高中英语语法专项讲义—五动词

1、高中英语语法系统复习 五动词1） 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。2） 根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词。例如：We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。 （have是实义动词。）He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。（have是助动词。）3） 动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词、不及物动词，英语缩写形式分别为vt. 和 vi. 。说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：She can dance and sing.她能唱歌又能跳舞

2、。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）4） 动词根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词、非限定动词例如：She sings very well.她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。）She wants to learn English well.她想学好英语。（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。）说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式、动名词、分词。5） 根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，

3、分别是：单字词、短语动词、动词短语例如：The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。）Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。（ look up 是短语动词。）The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。（take care of是动词短语。）6） 动词有五种形态，分别是：原形、第三人称单

4、数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。1.1 系动词系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb ） ，作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明：有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。例如：He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。fell 是实义动词，单独作谓语。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。例如：He is a teacher.他是一名教师。（is

5、与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有 keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand。例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词用来表示 '"看起来像 '"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。例如：He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems （ to be ） very sad. 他看起来很伤心。4）感官系

6、动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come,run。例如：He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要

7、有prove, turn out, 表达 "证实 "， "变成 "之意。例如：The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）1.2 助动词1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。例如：He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。(doesn't是助动词，无词义

8、；like是主要动词，有词义)2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：a. 表示时态。例如：He is singing. 他在唱歌。He has got married. 他已结婚。b. 表示语态。例如：He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。c. 构成疑问句。例如：Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？d.与否定副词not合用，构成否定句。例如：I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。e. 加强语气。例如

9、：Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。3) 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 等。5.3助动词be的用法1) be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：The window was broken

10、 by Tom.窗户是汤姆打碎的。English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。3) be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：He is to go to New York next week.他下周要去纽约。We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。b. 表示命令。例如：You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。He is to come to the office this afternoon.

11、要他今天下午来办公室。c. 征求意见。例如：How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？d. 表示相约、商定。例如：We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。1.4 助动词have的用法1) have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。By the end of last month, they had finished half of their wo

12、rk. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。2) have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。3) have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。1.5 助动词 do 的用法1)构成一般疑问句。例如：Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？Did you study German? 你们学过德

13、语吗？2） do + not 构成否定句。例如：I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3） 构成否定祈使句。例如：Don't go there. 不要去那里。Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。说明：构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。4）放在动词原形前，加强

14、该动词的语气。例如：Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。I did go there.我确实去那儿了。I do miss you.我确实想你。5）用于倒装句。例如：Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only,

15、 so, well 等。6）用作代动词。例如：Do you like Beijing?-你喜欢北京吗？- Yes, I do.-是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车，对吧？5.6 助动词shall和will的用法shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说sha

16、ll用于第一人称，will只用于第二、第三人称。现在, 尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但 shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:He shall come. 他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）He will come. 他要来。 （ will 只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）5.7 助动词 should, would 的用法1） should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do nex

17、t week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。比较： "What shall I do next week?" I asked. " 我下周干什么？"我问道。可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了 should。2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：He said he would come. 他说他要来。比较： "I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。"变成间接引语，就成了He said he wouldcome。原来的

18、 will 变成would, go变成了 come.。5.8 短语动词动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如：Turn off the radio.把收音机关上。（turn off是短语动词）短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：1）动词+副词，如：black out；2）动词+介词，如：look into ；3）动词+副词 +介词，如：look forward to 。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词。5.9 非谓语动词在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式 :不定式，动名词，和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）。1）不定式时态 语态 主动

19、被动一般式 to do to be done完成式 to have done to have been done2）动名词时态 语态 主动 被动一般式doing being done完成式having done having been done3）分词时态 语态 主动 被动一般式doing being done完成式having done having been done否定形式：not +不定式，not + 动名词，not + 现在分词5.10 助动词练习1.If it is fine tomorrow, we a football match.A. have B. will have C.

20、 has D. shall has2.When he was at school, he early and take a walk before breakfast.A. will rise B. shall rise C. should rise D. would rise3.In the past 30 years China great advances in the socialist revolution and socialistconstruction.A. has made B. have made C. had made D. having made1 .I go to b

21、ed until I finished my work.A. don t/hadB . didn t/haveC. didn t/had D . don t/have5 .you think he back by dinner time?A. Do/have come B. Did/will have come C. Does/will come D. Do/will have come6 .He said that he dropped his bag when he for the bus.A. was running B. was running C. were running D. i

22、s running7 .No sooner he arrived home than he to start on another journey.A. has/was asked B. have/were asked C. had/is asked D. had/was asked8 . “ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel.A. Should B. Can C. Might D. May9 .There are nine of them, so get into the car at th

23、e same time.A. they may not at all B. all they may not C. they can t aDll . all they can10 . “ We didn t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “ He it. ”A. mustn t attendB. cannot have attendedC. would have not attended D. needn t have attended11 . “ You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don t

24、you? ”“ No, officer. I . This car can t do more than 80.”A. didn t need to beB. may not have been C. couldn t have beeDn. needn t habveeen12 .he was a good runner so he escape from the police.A. might B. succeeded to C. would D. was able to13.If they , our plan will fall flat.A. are co-operating B.

25、had not co-operated C. won t-cooperate D . didn -tocpoerate14.1 hoped my letter.A. her to answer B. that she would answer C. that she answers D. her answering15 .He live in the country than in the city.A. prefers B. likes to C. had better D. would rather16 .to see a film with us today?A. Did you lik

26、e B. Would you like C. Will you like D. Have you liked1.1 I m sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply what I did.A. must do B. had to do C. ought to have done D. have to do18 . “ Time is running out,?”A. hadn t we better got start B. hadn t we better get startC. hadn t we better get startedD. hadn

27、 t we better not started19 .No one that to his face.A. dares say B. dares saying C. dare say D. dare to say20 .The students in the classroom not to make so much noise.A. need B. ought C. must D. dare21 .You last week if you were really serious about your work.A. ought to come B. ought to be coming C

28、. ought have come D. ought to have come22 .The elephants ought hours ago by the keepers.A. to be fed B. to feed C. to being fed D. to have been fed23 . “ I wonder why they re late. ” “ They the train. ”A. can have missed B. could miss C. may have missed D. might miss24 . “ Tom graduated from college

29、 at a very young age.”“ He have been an outstanding student.”A. must B. could C. should D. might25 .You the examination again since you had already passed it.A. needn t have takenB . didn t need to takCe. needn t takDe. mustn t take26 .He is really incompetent! The letter yesterday.A. should be fini

30、shed typing B. must be finished typingC. must have finished typing D. should have been finished typing27 .The boy told his father that he would rather an astronaut.A. become B. to become C. becoming D. became28 .When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we .A. needed not to hu

31、rry B . needn t have hurriedC. need not to have hurried D. didn t need to hurry29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,you like to have dinner with ustonight?A. will B. won t C. wouldn tD. do30 .He was afraid what he had done a disastrous effect on his career.A. might have B. coul

32、d be C. have been D. shall be31 .He hardly say anything more, since you know about it.A. don t need toB . needn tC. needs D. need32 .You the look on his face when he won the prize.A. would have seen B. should have seen C. must see D. can be seeing33 .Some people think the stock market will crash, bu

33、t .A. I wonder if it happens B. I doubt if it will happenC. I am afraid it wouldn t hDa.pIpdeonubt if it does happen34 . “ Whatever has happened to George? ” “ I don t knlooswt. H”e A. can have got B. may have got C. might get D. could get35 .He has no idea what the book is about. He read the book.A

34、. couldn Bt. couldn t havCe. mightnt haveD . shouldnt have36.New studies show that two of Saturn_s_rilnognsger than the 4.5 billion years since thebirth of the Solar System.A. could have lasted B. should have lasted C. would have lasted D. must be lasting37 .Take the telescope with you in case you i

35、t in your expedition.A will need B. would need C. should need D. could need38 .Need he come at once? Yes, he .A. must B. must not C. need D. may39 .Please answer the phone. It be by your father. If it is, would you tell that I want to seehim?A. will B. should C. would D. could40 .We ll never give in

36、 whatever they say or do.A. may B. will C. shall D. should41 .With all this work on hand, he to the cinema last night.A. mustn t goB . wouldn t goC. oughtn t goD . shouldn t have gone42 .Everyone the cake because there wasn t even a small piece left.A. must like B. must have liked C. must have been

37、liking D. had liked43.I wish to recollect where I met her, ?A. would I B. may I C. may not I D. can I44.I think he will dare the risk.A. not/ . B. do/not C. ./notD . don t/.45.If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it be active.A. may not B. must C. might D. is not46.You your s

38、eats today if you want to go to the game.A. had better to reserve B. had better reserveC. had to better reserve D. had to reserve better47.I the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.A. would rather not haveB. would not rather hadC. rather would not haveD. rather not would have48 .Many scienti

39、sts their own eyes and ears than the theories of the ancients.A. would rather to believeB. would rather believeC. rather would believe D. will rather believe49 .To travel from England to Scotland you a passport.A. haven t gotB. mustn t haveC. needn tD . don t need50.One of the statements to be untru

40、e.A. is turned out B. has turned out C. have been turned out D. have turned out51.I don t know whether it will rain or not, but if it rain, I shall stay at home.A. will B. did C. does D. shall52. “ You d like some tea,?”A. wouldn t you B. shouldn t youC. hadn t you D . didn t you53. “ May we take th

41、e books out? ”A. No, you may not B. No, you can not C. No, you can Dt. Please don t54. “ I would have come sooner, but I that you were waiting.A. didn t knowB . hasn t known C. hadn t know D. haven t known55.If you don t want to, yo_u to get there with us.A. mustn tB. can tC. don t haveD. have not1.

42、1 I would go to visit them but I think they are anxious to see me.A. haven tB . don tC. doesn tD . didn t57. Whatever you can do,.A. I can do so as well B. I can do this as wellC. I can do it as wellD. I can do as wellfor him.t open the door. ” “ She _58. - I realized the consequences I would never

43、have contemplated getting involved.A. Had B. Have C. Having D. Has59. “ Perhaps she is working for John.” “ Yes, sheA. need have been working B. may be workingC. ought have been working D. ought be working60. “ I know she was in because I heard her radio, but she didn bell.A. may not be hearing B. m

44、ay not have heardC. must not have heard D. must not be hearing61. “ He was smoking. ” “ Then he A. ought to have been not smokingB.ought to have not been smokingC. ought not to have been smokingD.ought to not have been smoking62 .You out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold.A. oughtn

45、t have gonBe. shouldnt have gonCe. mustn t have gonDe . cant have gone63 . “ Paul was riding a bicycle alongthemotorway when he was hit by thetrailer of alorry.“ He a bicycle along the motorway; bicycles are not allowed.”A. shouldn t have been ridinBg. couldn t have been ridingC. oughtn t have been

46、riding D. can t have been riding64.1 am listening. But you .A. need be listeningB. should be listeningC. need have been listening D. ought be listening65.He with us last night.A. would have liked to go B. should like to be goingC. should be liked to go D. would like to go66.1 his face when he opened

47、 the letter.A. should like you to see B. would have liked you to be seenC. should like you to have seen D. would like you to see67 .You say you do it, but I say you do it.A. ought not/could B. will not/shall C. could not/need D. shall not/ought68 .We put the meeting off for a week.A. can as well B. will as well C. shall as well D. may as well69 .wind your watch every day?A. Do you need B. Must you have to C. Have you to D. Do you h