into differe nt aspects of social lif

33、e; accord in gly, related researches on Chin ese vogue expressi ons become comparatively richer. Research ing on Chin ese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Lin guistic will con tribute to the filed of Chin ese vogue expressionsand make referen

34、ces forothers who are interestedincon temporary Chin ese vogue expressi ons and their Tran slatio ns.Refere nces1 Blackmore S. The MemeMachine. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 19992 Colli nsCOBUILDE nglish- Chi nese Learner' s Dictio nary. Beiji ng:Foreig nLanguage Teaching and Research Press , 2007. 2263 Einar, H. The Analysis of linguisticBorrowing.Language, 1950(26):210 2314