精神分析理论与技术

1、精神分析理论与技术精神分析理论与技术PSYCHOANALYSIS精神分析理论精神分析理论Psychoanalytic theoryl潜意识理论Unconsciousness theoryl人格结构理论Structures of personalityl性欲开展阶段理论Psychosexual stagesl释梦理论Dream interpretationl心理防御机制理论Defense mechanisms 潜意识理论潜意识理论Unconscious theoryl意识conscious:lFreuds first level of awareness, consisting of the t

2、houghts, feelings, and actions of which people are aware. l前意识preconsciouslFreuds second level of awareness, consisting of the mental activities of which people gain awareness by attending to them. l潜意识unconsciouslFreuds third level of awareness, consisting of the mental activities beyond peoples no

3、rmal awareness.人格结构理论人格结构理论Structures of personalityl本我IdlIn Freuds theory, the source of instinctual energy, which works mainly on the pleasure principle.l自我EgolThe part of personality that seeks to satisfy the id and superego in accordance with reality.l超我SuperegolThe moral aspect of mental functi

4、oning, comprising the ego ideal (what a person would ideally like to be) and the conscience, and taught by parents and society. Freuds view of mental forces性欲开展阶段理论性欲开展阶段理论Psychosexual stagesl口欲期 Oral stage l肛欲期 Anal stage l性欲期 Phallic stage l潜伏期 Latency stage l生殖期 Genital stage 性欲开展阶段理论性欲开展阶段理论Psyc

5、hosexual stagesl口欲期 Oral stage lFreuds first stage of personality development, from birth to about age 2, during which infants obtain gratification primarily through the mouth. 性欲开展阶段理论性欲开展阶段理论Psychosexual stagesl肛欲期 Anal stage lFreuds second stage of personality development, from about 2 to about a

6、ge 3, during which children learn to control the immediate gratification they obtain through defecation and to become responsible to the demands of society. 性欲开展阶段理论性欲开展阶段理论Psychosexual stagesl俄底普斯情结Oedipus complexlOccurring during the phallic stage, feelings of rivalry with the parent of the same s

7、ex and love of the parent of the opposite sex, ultimately resolved through identification with the parent of the same; lElectra complex lthis process occurring specifically in girls. 性欲开展阶段理论性欲开展阶段理论Psychosexual stagesl性欲期 Phallic stage lFreuds third stage of personality development, from about age

8、4 to about age 7, during which children obtain gratification primarily from the genitals. 性欲开展阶段理论性欲开展阶段理论Psychosexual stagesl潜伏期 Latency stage lFreuds third stage of personality development, from about age 7 until puberty, during which sexual urges are inactive. 性欲开展阶段理论性欲开展阶段理论Psychosexual stagesl

9、生殖期 Genital stage lFreuds last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface at puberty and are often resolved during adolescence.Freuds five psychosexual stages of personality development释梦理论释梦理论Dream interpre

10、tationl显梦manifest dreamlThe overt story line, characters, and setting of a dream-the obvious, clearly discernible events of the dream.l隐梦latent dreamlThe deeper meaning of a dream, usually involving symbolism, hidden content, and repressed or obscured ideas and wishes.释梦理论释梦理论Dream interpretationlSi

11、gmund Freud viewed dreams as a guide to the unconscious. He proposed that dreams represented unconscious wishes that dreamers wish to see fulfilled. However, because these wishes are threatening to the dreamers conscious awareness, the actual wishes are disguised. The true subject and meaning of a d

12、ream, then, may have little to do with its overt story line. 心理防御机制理论心理防御机制理论Defense mechanismsl心理防御机制Defense mechanismslUnconscious strategies people use to reduce anxiety by concealing its source from themselves and others.心理防御机制理论心理防御机制理论Defense mechanismsl压抑压抑RepressionlThe primary defense mecha

13、nism, in which unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious. For example, a college student who feels hatred for her mother might repress these personally and socially unacceptable feelings. 心理防御机制理论心理防御机制理论Defense mechanismsl倒退倒退RegressionlPeople behave as if they wer

14、e at an earlier stage of development. For example, a student who is overwhelmed by exams might act in a childish, immature manner to escape his responsibilities. 心理防御机制理论心理防御机制理论Defense mechanismsl转移转移DisplacementlThe expression of an unwanted feeling or thought is redirected from a more threatening

15、, powerful person to a weak one. A classic case is yelling at ones secretary after being criticized by the boss.心理防御机制理论心理防御机制理论Defense mechanismsl合理化合理化RationalizationlA distortion of reality in which a person justifies what happens. For example, a person who is passed over for an award says she di

16、dnt really want it in the first place.心理防御机制理论心理防御机制理论Defense mechanismsl否认否认DeniallRefusal to accept or acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of information. For example, a student refuses to believe that he has flunked a course.心理防御机制理论心理防御机制理论Defense mechanismsl投射投射ProjectionlAttributing unwante

17、d impulses and feelings to someone else. For example, a man who is anger at his father acts lovingly to his father but complains that his father is angry with him. 心理防御机制理论心理防御机制理论Defense mechanismsl升华升华SublimationlDiversion of unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings or behaviors

18、. For example, a person with strong feelings of aggression becomes a soldier. 经典精神分析技术经典精神分析技术PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY刘德祥经典精神分析技术经典精神分析技术PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPYl自由联想Free associationl阻抗Resistancel释梦Dream analysisl移情Transferencel解释Interpretationl贯穿Working through自由联想自由联想Free associationlA psychoanalytic

19、technique in which a person reports to the therapist his or her thoughts and feelings as they occur, regardless of how trivial, illogical, or objectionable their content may appear.阻抗阻抗ResistancelIn psychoanalysis, an unwillingness to cooperate by which a patient signals a reluctance to provide the therapist with information or to help the therapist understand or interpret a situation.释梦释梦Dream analysislA psychoanalytic technique in