英语语言学练习(含答案)

1、Chapter1isgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.(V)firstdrewtheattentionofthelinguisticsweretherulesusedinlanguage.(x)Whatfirsttheattentionofthelinguisticswerethesoundsusedinlanguage.3Themajorbranchesoflinguisticsarephonetics,phonedogy,psycholinguistics,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatic

2、,sociolinguistics,andappliedlinguistics.(V)linguistbecameinterestinhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication,theydevelopedanotherbranchesofstudyrelatedtosoundscalledphonetics.(x)Aslinguistbecameinterestinhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication,theydevelopedano

3、therbranchesofstudyrelatedtosoundscalledphonology.studyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptiveandmodernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.(V)descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisadiachronicstudy,butthedescriptionoflanguageasitchangeschangesthoughtimeisas

4、ynchronic.(x)Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy,butthedescriptionoflanguageasitchangeschangesthoughtimeisadiachronic.andparolearerelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently.(x)Langueandparolevariesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationtosituation.definecompetenceastheidea

5、luser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.(V)linguisticsregardsthewrittenasprimary.(x)Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary.isasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(V)isarbitrary,thismeansthatt

6、hereislogicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.(x)Languagisarbitrary,thismeansthatthereisnotlogicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.featurearearbitrariness,productivity,duality,displacement,culturaltransmission.(V)isarbitrarybynature,anditisentirelyarbitrary.(x)Languageisarbitrarybynature,anditis

7、notentirelyarbitrary.isuniquetohumanlanguage.(isasystem,whichconsistsofthreesetsofstructures,orthreelevels.(x)Languagieasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,orthreelevels.mainfunctionsoflanguageare:thedescriptivefunction,theexpressive,andthesocialfunction.(V)cannotbeautifulusedtorefertocontexts

8、removedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker.(x)Languagnbeautifulusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker.18."whatcannotIdoforyou,girl"Thissentenceillustratestheexpressivefunctionoflanguage.(x)"whacannotIdoforyou,girl"Thissentenceillustratesthesocialfunct

9、ionoflanguage.EnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarebothabletousealanguage,butarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisindicatesculturaltransmissionfeatureoflanguage.(V)20Theideationalfunctionisindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeople.(x)Thinterpersonalfunctionisindicate,establish,ormaintain

10、socialrelationshipsbetweenpeople.Chapter2andwritingarethetwomediaordersubstancesusedbynaturallanguageasvehicleforcommunication.(V)isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithapartofthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguage.(x)Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflangua

11、ge;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguage.branchesofphoneticsarearticulatoryphonetics,auditoryphonetics,andacousticsphonetics.(V)similarly,phoneticidentityisthecriterionwithwhichwereoperateinthephonolgicalanalysisoflanguage.(x)Phoneticsimilarly,notphoneticidentityisthecriteri

12、onwithwhichwereoperateinthephonolgicalanalysisoflanguage.thevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarevoiceless.(V)speechorganlocatedinthiscavityarethetongue,theuvula，thesoftpalate(thevelum)，thehardpalate,theteethridge(thealveolus),the

13、teethandthelips.(V)waystotranscribespeechsoundsarebroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription.Narrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly，broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.(为Twowaystotranscribespeechsoundsarebroadtranscriptionandnarrowtransc

14、ription.broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly，Narrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.thecaseofsport，thepsoundissaidtobeunaspirated，andinthecaseofspeed，thepsoundissaidtobeaspirated.(为Inthecaseofsport,thepsoundissaidtobeaspirated,andinthec

15、aseofspeed，thepsoundissaidtobeunaspirated.consonantscanbeclassifiedintwoways：oneisintermsofmannerofarticulationandtheotherisintermsofplaceofarticulation.(-V)termsofmannerofarticulationtheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintosixtypes：stops、fricatives>affricates>liquids>nasals、andbilabial.(X)I

16、ntermsofmannerofarticulationtheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintosixtypes：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、andglides.termsofplaceofarticulation，theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintoseventypes：bilabial>labiodental>dental、alveolar>palatal>velar、andglottal.maybedistinguishedas

17、front，central，andbackaccordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldlowest.(x)Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfrontentral,andbackaccordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighest.13、 Weclassifythevowelsintofourgroups：closevowels，semi-closevowels，semi-openvowels，andopenvowels.(vf14、 InEnglish，allthefrontvowelsandthecentr

18、alvowelsareunroundedvowels，withoutroundingthelips,andallthebackvowelsarerounded.(*alinhengoshvowelsandthecentralvowelsareunroundedvowelswithoutthea:，withoutroundingthelips，andallthebackvowelsarerounded.mainsupranationalfeaturesincludestress,intonation,andtone.Stresscontainswordstressandsentencestres

19、s.(V)arefourtones.Thefirsttoneislevel,thesecondrise,thethirdfall-rise,andthefourthfall.(V)17、 "Heisdrivingmycar",thewordsthatarenormallyunstressed.,car,canallbearthestresstoexpresswhatthespeakerintendstomean.(x)"Heisdrivingmycar",thewordsthatarenormallyunstressed.,my,canallbearth

20、estresstoexpresswhatthespeakerintendstomean.locationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning.(V)A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it i19Whenspokenindifferentintonation,thesamesequenceofwordmayhavedifferentmeanings.(x)Whspokenindifferenttones,thesamesequenceofwordmayhavedifferentmeanings.phonemeisaphono

21、logicalunit,itisanconcreteunit.(anabstractunit.Chapter31. Conjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronounsconsistofthe"grammatical"and"functional"words.(V)2. LinguisisusethetermmorphlolgytorefertothepartofthegrammarthatisconcernedwithwordandwordstructuredV)definethewordasthesmallest

22、freeformfoundinlanguage.(V)4. Thepluralmarking-sisafreeform.(Thepluralmarking-sisnotafreeform5. Morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguagethatcarriesinformationaboutmeaningorfunction.(V)6. ThewordREADERconsistsoftwomorphemes:readand-er.(V)7. TheEnglishpluralandpossessivemorphemsmaybesaidtoshareasinglemorph

23、,thesuffix/-s/.(V)8. Amorphemewhichcanbeawordbyitselfiscalledaboundmorpheme,whereasamorpheme)A morpheme which can be a wordthatmustbeattachedtoanotheroneisafreemorpheme.(byitselfiscalledafreemorpheme,whereasamorphemethatmustbeattachedtoanotheroneisaboundmorpheme.9. STEMisanymorphemeorcombinationofmo

24、rphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.(V)10. AFFIXisacollectivetermforthetypeofmorphemethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).(V)11. Therootconstitutesthecoreofthewordandcarriesthemajorcomponentofitsmeaning.(12. Unlikeroots,affixesdonotbelongtoalexicalcategoryandarealwaysfr

25、eemorphemes.(Unlikeroots,affixesdonotbelongtoalexicalcategoryandarealwaysboundmorphemes.13. Amorphemecanbedefinedasaminimalunitofmeaning.(V)14. -en,-ate,and-icarethuscalledderivationalmorphemes.(V)morphemeBOYisfreemorphemesinceitcanbeusedasawordonitsown;theplural-s,ontheotherhand,isbound.(V)16. Itis

26、notalwayspossibletoassignalexicalmeaningtosomeofthemorphemes.(17. CompoundingisaverycommonandfrequentlyprocessforenlargingthevocabularyoftheEnglishlanguage.(V)18. Morphemesmayhavedifferentforms.(V)19. Thepluralmarking-sisnotafreeformsinceitneveroccursinisolationandcannotbeseparatedfromthenountowhich

27、itbelongs.(V)isimportanttonotethatamorphemeisneitherameaningnorastretchofsoundjoinedtogether.(V)Chapter 4referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfullfillthedifferentfunctiongsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseorderaverb.(x)Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfullfillthesameorsimila

28、rfunctiongsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseorderaverb.isabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.(thatareformedofmorethanonewordusuallycontainthefollowingelements:headandspecifier.(x)Phrasesareformedofmorethanonewordusuallycontainthefollowingelements:h

29、ead,specifierandcomplement.specialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.(V)unitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledsentences.(x)Syntacticunit?arebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrases.specialtypeofgrammatical

30、mechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphrasestructurerule.(V)wordsontherightsideoftheheadsaresaidtofunctionasspecifiers.(x)Thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsaresaidtofunctionasspecifiers.lexicalcategoriesareNon,verb,AdjevtiveandPreposition.(XP rules =(specifier )x (complementsV)lexi

31、calcategoriesplayaveryimportantroleinsentence.(x)Majorlexicalcategoriesplayaveryimportantroleinsentenceformation.mostcentralcategoriestothesyntheticstudyaretheword-levelcategories.(totheXPrules,theauxiliaryisthetailofasentencewhichtakesavpcategoryasitscomplementontherightandanvp,thesubject,asitsspec

32、ifierontheleft.(x)AccordingXPrules,theauxiliaryistheheadofasentencewhichtakesavpcategoryasitscomplementontherightandanvp,thesubject,asitsspecifierontheright.wordsaroundwhichaphraseisformedistermedhead.(V)whichincludethesentencecomplementaretermedcomplementizers.(V)constructioninwhichthephraseisembed

33、dedacomplementiscalledmatrixclause.(x)Theconstructioninwhichthecomplementphraseisembeddedacomplementiscalledmatrixclause.classificationreflectsavarietyoffactors,includingthetypeofmeaningthatwordsexpress,thetypeofaffixesthattheytake,andthetypeofstructuresinwhichtheycanoccur.(Chapter 5semantictriangle

34、，therelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect，anditismediatedbyconcept.(V)relationshipof“flowerviolet,”"rose"and"tulip"ishyponymy.(V)3.Areferringexpressioncanbeusedtorefertononexistentthings.(V)studiestheaspectofmeaningthatisnotaccountedforbysemantics.(V)termsoftruthcond

35、ition,ifXistrue,Yisfalse,andifXisfalse,Yistrue.Therelationship6.boughtsomeroses“entails“Iboughtsomeflowers".7.ThenamingtheorywasproposedbytheGreekscholarPlato.(V)toBehavioristlearningtheory,childrenarebelievedtograduallyassumecorrectformsofthelanguageoftheircommunitywhentheir“bad”speechgetscorrectedandwhentheirgoodspeechgetspositivelyreinforced.(V)contextualistviewofmeaningisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontext.(V)termantonymyisusedforoppositenessofmeaning;words