正文内文献引用的APA格式要求

1、正文内文献引用的APA格式要求(1)一件作品或多件作品的引用：Ithasbeenarguedthatteachers?roleistoprovidethestudentswithoptimalconditionswhichcanfacilitatelearningsothatstudentscanachievesimilarsuccessfulresults(Bloom,1976,pp.12-16).Gagne(1977,pp.38-41)alsonoticedthatadultlearnerswerelessaffectedbyexternalinstructionevents.Theadv

2、antageofthemultipleregressionanalysisisthatitcannotshowthecomplexinterrelationsbetweenindependentvariables(Bryman&Crammer,1990,pp.135-139).Studiesofthegoodlanguagelearner(forexample,Naiman,Frohlich,Stern,andTodesco,1978,pp.49-52)havetriedtoidentifythestrategieswhichsuccessfullearnersuse(firstcit

3、ation)(Ellis,1994,p.37).Naimanetal.(1978,pp.49-52)foundasimilarrelationship,althoughinthiscase,effort?onthepartofthelearnerswasalsoassociatedwithinstrumentalmotivation(subsequentcitation)(Ellis,1994,p.512).(2)同一括号里多件作品的引用：Empiricalstudiesonstudentlearningcarriedoutsincethe70?shavefoundthatstudents?l

4、earningoutcomestoagreatextentdependontheirchoiceoflearningapproaches(Biggs,1979,1987).Themajorfindingfromtheearlierstudies(Barley,1969,1970;Clementetal.,1978;Gardner&Lambert,1972;Gliksman,1976;Spolsky,1969)wasthatlearnerswithanintegrativemotivationtendedtoobtainbetterachievementthatthosewithanin

5、strumentalmotivation.(注意引用作品的排序)(请认真对照附件6)正文内文献引用的MLA格式要求(1)一件作品或多件作品的引用：Ithasbeenarguedthatteachers?roleistoprovidethestudentswithoptimalconditionswhichcanfacilitatelearningsothatstudentscanachievesimilarsuccessfulresults(Bloom12-6).Gagne(38-41)alsonoticedthatadultlearnerswerelessaffectedbyexternal

6、instructionevents.Theadvantageofthemultipleregressionanalysisisthatitcannotshowthecomplexinterrelationsbetweenindependentvariables(BrymanandCrammer135-9).Studiesofthegoodlanguagelearner(forexample,Naimanetal.49-52)havetriedtoidentifythestrategieswhichsuccessfullearnersuse(Ellis37).Naimanetal.(49-52)

7、foundasimilarrelationship,althoughinthiscase,effort?onthepartofthelearnerswasalsoassociatedwithinstrumentalmotivation(Ellis512).(注意：MLA格式不加年代，只加作者姓和页码，没有逗号)(2)同一括号里多件作品的引用：Empiricalstudiesonstudentlearningcarriedoutsincethe70?shavefoundthatstudents?learningoutcomestoagreatextentdependontheirchoiceof

8、learningapproaches(Biggs,EmpiricalStudies;LearningStrategies).(注意：这里的下划线表示作者的两篇不同作品，我们现在统一用斜体代替下划线)Themajorfindingfromtheearlierstudies(Barley;Clementetal.;Gardner&Lambert;Gliksman;Spolsky)wasthatlearnerswithanintegrativemotivationtendedtoobtainbetterachievementthatthosewithaninstrumentalmotivat

9、ion.(注意弓I用作品的排序)InTheAgeofVoltaire,theDurantsportrayeighteenthcenturyEnglandasaminorforceintheworldofmusicandart(214-48).(注意：文内已出现作者名，括号里就只要加页码)(请认真对照附件7)附件6:参考文献APA格式要求按先英文后中文排序；字号比正文小一号打印；标点统一用半角状态；标点后统一空一格(汉语文献与英语文献类同，见下面示例)；书目格式按APA格式排列，但英文书名用斜体析出，不必用下划线析出。现将主要参文献条目排列要求举例如下，以供参考：1.专著、论文集、学位论文、研究

10、报告：作者.(出版年).文献题名(pp.起止页码),出版地：出版者.如：Dancygier,B.(1998).Conditionalsandprediction:Time,knowledge,andcausationinconditionalconstructions(pp.56-89).Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.Fauconnier,G.,&Sweetser,E.(1996).Spaces,worlds,andgrammar.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.Iwanska,L.(1996).Towardaf

11、ormalaccountofcontext-dependencyandunderspecificityofnaturallanguage.PapergivenatAAAISymposiumonComputationalImplicature.Berkeley:BerkeleyLinguisticsSociety.Roulet,E.etal.(Eds.).(1985).L'articulationdudiscoursenfrancaiscontemporain.Berne:PeterLang.Sweetser,E.(1996).Mentalspaceandthegrammarofcond

12、itionalconstruction.InG.Fauconnier&E.Sweetser(Eds.).Space,worlds,andgrammar(pp.318-333).Chicago&London:UniversityofChicagoPress.Welker,K.(1994).Plansinthecommonground:Towardagenerativeaccountofimplicature.UnpublishedDoctoraldissertation,OhioStateUniversity.2 .期刊文章：作者.(出版年).文献题名.期刊名称，期，起止页码.如

13、：徐盛桓.(2004a).充分条件的语用始变.外国语,38(3),11-19.徐盛桓.(2004b).逻辑与实据一英语IF条件句研究的一种理论框架.现代外语，28(4),331-339.3 .报纸文章：文献作者.(出版日期).文献题名.报纸名.版次.如：谢希德.(1998).创造学习的新思路.人民日报.25Dec.pp.10.(汉语参考书目可使用12-25,pp.10)4 .网上文献：作者.(发表日期).文件名.出版信息(如电子期刊名、或出版名称).登陆查看日期.网址.McCracken,E.(1997).Desiderata.BoldtypeOn-line.7May,1997.Availab

14、le:Seaman,D.(Ed.).(n.d.).Theelectronictextcenter.AldermanLib.,UofVirginiaOn-line.14Feb.1997.Available:http:/(n.d.表示nodate,即时间不清)Coates,S.(1996).AdeadlanguagecomestolifeontheinternetOn-line.NewYorkTimesontheWeb.20.Apr.1997.Available:e/web/docsroot/library/cyber/week/1028Latin.ht

15、mlPascal,B.(1910).PenseesTrans.W.F.Trotter.On-line.29Apr.1997.Available:gopher::10010/02/130/1Cacicedo,Al.(n.d.).Privateparts:PreliminarynotesforanessayongenderidentityinShakespeare.Workingpaper.On-line.27Aug.1997.Available:http:/www.arts.ubc.ca/english/iemls/shak/private_parts.txt(这里发表

16、时间无，可省略)5 .编著、译著、文学作品、字典及其他辞海.(1999).上海：上海辞书出版社.多利莫尔.(2001).莎士比亚：文化唯物主义与新历史主义.王逢振.2000年新译西方文论选(pp.237-238).桂林：漓江出版社.莎士比亚.(1989).莎士比亚全集.朱生豪译.北京：人民文学出版社.参考文献MLA格式要求按先英文后中文排序；字号比正文小一号打印；标点统一用半角状态；标点后统一空一格（汉语文献与英语文献类同，见下面示例）；书目格式按MLA格式排列，但英文书名用斜体析出，不必用下划线析出。现将主要参文献条目排列要求举例如下，以供参考：1 .专著、论文集、学位论文、研究报告：作者.

17、文献题名.出版地：出版者，出版年，起止页码（如文内已列明，则省）.如：Dancygier,Bob.ConditionalsandPrediction:Time,Knowledge,andCausationinConditionalConstructions.Cambridge:CUP,1998.Fauconnier,Gilles,andEvenSweetser.Spaces,Worlds,andGrammar.Chicago:UofChicagoP,1996.Iwanska,Long."TowardOFormalAccountofContext-DependencyandUnders

18、pecificityofNaturalLanguage.”PapergivenatAAAISymposiumonComputationalImplicature.BerkeleyLinguisticsSoc.,19-21Jan.1996.Roulet,Evan,etal.,eds.L'ArticulationduDiscoursenFrancaisContemporain.Berne:PeterLang,1985.Sweetser,Even.MentalSpaceandtheGrammarofConditionalConstruction."Ed.G.Fauconnier&a

19、mp;E.Sweetser.Chicago&London:UofChicagoP,1996.（注意，MLA要求论文集和期刊论文用引号；论文集名目在这里不是作为头条书目，故不必标出；页码如在文内已经标出，故参考书目里不必再标出）Welker,Kant.PfansintheCommonGround:TowardaGenerativeAccountofImplicature."Diss.OhioStateU,1994.2 .期刊文章：作者.文献题名.”期刊名称十卷.期号十（出版年）：起止页码.如：徐盛桓.充分条件的语用始变.”外国语38.3（2004a）:11-9.徐盛桓.逻辑与实据一英语IF条件句研究的一种理论框架.”现代外语28.4（2004b）:331-9.Barthelme,Frederick."Architecture"KansasQuarterly13.3-4（1981）:77-80.（13.3-4是指13卷3、4期合刊）3 .报纸文章：文献作者.文献题名.”报纸名出版日期：版次.如：谢希德.创造学习的新思路.”人民日报25Dec.1998:10.（汉语书目可考虑使用1998-12-25:10）4 .网上文献：作者.文件名.”出版信息（如电子期刊名、或出版名称）.发表日期.登陆查看日期.