企业通用系统模型

1、Systems Concepts 系统概念系统概念 6-12系统的定义 n所谓系统，是由相互联系、相互作用的所谓系统，是由相互联系、相互作用的许多要素结合而成的具有特定功能的统许多要素结合而成的具有特定功能的统一体。一体。3系统的属性系统的属性 n1.集合性 n2.相关性相关性n3.层次性层次性 n4.整体性整体性 n5.目的性目的性 n6.系统对于环境的适应性系统对于环境的适应性 n 系统 + 环境 = 更大的系统 4系统的分类系统的分类 n按自然属性按自然属性n自然系统与社会系统自然系统与社会系统n按物质属性按物质属性n实体系统与概念系统实体系统与概念系统n按运动属性按运动属性n静态系统与

2、动态系统静态系统与动态系统n按系统与环境间的关系按系统与环境间的关系n开放系统与封闭系统开放系统与封闭系统n按照系统规模按照系统规模n系统（系统（little system）n大系统（大系统（large scale system）n巨系统巨系统(giant system)n按照系统结构的复杂程度按照系统结构的复杂程度简单系统简单系统(simple system)n复杂系统复杂系统(complex system)56系统的结构系统的结构 S = E，R n S：代表系统；n E：表示要素的集合；n R：表示各种关系的集合。n其中， R R1 R2 R3 R4，n R1：要素和要素之间的关系，n

3、R2：要素和系统之间的关系，n R3：系统和环境之间的关系，n R4：其他各种关系。7System Components系统要素 Objectives1-78Open versus Closed Systems开放与封闭系统nOpen system n通过资源流动和外界环境相连得系统通过资源流动和外界环境相连得系统nClosed systemn与外界环境分割得系统与外界环境分割得系统1-89Open-Loop System开环系统1-910closed-Loop System闭环系统1-10feedback11 Systems Can Be Composed of Subsystems or

4、Elemental PartsSubsystem A-2Subsystem A-3Subsystem B-2Subsystem B-1SystemSubsystem ASubsystem BElemental Part CSubsystem A-1Elemental part B11-1112Physical and Conceptual Systems实体系统和概念系统nPhysical system n商业公司是一个由物资资源组成的系统nConceptual systemn阐述实体系统的系统阐述实体系统的系统n使用概念资源的系统使用概念资源的系统nInformationnData 1-12

5、13Conceptual system 概念系统概念系统Data Information processorInformation14 系统的功能 TransformationProcessInputResourcesOutputResources一般系统论重申亚里士多德的一个观点：系统的功能可以大于系统的全部要素的功能总和系统的功能可以大于系统的全部要素的功能总和系统的功能 要素的功能 112The General Systems ModelnGraphic diagram with an accompanying narrative that depicts all organizatio

6、ns in a general way using a systems frameworknThe Physical SystemnMaterial flownPersonnel flownMachine flownMoney flow6-15 TransformationProcess Input Resources OutputResourcesBoundary of the Firm6-16The Conceptual SystemnOpen-loop systemsnClosed-loop systems (feedback loop)nManagement controlnThe i

7、nformation processor6-17TransformationProcessControlMechanismInputResourcesOutputResourcesFeedbackFeedback6-18ManagementTransformationProcessInputResourcesOutputResourcesInformationInformation6-19 Year-to-Date % of TotalItem Number Item Description Sales Volume Year-to-Date Sales 400293 BRAKE PIPE $

8、1,702.93 .068 319421 DOOR HANDLE GASKET 1,624.00 .065 786402 CLUTCH DRIVEN PLATE 1,403.97 .056 190796 CARPET SNAP 1,102.00 .044 001007 SPARK PLUG 1,010.79 .040 739792 HOSE CLIP 949.20 .038 722210 RUBBER PLUG 946.73 .038 410615 UPPER DOOR HINGE 938.40 .038 963214 REAR TUBE SHOCK 922.19 .037 000123 NE

9、EDLE VALVE 919.26 .037 Totals $11,519.47 .4616-20Information is Gathered from All of the Physical System ElementsManagementTransformationProcessOutputResourcesInput Resources6-216-226-23 ManagementInformation ProcessorOutput Resources InputResourcesInformation Information Data Transformation Process

10、6-24Conceptual System (cont.)nDimensions of InformationnRelevancynAccuracynTimelinessnCompletenessToo Much Information is called Information Overload6-25Conceptual System (cont.)nStandards nMeasure of acceptable performancenUsually stated in specific termsnUsed to control physical systemnConsists of

11、:nManagementnInformation processornStandardsnObjectivesnOverall goal that a system is to obtainnSystems have one or more objectives 6-266-27OutputResourcesInputResourcesManagementInformationProcessorTransformationProcessStandards InformationInformation Data6-28Conceptual System (cont.)nManagement by

12、 exceptionnCompares standards with information output of systemnManager becomes involved when system falls outside range of acceptable performancenCapability provided by CBIS6-29Conceptual System (cont.)nCritical Success Factors (CSFs)nA CSF is one of the firms activities that has a strong influence

13、 on the firms ability to meet its objectivesnFirms have multiple CSFsnCSFs focuses attention on a portion of a firms activities6-30StandardsManagementInformation Processor OutputResourcesTransformation Process InputResourcesDataInformationDecisions6-31Conceptual System (cont.)nDecision FlownData is transformed into information by the information processornManager transforms information into decisions6-32StandardsManagementInformation Processor OutputResourcesTransformation Process InputResourcesDat