现代语言学名词解释

1、。现代语言学名词解释现代语言学名词解释现代语言学一 绪论1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants3 Phonology”: The study of how sounds are put together and

2、used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes arearranged to form words is calledmorphology.Forexample,boy and“ish ”-boyish, teach-teacher.5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combinedto form sen

3、tences is called syntax.For esample,”John likelinguistics.”6 Semantics:The study of meaning in language is calledsemantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zookeeper became worried. ”The seal could not be found,The king became worried. ”Here the word seal means different things.。1。7 Pra

4、gmatics: Thestudy of meaning incontextof use is calledpragmatics.For example,“Ido ”The word do means differentcontext.8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.9Psycholinguistics: The stud

5、y of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.二 音系学1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3 Phone: Phone can be s

6、imply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don t.4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phonem

7、e;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.。2。5 allophone:The differentphones which can represent a phonemein differentphoneticenvironmentare calledthe allophonesofthat phoneme.6 Complementary distribution:These two allophonesofthesamephoneme are said to be in compkenebtary distribution.7 Minimalpa

8、ir:Whentwo differentforms are identicalineveryway exceptforone sound segement which occurs in the same placein the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 Stress:Whena certainsyllable of a word isstressed,itmeansthat the syllable is prounced with great force than the otheror others.9

9、 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by thedifferent rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitchvariations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme;therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature.10 intonation:Whenpitch,stressand sound lengtharetiedtothe sentence rather than the wo

10、rd in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English。3。三 形态学1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by whi

11、ch words are formed.2 inflectionalmorphology: Inflectionalmorphology studiestheinflections of word-formation.3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morph

12、emes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes.6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.7 root

13、: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word. 8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.。4。10

14、suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; theymodify the meaning of the originalword and in many cases changeits part of speech.11 derivation:Derivationaffixesare added to an existingformto creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.12 compound

15、ing: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compoundingcan be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words.。5。四 句法学1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as theideal user s knowledge of th

16、e rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement

17、 is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntacticrepresentation. One exists before movement take place, theotheroccurs aftermovementtake place.In formal

18、linguisticexploration,these two syntacticrepresentationare commonlytermed as D-structure.5 Move : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of anyconstituent movement. This movement rul

19、e is called Move。6。7。五 语义学1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning ofthe linguisticform. Itisthecollection of allthe featuresof the linguisticform;itisabstractand decontextualized.3 reference : Referenceme

20、ans what alinguisticform refersto in the real, physical world; it deals with therelationship between the linguisticelement and thenon-linguistic world of experience.4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.5 poly

21、semy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same oneword may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.6 antonymy : Antonymy refersto the oppositenessof meaning.Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.7 homonymy : Homonymy refers to the

22、phenomenon that words。8。having differentmeanings have the same form,i.e.differentwords are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation betweena more general,more inclusiveword and a more specificword.9 componentialanalysis: Componential analysisis a

23、way toanalyze wprd meaning. It was proposed by structuralsemanticists.10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.11 semantic mea

24、ning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.。9。七 历史语言学1 historical linguistics: Historical lin

25、guisticsis the subfield of linguistics that studieslanguage change.2 apocope: Another well-documented sound loss isthe deletion of a word-final vowel segement, aphenomenon called apocope.3 epenthesis:A change that involvesthe insertionof a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of aword is known as

26、epenthesis.4 metathesis: Sound change as a result of soundmovement is known as metathesis.5 compounding: Compounding is a process ofcombining two or more words into one lexicalunit.6 derivation: Derivation refers to the process bywhich new words are formed by the addition ofaffixes to the roots.7 bl

27、ending:Blending is a process offorminga newword by combining parts of other words.。10。8 back-formation: Back-formation is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word.9 semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a w

28、ord becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation.10 semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes lessgeneral or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.11 semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in

29、which a word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning.12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of alanguage.13 sound shift: It refers to the systematicmodification of a series of phonemes.。11。12。absee#8管理员使用道具发表于 2007-7-2621:20资料个人空间短消息加为好友UID 5八 社会语言学精华01 sociolinguisti

30、cs:Sociolinguisticsis the study积分3990of language in social context.帖子11112 speech community: A speech community is thus阅读权限defined as a group of people who form a community200and share the samelanguageor a particularvariety注册2007of language.-6-43 speech variety: Speech variety, also known as状态 离线lan

31、guage variety, refersto any distinguishableform of speech used by a speaker or group ofspeakers.4 language planning: One way out of thecommunication dilemma is languagestandardizationknown as language planning.This meansthatcertainauthorities, such as the government or governmentagency of a country,

32、 choose a particular speech。13。variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries.5 idiolect: Such a personal dialect is refered to as idiolect.6 standard language: The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of langu

33、age. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system,used by the mass media.7 nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or vernacular, languages.8 lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of

34、communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.9 pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language thatis generally used by native speakers of otherlanguages as a medium of communication.10 Creole:A Creole language is originallya pidgin。14。that has become established as a native lan

35、guagein some speech communication.11 diglossia: Diglossia usually describes asituationinwhich two very differentvarietiesoflanguage co-exist in a speech communication, eachwith a distinctrange ofpurely social functionandappropriate for certain situations.12 bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to aling

36、uistic situation in which two standardlanguages are used either by an individual or bya group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of aparticular region or a nation.13 ethic dialect: An ethnic language variety is asocial dialectof a language ,oftencuttingacrossregional differences.14 sociolect: Soci

37、al dialect, or sociolects, arevarieties of language used by people belonging toparticular social classes.15 register: Registers are language varietieswhich are appropriate foruse in particularspeechsituations,in contrasttolanguagevarietiesthat。15。are associatedwith the socialor regionalgroupingof th

38、eir customary users. For that reason, registers are also known as situational dialects. 16 slang: Slang is a causal use of language thatconsistsof expressivebut nonstandardvocabulary,typicallyof arbitrary,flashy and often ephemeralcoinage and figure of speech characterized byspontaneity and sometime

39、s by raciness.17 tabo A linguistic taboo refers to a word orexpression that is prohibited by the“polite ”society from general use.18 euphemism: Euphemism comes from the Greek wordeuphemismos, meaning “to speak with good words”.A euphemism, then ,is mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression

40、 substitute when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.。16。absee#9管理员使用道具发表于 2007-7-2621:20资料个人空间短消息加为好友UID 5九 心理语言学精华 01 psycholinguistics:Psycholinguistics is the积分 3990帖子 1111study of language in relation to the mind. As thesuggests, psy

41、cholinguistics is viewed as the阅读权限intersection of psychology and linguistics,drawing equally upon the language we acquire,200注册 2007-6-4状态 离线produce and comprehend.2 cerebral cortex: The most important part of thebrain is the outside surface of the brain, calledthe cerebral cortex.3 brain lateraliz

42、ation: The localization ofcognitive of cognitive and percpetual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called lateralization.4 linguistic lateralization: In their research of brain lateralization, psycholinguistics are。17。particulary interested in linguisticlateralization, which is the

43、 brains neurologicalspecialization for language.5 dichotic listening: Evidence in support oflateralizationforlanguage in the lefthemispherecomes from researches in dichotic listening tasks 6 right ear advantage: Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right

44、 car. This phenomenon is knowas the right ear advantage.7 critical period hypothesis: The critical periodhypothesis refers to a period in ones lifeextending from about age two to puberty duringwhich the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easi

45、ly, swiftly and without explicit instruction.8 linguistic determinism: Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependenton language. That is,language determines thought,hence the strongnotionof linguisticdeterminism.。18。9 linguistic relativism: Whorf also believed that speakers o

46、f different language perceive and experience the world differently, that is,relativeto theirlinguisticbackground, hence thenotion10 subvocal speech: When language and thought areidenticalor closelyparallelto each other,we mayregard thought as“subvocal speech ”.of linguistic relativism.。19。absee#10管理

47、员使用道具发表于 2007-7-2621:20资料个人空间短消息加为好友UID 5十 语言习得精华01 language acquisition: Language acquisition is积分3990concerned with language development in humans. In帖子1111general, language acquisitionrefers to children s阅读权限development of their first language, that is, the200native language of the community in w

48、hich a child注册2007has been brought up.-6-42 telegraphic speech: The early multiword状态 离线utterance of children have a specialcharacteristic. They typically lack inflectionalmorphemes and most minor lexical categories.Because of their resemblance to the styly oflanguage found in telegrams, utterance at thisacquisition stage are often called telegraphicspeech.3 holophrastic sentence: Childrens one-word。20。utteranceare also called holophrasticsentences.4 acquisition: According to Krashen,acquisitionrefers tothe gradualand subconsciousdevelopmentof ability in the first language by usi