作文写作技巧

1、四级考试写作 评分标准评分标准 一、评分原则一、评分原则 全国大学英语四、六级考试作文的评分原则采取的是总体评分方法 (Global Scoring)，即阅卷员就总的印象，从内容和语言两个方面进行综合评判，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。二、官方评分标准二、官方评分标准1. 本题满分为15分。2.阅卷标准分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。3.评分标准： 2分条理不清；思路紊乱、语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分基本切题。表达思路不清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。 8分基本切题。有些地方不但思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；而且语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。

2、 11分切题。思路清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好，基本无语言错误，仅有个别小错。4.字数不足应酌情扣分，只写一段者：字数不足应酌情扣分，只写一段者：0-40-4分；只写两段者：分；只写两段者：0-90-9分分( (指规定三段的作文指规定三段的作文) )。实际：以貌取人（高分作文） 长度达标，适当超出（150以上，最好180） 书法整洁漂亮，改动要少（勿潦草，字母太小，右倾）； 段落清晰，一目了然，按提纲划分段落（勿不分段或很多段落,或完全不考虑提纲）； 内容切题充实，语言流畅； （勿跑题或抄写无关信息） 句式有变化，开头结尾少语法错误。 （词汇

3、贫乏，反复使用相同的词句）亮点句型亮点句型 用于文章开头的常用句型 Nowadays, there is a general discussion / debate about / as to In recent years, there is / has been a growing concern / awareness about. plays a vital part (is indispensable) in our daily work and life. There is no denying the fact that Now people in growing (signif

4、icant) numbers are beginning/coming to realize that 对立观点 When it comes to, peoples opinions differ/vary .Some believe/consider that., while others claim/maintain that. People differ greatly in their attitudes towards this problem. Some believe/consider that., while others claim/maintain that. Person

5、ally, I stand on the side of the former/latter. 结束段常用的表达方式 From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that. To sum up/In short / In brief / In a word, in order towe should. In conclusion, some steps / measures should be taken to. Therefore, I strongly recommend that. I believe th

6、at the best way to solve / settle the problem is to. Only in this way can we 提出观点 The reasons/factors that can influencecan be summarized as follows. I strongly recommend that My argument for this view goes as follows. Despite the arguments above, I believe No one can deny the fact that. 解释原因 A numb

7、er of factors may contribute to. A number of factors could account for. 列举事例 A case in point is. Take. for example/instance Takeas an example/instance As to/for me 引出谚语 As the saying goes “”. It is often said/quoted that. Failure is the mother of success. A good medicine tastes bitter. Actions speak

8、 louder than words. Look before you leap. Where there is a will, there is a way. Well begun is half done. Do as the Romans do. Time and tide wait for no man. Practice makes perfect. 提纲式作文写作模板提纲式作文写作模板 实例1(对立观点)1999年6月真题Reading Selectively Or Extensively? 有人认为读书要有选择 有人认为应当博览群书 我的看法 Reading Selectivel

9、y Or Extensively? When it comes to the choice between reading selectively or extensively, Peoples attitude varies widely from person to person. Some argue that we should be careful in choosing reading materials, while others maintain that we can benefit more from reading as many kinds of books as po

10、ssible. The first group have their arguments as follows. To begin with, our time is limited, therefore, we have to put our efforts in the most important books. Whats more, we need specialized knowledge in order to find a good job. However, other people claim that we should read extensively. For one

11、thing, extensive reading can broaden our horizon. For another, we need a broad education to better understand the world around us. As is discussed above, it is obvious that there is some truth in both arguments. As far as I am concerned, I prefer to read extensively because I have a wide range of in

12、terests, such as in literature, in computer science and so on. As a result, extensive reading may satisfy my need and make me happy. （160 words） 实例2(现象原因分析) Students Pursuit for Famous Brands 现在很多大学生纷纷追求名牌 大学生追求名牌的原因 我的看法Students Pursuit for Famous BrandsNow college students in growing (significant)

13、 numbers are beginning to pursue famous brands. From clothes to mobile phones, even study articles like electronic dictionaries and pens, they are inclined to buy famous brands. The following reasons can account for college students preference for famous brands. Above all, in many college students e

14、yes, a famous brand is a symbol of sophistication and taste. They expect others to admire their high class and good taste. What s more, in modern society, famous brands to some extent are equal to fashion, which has a great attraction to young college students. Besides, parents spoiling their childr

15、en helps form their bad consumption habit.As far as I am concerned, it is irrational for college students to pursue famous brands. After all, most of famous brands are far beyond their consumption ability. Besides, it is not famous brands but a persons noble character that really makes him high clas

16、s. Therefore, college students should attach more importance to cultivating a good character rather than pursuing famous brands. 情景式作文这种作文的命题一般是用中文或英文给出一个特定的情景，即时间、地点和人物，要求考生根据所给情景，对其进行详细描述，或以所给情景为背景，写叙述事件的作文，还可以简述一种现象，要求考生运用事实、具体事例及个人的经验等进行分析、论证和说明。写情景作文首先应注意审题, 并发挥想象力。根据所给情景确定中心确定中心思想，明确在文章中要表达什么思

17、想内容；在此基础上要注意严格按照所规定的情景来展开文章。此外，写情景作文还要注意文章的段落结构，确定每一段的核心思想，并看这些思想是否围绕同一主题而展开。一、引言（Introduction ) 在引言部分用自己的话将提示中所给出的观点或某种现象再复述一遍。二、正文（Body) 在正文部分提出自己的观点和看法，或对提示中的某种现象进行分析和说明，说明或论证的过程可以从正面进行，也可以从反面进行，或从正、反两方面同时进行。正文部分应该是整篇文章的主体，也是最重要的部分。三、结尾（Conclusion/Ending) 结尾部分总结或归纳一下文章的主题，并表明自己的立场和观点。 英文书信信头 (hea

18、ding) 信头指的是发信人的地址以及发信日期. 一般写在信纸的右上角.先写发信的地址,地址的书写顺是由小到大,依次为: 门牌号、 街名、 城市名、省或州名、邮政编码、国名 如在院系寄信的,地址顺序应为:班级、年级、系名、院名、学校名、城市名、省州名、邮政编码、国名 发信日期单独成行.日期要按英语习惯书写,常用写法有两种: 月、日、年, 如: June 3, 2002 或者日、月、年, 如: 3rd June, 2002 在年份之前有一个逗号如果信是写给熟悉的人,常常只写日期就可以了. 2. 称呼 (Salutation) 称呼指对收信人的称呼.称呼语后常用逗号“，”第一类书信是写给个人. 1

19、) 写信人认识收信人,但关系不是很亲密Dear Mr. (Miss, Dr, Prof等), 后接收信人姓氏, 如: Dear Mr. Smith, Dear Dr Tan, Dear Miss Chen, Dear President， 2) 写给朋友，两人关系较为亲密，可直呼其名，如：Dear Mary, Dear Jack, Dear Mom, 等 第二类书信是写给某个团体组织或机构的1)写信人不认识其负责人,称呼语可用Dear Sir，或者Dear Sir or Madam， 2)写信人认识其负责人可称Dear Mr. Black, Dear Professor Chen. 3. 正文

20、 (Body) 正文是信的主体部分，正文每段第一行往右缩进个字母 英语信件习惯上不用“你好”开头，可以直接用一两句话讲明写信的目的所以正文常为三个部分：开头段，正文段和结尾段 4. 结束语 (Complimentary close) 结束语是正文下面的写信人对收信人的谦称一般从信纸中央稍右的地方写起，第一个字母要大写，后面要用逗号不同的通信关系要用不同的结束语 写给公司或相识的人 Yours (very) truly, Yours (very) faithfully, Yours (very) sincerely, Yours (very) cordially, 写给上司或长辈 Yours (

21、very) respectfully, Yours (very) obediently, 写给亲朋好友 Yours (ever), (With) love, Miss you, Always yours, Yours affectionately, (With) best wishes, Your sincere/good friend, your loving mother/son， . . 签名 (Signature) 署名发信人的签名写在结束语下面一行，信纸中央梢偏右的位置即便有了打印的姓名，也要加上亲笔签名，以示郑重签名时，一般写上全名 6. 信内地址 (Inside address)

22、 信内地址指的是收信人的姓名职务单位及地址.多见于正式的商务信件,私人信件可以省略不写.第一行写收信人姓名,第二行写地址.18 Hanzheng StreetWuhan, Hubei 430020Oct. 25, 1994Dear Mr. William Madison, -Yours sincerely, Patrick BakerMr. William MadisonGeneral ManagerRoss Engineering Associates1767 Palm StreetLong Beach, CA96104U.S.A. I am a sophomore majoring in

23、Civic Engineering. I am writing to you to say something about the canteen service on campus. When stepping into the bright and spacious canteen, we are immediately attracted by the white rice and the smell of various dishes. The service persons are always smiling and fairly enthusiastic for their wo

24、rk. But we get a little surprised when paying for the food, because its price is twice that of the university nearby. The high price is the biggest obstacle for us to have a delicious meal. On this account a number of students have to choose the food that is cheap and with little nutrition. It is un

25、healthful to our health and reduces the effectiveness in our learning. So it is advisable to drop the food price in our canteen. As to what percentage of price should be reduced, a student poll may be helpful. I am one of thousands of the students who are zealous to see our university take efforts t

26、o reduce the price. Yours respectfully, Li MingJanuary 12th, 2002Dear Mr. President, 常见的图表类型有: (表格) 2.curve graph(曲线) 3.Bar Graph(柱状) 4.Pie Graph(饼状) 图表作文图表作文1) 1) 表格表格(table),(table),它表示多种事物的相互关系它表示多种事物的相互关系 E DABC mnfg ezpq xyoh2)2)曲线曲线(curve graph ),(curve graph ),它常用表示事物的变化趋势它常用表示事物的变化趋势: :3)3)柱

27、状柱状(Bar Graph)(Bar Graph)它用来表示几种事物的变化情况及相互关系它用来表示几种事物的变化情况及相互关系4)4)饼状饼状(Pie Graph)(Pie Graph)表示各事物在总体中所占的比例及相互关系表示各事物在总体中所占的比例及相互关系 图表式作文的特点一般涉及5个方面： 描述图表、指明寓意、分析原因、联系实描述图表、指明寓意、分析原因、联系实际、给出建议际、给出建议.四级考试一般从这5项内容中选出3个内容考察学生的写作水平。FeaturesFeatures Writing Steps Useful Expressions in Graph WritingWritin

28、g StrategyWriting Strategy Writing StepsWriting Steps (图表作文的写作步骤): 1)分析图表及说明文字 2)数字变化趋势,分析主旨得中心论点 3)列提纲 4)写作 Useful Expressions in Graph WritingUseful Expressions in Graph Writing(1) According to figures shown in the table/graph/chart/pie we can see / conclude that(2) The graph shows /tells/reveals

29、that(3) As is shown/can be seen in the chart that(4) The table is /gives information/about(5) The table represents the development and changes in (6) After considering the information in the table we might conclude that描述图表描述图表 开头说法 As we can see from/ It can be seen from the chart (table) that. 倍数A

30、 is twice/half/3 times as high as B 增长，减少 The chart (table) showsslight (rapid, sudden, steady, great) increase/reduction 表示结论：Therefore/So/Thus/To sum up/ In conclusion, it can be concluded/seen/inferred that 上升动词：rise, climb, go up, increase 名词：rise, increase 下降 动词：fall, decline, decrease, drop, g

31、o down 名词： fall, decline, decrease, drop 到达顶峰 reach its peak, reach its highest point 降到最低点 reach the lowest point Reading Preference of Students in an American University in 2002Categories of BooksPercentage of Books Circulation in the LibraryPopular Fiction65.9%General Nonfiction18.2%Science /Tech

32、nology/Education10.8%Art/Literature /poetry 5.1%An Example:An Example: 1) 根据上表，简要描述美国 某大学学生借阅图书的分布情况. 2）你对于这些学生阅读偏爱的评论. 3）你通常喜欢阅读哪一类书籍？ 说明理由.现象解释型模板一现象解释型模板一 1) We have witnessed 总体现象. 2) According to 描述图表 , 具体表现一. 3) And 具体表现二 . 4) Many reasons contribute to 过渡句. 5)To begin with, 原因一. 6)Moreover, 原

33、因二. 7) In addition, 原因三. 8) As a result, 导致结果. 9) As to me, 作者的看法. 10) First of all, 理由一. 11) Besides, 理由二. 12) To conclude, 总结.描述现描述现象象阐述原阐述原因因表明观表明观点点 Reading Preferences Reading Preferences （范文）（范文） 1)We have witnessed that college students vary in ) According to the table of the percentage of bo

34、ok circulation in an American university library, the circulation of popular fictions and general nonfictions accounts for 65.9% and 18.2% respectively. 3) And the table also shows that the circulation of science / technology/education books and art / literature / poetry books is 10.8% and 5.1% resp

35、ectively.4) Many reasons contribute to this phenomenon. 5) To begin with, popular fictions usually possess more appealing plots than other types of books do, so many readers are attracted by popular fiction. 6) Moreover, popular fictions and general nonfictions are easier to be understood. 7) In add

36、ition, science and art books demand certain knowledge in special field of study. 8) As a result, more students tend to choose popular fictions and general nonfictions. 9) As to me, Im in favor of books of science and technology. 10) First of all, in order to deepen what Im learning, I need read more

37、 books relevant to my major and observe the new development in science and technological circles. 11) Besides, these books can also broaden my vision. 12) To conclude, college students should choose books according to their interests and needs.写作的写作的 “四项基本原则四项基本原则”： 一、一、 长长 短短 句，多变句式原则句，多变句式原则 长短句交替

38、出现，简单句和复合句，从句长短句交替出现，简单句和复合句，从句交替出现。交替出现。1）加法（串联）Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.其它的短语可以用：besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover2）转折The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.更多的短语： despite that, however, nevertheless, in spite of

39、, despite 3）因果 The snow began to fall, so we went home. 更多短语： therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, so that 4）倒装句 （亮点句） I never thought he would return. 强调：强调：Never did I think he would return. We can succeed only in this way. Only in this way can we succeed. 另外， 定语从句，同位语从句，好句型都被

40、视为亮点句二、二、 主主 题题 句原则句原则主主 题题 句句放在文章的开头（保险）或者结尾三、三、 一一 二二 三原则三原则1）first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally2）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）3）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）4）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）5）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点

41、的情况）6）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）四、四、 短语优先原则短语优先原则比如：I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.I want it. 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.作文作文段落写作常用方法段落写作常用方法 1. 1.列举法列举法2.2.举例法举例法3.3.比较和对照法比较和对照法 4. 4. 因果法因果法5. 5. 分类法分类法6. 6. 时间顺序时间顺序7. 7. 空间顺序空间顺序8. 8. 综合法综合法 1. 1. 列举法列举法

42、列举法是指在主题句之后列举足够的（至少三个）足以支持主题观点的具体细节. Bicycle has many advantages. First, it is handy and convenient. It can carry you to anywhere you like in city and does not need a large parking place. Secondly, it is not so expensive, and therefore, every family can afford to buy it and to repair it. Thirdly, it

43、 does not cause air pollution. Besides, it does good to your health if you ride it regularly 2.2. 举例法举例法举例法通常指用具体的事例来阐述主题句中包含的中心思想. Public television in American presents many kinds of programs. . There are news and opinion programs. There are films about social and historical events. And there are

44、shows about science and nature. There are shows to teach people how to cook, grow vegetables or fix a house. There are many drama programs produced in Britain. And there are programs that present music, dance and theater of America. 3.3. 比较和对照法比较和对照法比较(comparison)主要是指出两个或两个以上不同种类的事物的共同点或相似点。(1). 整体对

45、比。即先描述甲，再描述乙（A1, A2, A3,; B1, B2, B3） (2) 逐项对比。 即双方同时描述，逐点进行比较（A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3；） 整体对比 It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the l

46、onely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers can not show their disappointment publicly. They can not cry or grieve about their defeat. They must suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness. 逐

47、项对比 My two friends have similar and different characteristics, such as appearance, personality and hobbies. Wendy is short and blonde. In contrast, Lisa is taller than Wendy, and Lisas hair is much darker and curlier than Wendys. Wendy is the shy type and doesnt talk loudly when other people are the

48、re. On the other hand, Lisa is more outgoing than Wendy and likes to speak more. Both Lisa and Wendy enjoy doing different things ,and they do them well. For instance, Wendy is a folk dancer, and she dances more gracefully than Lisa, but Lisa can play baseball better than Wendy. Wendy and Lisa are f

49、riends; for this reason, other people like to compare them. 4.4. 因果法因果法 因果法是指按事物的因果关系发展段落.可以先把结果提出来, 然后解释其(多种)原因, 也可以先列出原因, 再说明其(多个)结果. (1). 先因后果 (2). 先果后因 (1). (1). 先因后果先因后果 Since I have changed my curriculum to law enforcement, there have been amazing consequences. First of all, I am now intereste

50、d in my courses. I am so interested, in fact, that I have done a lot of extra reading for the course. Also, my parents are much more involved with what I am doing in school since my father is a policeman. Finally, my grades have shown remarkable improvement. I expected better grades to result form t

51、he switch, but I never thought I would get all the As I have been getting. (2). (2). 先果后因先果后因 Guiyou Restaurant is losing business for three major reasons. First, customers are staying away because of the unsanitary conditions in the restaurant. The tables are often messy and the floors dirty. In ad

52、dition, the service is poor. The waiters and waitresses are generally slow and unfriendly. The waiters and waitresses wear uniforms. Most important of all, customers are not pleased with the food at Guiyou Restaurant. The meals are of poor quality and overpriced. 5.5.分类法分类法 分类，即将某一复杂的事物分拆开来，根据性质、形态、成因功能等属性的差别分成若干类，然后逐一进行说明.Chinese food can be classified into four t