长难句精讲班讲义(何凯文-添加讲话的核心内容)

1、阅读在句子层面的障碍：含义语序简单句的障碍来源只有一套谓语的句子叫做简单句根本句型： 主谓i come i saw i conquer主谓宾 i love you 主谓双宾 i bring a book to you主谓宾补 she makes me crazy 主系表 i am a ugly man简单句的障碍识别及处理方法四大障碍：定语状语插入语同位语定语：在句子中修饰名词的成分叫做定语技能：高职，知识：本科，思维 ：研究生， 思想：博士前置定语：形容词性的词+名词后置定语：前置形容词短语：形容词+介词+名词 现在分词 过去分词名词+不定代词的定语置后不定式介词短语：介词+名词表语形容词：

2、 alive a cat alive定语从句不属于简单句范畴人称代词 who whom whichthat as+非完整句关系代词物主代词whose+完整句关系连词where why when how + 完整句介词+关系代词充当I 宾语 + 非完整句 This is the expert to whom we are turning犬语 + 完整句 There is something by the virtue of which the man is the man定语 + 完整句 There are a lot of problems of which the fetching fres

3、hwater is the foremostby the virtue of=by the reason ofthat与as不能接到介词后面in that引导的不是定语从句，而是状语从句表示的是because拆分：介词之前；找指代：关系代词指代的是前面哪一个单词；定成分：介词+关系代词在句中做什么成分同位语普通同位语：A ,B A or B A of B正式 university of qinghua在句子中和名词处于相同位置的成分引导词that +完整句；处理方法：删除插入语处理方法：删除状语：修饰动词谓语或形容词、定语厂副词介短现在分词其前面没有名词，有名词就是定语Y过去分词不定式独立主格

4、处理方法：剥离隔离例 1: Using techniques方法，技法 first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP ' s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean's surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments 沉淀物 and rock from the ocean

5、floor.例 2： A few art collectors James Bowdoin 山 of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens And Hamilton of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring创造性的 artists, and established in theirrespective 各自的 communi

6、ties 社区 the idea of the value art and the need for institutions制度devoted to its encouragement.?非简单句的障碍来源：如何拆分与组合非简单句的障碍解决方案关联词和主句专一原那么关联词：关系代词 关系连词 标点分号 冒号 破折号丨并列连词主句专一原那么：英语主句中只有一个主句一套谓语，主句中没有关联词；n个分句就有n-1个关联词句子之间的关联方式：并列联词and , but , or , as well as ,与分号的用法：连接前后功能、性质、用法完全一致的成分对等的必须完全对等从后往前寻找并列成分2.

7、嵌套：主从复合常见的复杂句形式That+完整句特殊的形式主语句If+不及动+that+从句'lt+be+形容词+that+从句宾从/表从'What+非完整句主语从句 that what how why when who2.括号匹配法：保证在每个括号中都是完整的简单句适用于初级阶段使用主语+不及动+that+从句The sun rises that looks gorgeous that引导的是非完整句那么为定语从句主语+be+形容词+that+从句The fact is true that i love you that引导的是完整句那么为同位语从句状语从句：where whe

8、n because+完整句要剥离，状语和状语从句在阅读时要剥离，否那么要遭报应的，将同位语给删除掉，将插 入语给删除掉，剩下的主谓宾是那么的可爱层次化句子阅读方法与电脑程序类似画左括号的条件：岀现句间关联词的时候Kvin is a good student 【who is studying in the BFSU 【which is a good university in china 】Kvin ,【who is studying in the BFSU【which is a good university in china ,】 is a good studentHowever , for

9、 many years , Physicists thought that 【atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emitlight spontaneously 】 and that 【stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker .】例3: The history of clinical nutrition oror连接的同位语，后面直接 删除不看，不用翻译,直接看到 1 胃语 can be the study of the relationship between

10、 health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substa nces,ca n be divided in to four disti net eras:【1 the first bega n in the nin etee nth cen tury and extended into the early twentieth century whenwhen 前面有名词，所以 when 引导的是定语从句， when 做连词【2 it was recognized for the first time that【3 food contai

11、ned constituents 【4 that were essential for human function 4 3】and that此 that不做成分所以和第三个 that 并列【different foods provided different amounts of these essentiaigents成分.5】2】1】例 4： The desperate plight困境，保证of the South has eclipsed 遮盖，日食the fact that 【reconstruction had to beundertaken also in the No小结区t

12、hough less spectacularly壮观地，引人注目地括号内的副词不可能修饰括号外的动词】 例 5: The tech nique 方法 tech no logy 翻译为技术 of direct carving was a break with the nine规ee描描述entury tradition in which the making of a cla泥土，粘土model was considered the creative act 【and the work was then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in

13、 plaster or bronze or carved in mi记b区e.i例 I.The impressive gain in outputstemmed primarily from t he way in which workers made goods, since the 1790's, and North America n en trepre neur eve n without tech no logical improveme nts had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufactu

14、ring more efficient by distributing materials to a successi on of workers who each performed a si ngle step of the producti on process.例 2. Tracking whales is but =onlyone example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war 冷战as the Navy starts to share and partly

15、 uncover its global network of un derwater liste ning system built over the decades to track the ships of pote ntial en emies.例 3. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth cen tury, are freque ntly con sidered artists todays directly attributable t

16、o the Arts and Crafts Moveme nt of the nineteenth century.泛读ABCBA有里向外面翻译：CBBAA例 4： Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart , the most obvious differences being that it is often much heavief.词本无意，意由境生逗 号不能连接句子，是独立主格，通常在独立主格前面可以加with，也可

17、以省掉写作方法:am /is/are bei ngdo/does> doingbe donedonewas/werehaving beendid+ having done2两个句子主语不同，保存主语，将动词做一上变化完整信息链法：不完整情况：英语句子中主干局部被隔离主谓隔离：主谓之间参加定语、同位语、插入语。句子开头的第一个名词就是句子主语应该和其相匹配的动词在一起 谓宾隔离：在谓语和宾语之间参加状语，状语通常有介词短语充当动+介+名1+名2 名词1如果修饰名词2，名词2前面就不可能当有冠词，名词修饰名词不多见，如果修饰了，此时名词1已经变为形容词了介词+名词1做的是状语，动词去读名词

18、2非正常语序：倒装与强调句省略倒装句的分析方法：先识别，然后处理1.局部倒装的处理方法：情态动词、系动词和助动词置于主语之前叫做局部倒装情态动词、系动词要复原助动词要去掉2.完全倒装的处理方法：谓语前的局部到谓语后，谓语后的局部到谓语前；即谓语前后局部颠倒2.1完全倒装的存在环境：主系表倒装为表系主2.2能够在句子中充当主语和表语的成份：名/Pronoun/to do*、Ving表语方位副词也能作表语，相当于介词短语adj性的adj词，置Ving于句首时Ved就可以看J adj短语：adj+介+名做是倒Of +名词装，除了介短adj外都是做后置kn /pronoun /to do定语的2.3完

19、全倒装的判断流程Ving是做的形容词性的现在分词，还是名词性的动名词，判断倒装流程：一：当adj性的词置于句首不修饰名词时修饰名词的话就是充当定语，而不是表语了，后面岀现系动词，可判断为倒装二：当开头为Ving形式时，且系动词为复数，可判定为倒装动名词作主语，系动词只能是单数三：当开头为Ving形式时，且系动词为单数，系动词后为非性质不是adj状态描述时，可判断为倒装。Playing basketball is my cousin from the NY 。 倒装Playing basketball is funny、 正吊语序例 1: Herei n =in here 副词lay系动词the

20、 beg inning of what ultimately tur ned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.方位畐寸词也能作表语，相当于介词短语In this picture sta nd two girls。 On the picture sta nds a lamp完全倒装例 2： Surrounding the column柱子 are three sepals花萼 and three petal花瓣,sometimes easily recognizable as s

21、uchas such是状语，可以不看 ，often distorted into gorgeous漂亮的，weird奇 怪的，but always functional shapes.倒装存在的原因：强调与平衡句子结构4例 3： With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it, young people married and established households earlier and bega n to raise larger

22、 families thai例 8: Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 a“ silent , the film has never bee n, in the full sense of the word, sile nt.例 9： Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats栖息地 has been a growing appreciation认识，欣赏 of the importan

23、ce of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and huma n well-be ing.Coincident with concerns about B has been grouping appreciation of importance Aimporta nce of A to B英语多名词，汉语多动词，翻译时把英语的名词转化为汉语的动词例 10： Matchi ng the in flux of foreig n immigra nts into the larger cities of the Un ited States duri ng the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration from town and farm to city, within the United States.笔记区例 11： In deed, had it not bee n for the superbb 极好的；华美的