有机化学：Chapter one Intruduction

1、College of Chemical EngineeringOrganic ChemistryIntroduction of Bilingual Organic Chemistry Course1. Whats the bilingual (双语双语) organic chemistry course?English textbook + English ppt + Bilingual explanation2. Whats the textbook and reference book of this course?2) Reference boosk:1) Textbook: Organ

2、ic Chemistry (John McMurry)a) Organic Chemistry (T.W. Graha Solomons)b) 有机化学有机化学(高鸿宾高鸿宾 第四版第四版)The Properties of Organic Compounds. The Structural Theory of Organic ChemistryDefinition of Acids and Bases Overview of Organic Reactions. Chapter One IntroductionOrganic Chemistry Classification of Organ

3、ic CompoundsOrganic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry: is the study of the compounds of carbon and their derivatives (衍生物衍生物); their composition (组成组成), structure, preparation, physical properties and the chemical changes they undergo.1. Whats Organic Chemistry?有机化学有机化学: 是研究含碳化合物及其衍生物的组成、结构、制备、是研究含碳化合物及其衍生

4、物的组成、结构、制备、 物理性质和化学变化的科学。物理性质和化学变化的科学。Organic ChemistryOrganic compounds hearing, seeing, smelling tasting and touching materialsmedicineliving environmentmetabolism of lifeOrganic chemistry is not limited to beakers and laboratories, it is everywhere.Organic compounds are all around us !(生命代谢生命代谢)O

5、rganic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯 CH2CCH3COCH2CH2OHOnCH2=CCOCH2CH2OHOCH3ncatalystpolymerizatioonMonomer，单体单体Polymer，聚合物聚合物双酚双酚AHOCCH3CH3OHOrganic ChemistryBisphenol A双酚双酚A在加热时能析出到食物和饮料当中，它可能扰乱人体代谢过在加热时能析出到食物和饮料当中，它可能扰乱人体代谢过程，对婴儿发育、免疫力有影响，甚至致癌。此外，双酚程，对婴儿发育、免疫力有影响，甚至致癌。此外，双酚A有雌性有雌性荷尔

6、蒙效果，可能会导致婴儿出现女性化变化。荷尔蒙效果，可能会导致婴儿出现女性化变化。 The better we know organic chemistry, the better we know our world. Organic Chemistry As a science，organic chemistry is less than 200 years old. vital force2. The Development of Organic Chemistry as a Science生命力生命力Organic Chemistrynonliving sourcesinorganic c

7、ompoundsliving organismsorgaic compoundsDuring the 1780s, scientists began to distinguish between organic compounds and inorganic compounds.The first step in the decline of the vital force theory occurred in 1828, when Friederich Wohler synthesized urea from in-organic starting materials. In 1845， K

8、olber synthesized Acetic acid (醋酸醋酸) In 1854， Berthelot synthesized Fat (脂脂肪肪)NH4OCNNH2CONH2HeatAmmonium cyanateUrea氰酸铵氰酸铵尿素尿素Organic ChemistryR. B. Woodward won 1965s Nobel PrizeOrganic Chemistry11 years ! 95 steps !C63H88CoN14O14P MW：1355. 38 More than 100 graduate students and postdoctorals !Vita

9、min B12In 1965， Shanghai Institution of Organic Chemistry firstly synthesized crystal bovine insulin ( (结晶牛胰岛素结晶牛胰岛素).).Organic ChemistryOrganic ChemistryIn the past: Organic chemistry changed our life.At present: Organic chemistry makes many things possible.In the future: Organic chemistry will be

10、full of innovation, opportunity and success.The Properties of Organic CompoundsThe Structural Theory of Organic ChemistryDefinition of Acids and Bases Overview of Organic ReactionsChapter One IntroductionOrganic Chemistry Classification of Organic CompoundsThe Properties of Organic Compounds1. What

11、is Organic Compounds ?Organic compounds: the compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen, and their derivatives (衍生物衍生物).有机化合物有机化合物: : 碳氢化合物及其衍生物。碳氢化合物及其衍生物。The Properties of Organic Compounds2. Why is Carbon Special?a. As a group 4A element, carbon can share four valence electrons (价电子价电子) with carb

12、on and other elements, forming strong covalent bonds (共价键共价键). b. Carbon atoms can also bond to one another, forming C-C, C=C orCCThe Properties of Organic Compoundsc. Carbon atoms can bond to one another, forming straight chains, branched chain and rings. (isomers 同分异构同分异构)d. Carbon is able to form

13、 an immense diversity of compounds. M BenzeneMetallabenzeneThe Properties of Organic CompoundsProperties (特性特性)Organic Compounds有机化合物有机化合物Inorganic Compounds无机化合物无机化合物Isomerism ( (同分异构同分异构) ) CommonRareBurning Properties (燃烧性燃烧性)EasyDifficultStability to heating(热稳定性热稳定性)PoorGoodPolarity ( (极性极性) )S

14、mallLargeSolubility ( (溶解性，水溶解性，水) )PoorGoodRate of the Reactions(反应速度反应速度)SlowFastSide-Reactions( (副反应副反应) )CommonRareThe Properties of Organic CompoundsThe Structural Theory of Organic ChemistryDefinition of Acids and Bases Overview of Organic ReactionsChapter One IntroductionOrganic Chemistry Cla

15、ssification of Organic CompoundsThe Structural Theory of Organic Chemistry1) Covalent Bond Theory ( (共价键理论共价键理论) )1. The Common Structural Theories Used in Organic Chemistry 2) Molecular Orbital Theory ( (分子轨道理论分子轨道理论) )a. Valence Bond Theory (价键理论价键理论)b. Hybrids Orbital Theory (杂化杂化轨轨道理论道理论) CCCCCC

16、 Single bond Double bond Triple bond2. Structural Formulas (结构式结构式) of Organic Molecular and their Representations. The Structural Theory of Organic ChemistryThe most common types of representations are：C3H7OHCCCOHHHHHHHHCH3CH2CH2OHOH Dash formula Condensed formula Bond-line formula 短线式短线式 缩简式缩简式 键线

17、式键线式The Properties of Organic CompoundsThe Structural Theory of Organic ChemistryDefinition of Acids and Bases Overview of Organic ReactionsChapter One IntroductionOrganic Chemistry Classification of Organic CompoundsOverview of Organic Reactions1. Homolysis (均裂均裂) and Heterolysis (异裂异裂) of Covalent

18、 Bonds Reactions of organic compounds always involve the making and breaking of covalent bonds. There are twofundamentally different ways of breaking a covalent bond:a) Heterolysis (异裂异裂):The bond breaks so that one frag-ment takes away both electrons ofThe bond, leaving the other fragm-ent with an

19、empty orbital, producing charges fragments or ions. Cation Anion 正离子正离子 负离子负离子b). Homolysis (均裂均裂):Overview of Organic ReactionsThe bond breaks so that each fragment takes away one of the electrons of the bonds, produc-ing fragments with unpaired electrons called free radicals(自由基自由基).2. Common Kind

20、s of Organic ReactionsOverview of Organic ReactionsThere are four common kinds of organic reactions:a. Addition Reactions (加成反应加成反应): occur when two reactants ( 反应物反应物) add together to form a single new product with no atoms “left over”. For example: C CHHHH+H BrC CHHHHBrH Ethylene (an alkene) Bromo

21、ethane (an alkyl halide) b. Elimination Reactions (消除反应消除反应):Overview of Organic Reactions the opposite of addition reactions and occur when a single reactant splits into two products. For example: C CHHHH+H BrC CHHHHBrHBaseBromoethane EthyleneOverview of Organic Reactionsc. Substitution Reactions (

22、取代反应取代反应) occur when two reactants exchange parts to give two new products. For example:+ ClClC HHHHLightC ClHHH+H ClMethane Chloromethaned. Rearrangement Reactions (重排反应重排反应) occur when a single reactant undergoes a reorganization of bonds and atoms to yield an isomeric (同分异构的同分异构的) product. For ex

23、ample:Overview of Organic ReactionsCCHCH3CH2HHCCHH3CHCH3Acid catalyst1-Butene 2-ButeneThe Properties of Organic CompoundsThe Structural Theory of Organic ChemistryDefinition of Acids and Bases Overview of Organic Reactions. Chapter One IntroductionOrganic Chemistry Classification of Organic Compound

24、sDefinition of Acids and Bases1. The Bronsted-Lowry Definition:A Bronsted-Lowry acid：is a substance that donates a hydrogen ion (H+).A Bronsted-Lowry base: is a substance that accepts H+. HA+BHB+A Acid Base Conjugate ConjugateBaseAcidH ClH OH+H OHH+ClHydrogen water hydronium ion chloride ionChloride

25、2. The Lewis Definition:A Lewis acid: is a substance that accepts an electron pair; A Lewis base: is a substance that donates an electron pair.B+ABAFilled orbitalVacant orbitalBF3 + O(CH2CH3)2FBFFOCH2CH3CH2CH3 Acid BaseLewis acids: AlCl3, ZnCl2，BF3 Base Acid Lewis base: CH3CH2NH2, CH3OCH3Definition

26、of Acids and BasesThe Properties of Organic CompoundsThe Structural Theory of Organic ChemistryDefinition of Acids and Bases Overview of Organic ReactionsChapter One IntroductionOrganic Chemistry Classification of Organic Compounds Organic compounds can be classified into different families according to different ways.Classification of Organic Compoundsa. Acorrding to Carbon Skeleton (碳骨架碳骨架) )Cla