TheTelencephalon

1、The Telencephalon 端脑端脑山东大学医学院解剖教研室山东大学医学院解剖教研室李振华李振华General Appearance of CerebrumnThe telencephalon consists of right and left cerebral hemisphere, partially separated by cerebral longitudinal fissure大脑纵裂大脑纵裂nIn the depths of the fissure, the corpus callosum 胼胝体胼胝体connects the hemispheres across th

2、e midlinenThe cerebral transverse fissure intervenes between the hemispheres and the cerebellumnEach hemisphere has three surfaces: superolateral, medial and inferiorMain SulciThree principal sulci nCentral sulcus 中央沟中央沟nLateral sulcus 外侧沟外侧沟nParietooccipital sulcus 顶枕沟顶枕沟Central sulcusLateral sulcu

3、sParietooccipital sulcusLobes of Cerebral Hemisphere Five lobesnFrontal lobe 额叶额叶 nParietal lobe 顶叶顶叶nTemporal lobe 颞叶颞叶 nOccipital lobe 枕叶枕叶nInsular lobe 岛叶岛叶Frontal lobeParietal lobeOccipital lobeTemporal lobeInsular lobeSulci and gyri of frontal lobenPrecentral sulcus 中央前沟中央前沟nPrecentral gyrus 中央

4、前回中央前回nSuperior frontal sulcus 额上沟额上沟nInferior frontal sulcus 额下沟额下沟nSuperior frontal gyrus 额上回额上回nMiddle frontal gyrus 额中回额中回nInferior frontal gyrus 额下回额下回Sulci and gyri of frontal lobePrecentral sulcus Precentral gyrus Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Superior, middleand inferioe fr

5、ontal gyri Sulci and Gyri of Parietal LobenPostcentral sulcus 中央后沟中央后沟 nPostcentral gyrus 中央后回中央后回 nIntraparietal sulcus 顶内沟顶内沟 nSuperior parietal lobule 顶上小叶顶上小叶 nInferior parietal lobule 顶下小叶顶下小叶 nSupramarginal gyrus 缘上回缘上回 nAngular gyrus 角回角回Sulci and Gyri of Parietal Lobe Postcentral sulcus Post

6、central gyrus Superior parietal lobule Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus Intraparietal sulcusSulci and Gyri of Temporal LobenSuperior temporal sulcus 颞上沟颞上沟nInferior temporal sulcus 颞下沟颞下沟nSuperior temporal gyrus 颞上回颞上回 nMiddle temporal gyrus 颞中回颞中回 n Inferior temporal gyrus 颞下回颞下回 nTransverse tempo

7、ral gyri 颞横回颞横回Sulci and Gyri of Temporal Lobe Superior temporal sulcus Inferior temporal sulcus Superior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Transverse temporal gyri Sulci and Gyri of Temporal LobeSulci and gyri of Superolateral surfacePrecentral sulcus Precentral gyrus Sup

8、erior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Superior,middleand inferior frontal gyri Postcentral sulcus Postcentral gyrus Superior parietal lobule Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus Superior temporal sulcus Inferior temporal sulcus Superior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyru

9、s Intraparietal sulcusSulci and Gyri of Medial SurfacenCorpus callosum 胼胝体胼胝体 nCallosal sulcus 胼胝体沟胼胝体沟 nCingulate gyrus 扣带回扣带回nCingulate sulcus 扣带沟扣带沟nMarginal ramus 缘支缘支nParacentral lobule 中央旁小叶中央旁小叶nCalcarine sulcus 距状沟距状沟 nCuneus 楔叶楔叶 nLingual gyrus 舌回舌回Sulci and Gyri of Medial SurfaceCorpus cal

10、losum Callosal sulcus cingulate gyrus Cingulate sulcus Marginal ramus Paracentral lobule Calcarine sulcus CuneusParietooccipital sulcusLingual gyrusSulci and Gyri of Inferior SurfaceSulci and Gyri of Inferior SurfaceOlfactory bulb Olfactory tract Olfactory trigone Ant. Perforated substance Collatera

11、l sulcus Occipitotemporal sulcusMedial occipitotemporal gyrus Parahippocampalgyrus Uncus Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus HippocampusDentate gyrus Hippocampal formation 海马结构海马结构Sulci and Gyri of Inferior SurfaceHistology of Cerebral CortexnArchicortex 原皮质原皮质 (hippocampal formation 海马结构海马结构) nPaleocort

12、ex 古皮质古皮质 (rhinencephalon 嗅脑嗅脑) nNeocortex 新皮质新皮质 (most of cerebral cortex)6 cell layersFunctional Location of Cerebral CortexFirst Somatic Motor Area第第躯体运动区躯体运动区Position: Located in precentral gyrus and anterior portion of paracentral lobuleFirst Somatic Motor Area第第躯体运动区躯体运动区Characters nRepresenta

13、tion is inverted, but head and face are uprightnA body part is represented by a cortical area proportional to its use rather than its size nReceiving fibers from postcentral gyrus, ventral anterior, ventral lateral and ventral posterior nuclei nSending out fibers to form pyramidal tract, controlling

14、 voluntary movements First Somatic Motor Area第第躯体运动区躯体运动区First Somatic Motor Area第第躯体运动区躯体运动区First Somatic Sensory Area第第躯体感觉区躯体感觉区Position: Lies in postcentral gyrus and posterior portion of paracentral lobuleFirst Somatic Sensory Area第第躯体感觉区躯体感觉区Characters nSensory representation, like motor area,

15、 is crossed and invertednReceiving fibers from ventral posterior nucleusnInterpret sensation from opposite side of bodyFirst Somatic Sensory Area第第躯体感觉区躯体感觉区Visual Area 视觉区视觉区nLie on either side of calcarine sulcus in medial surface of occipital lobe nVisual cortex of one hemisphere receives impress

16、ion from temporal part of retina of same side and nasal part of opposite sidenLesions of visual cortex produce contralateral homonymous visual field defections Auditory Area 听觉区听觉区nLocated in transverse temporal gyrinReceive auditory information from both earsnVestibular area平衡觉区平衡觉区: located in fro

17、nt of superior temporal gyrus nOlfactory area 嗅觉区嗅觉区: located near the uncusnTaste area 味觉区味觉区: located at frontal operculumLanguage Area 语言中枢语言中枢nMotor speech area 运动性语言中枢运动性语言中枢qLocated in posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrusqDamage: motor aphasianWriting area 书写中枢书写中枢qLocated in posterior

18、portion of middle frontal gyrusqDamage: agraphianAuditory speech area 听觉性语言中枢听觉性语言中枢qLocated in posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus qLesion: sensory aphasianVisual speech area 视觉性语言中枢视觉性语言中枢qLocated in angular gyrusqLesion: alexiaIt is dominant in left hemisphere in right-handed personnPosi

19、tion: located in cerebral hemispheresnFour partsqCentral part: lies in parietal lobeqAnterior horn: extends into frontal lobeqPosterior horn: extend into occipital lobeqInferior horn: extend into temporal lobeLateral Ventricle 侧脑室侧脑室Lateral Ventricle 侧脑室侧脑室Transverse MRI scan, at the level of the an

20、terior horn of the lateral ventricle. Lateral Ventricle 侧脑室侧脑室nCommunication lateral ventricle interventricular foramen third ventricleBasal Nuclei 基底核基底核Putamen 壳壳Neostriatum 新纹状体新纹状体 paleostriatum 旧纹状体旧纹状体Globus pallidus 苍白球苍白球Basal Nuclei 基底核基底核Caudate nucleusPutamenGlobus pallidusClaustrumWhite

21、MatterAssociation fibers 联络纤维联络纤维nRun between gyri within the same hemispherenCerebral arcuate fibers 大脑弓状纤维大脑弓状纤维nSuperior longitudinal fasciculi 上纵束上纵束nInferior longitudinal fasciculi 下纵束下纵束nUncinate fasciculus 钩束钩束nCingulum 扣带扣带White MatterCommissural fibers 连合纤维连合纤维 nCorpus callosum 胼胝体胼胝体 qRost

22、rum 胼胝体嘴胼胝体嘴qGenu 胼胝体膝胼胝体膝qTrunk 胼胝体干胼胝体干qSplenium 胼胝体压部胼胝体压部nAnterior commissure 前连合前连合nFornix and commissure of fornix 穹隆和穹隆连合穹隆和穹隆连合White MatterProjection fibers 投射纤维投射纤维 connect cortex with lower part of brain and spinal cord and they include both ascending and descending fibers Internal capsule

23、nPosition: a thick lamina of white matter lying between caudate nucleus, thalamus and lentiform nucleusInternal Capsule 内囊内囊Lentiform nucleusCaudate nucleusDorsal thalamusInternal Capsule 内囊内囊Three partsnAnterior limb of internal capsule 内囊前肢内囊前肢qLies between caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleusqCo

24、ntaining frontopontine tract and anterior thalamic radiationnGenu of internal capsule 内囊膝内囊膝qIs angle at which anterior and posterior limbs meetqContaining corticonuclear tractnPosterior limb of internal capsule 内囊后肢内囊后肢qLies between thalamus and lentiform nucleusqContain corticospinal tract, corticorubral tract, central thalamic radiation, parieto-occipito-temporo-ponti