云南财经大学-英语思辨-复习资料

1、UnitlPart 11. Critical thinking involves thinking about thinking2. The availability heuristic involves unconsciously assigning a probability to a type of event based on how often one thinks of events of that type.3. An issue simply raises a question.4. The part of an argument that provides a reason

2、for accepting the other part is called the premise.5. A general rule we unconsciously follow in estimating probabilities is called a heuristic.Part 21. The conclusion of an argument is what the premise supposedly supports or demonstrates.2. The tendency to weigh negative evidence more heavily than p

3、ositive evidence is called a negativity bias.3. A(n) argument presents a consideration for accepting a claim.4. Assuming that society in general shares the views held by us and the people we know is the falseconsensus effect.Part 31. “ President Lincoln was the finest U. S. President in history” is

4、anobjective claim.(F)2. Whether an objective claim is true or false depends on whether peoplethink it is true or false.(F)3. Critical thinking should include biases or emotions.(F)4. Experienced philosophers or other specialists in their fields rarely makemistakes in reasoning.(F)Part 41. Educated g

5、uesses or rules of thumb are often called heuristics2. Emotion, greed, and bias are all factors that can undermine critical thinking.3. What are the ultimate objectives of thinking critically? (Check all thatapply.)(C, D)A. To make vise decisions B. To come to correct conclusionsC. To make hasty gen

6、eralization D. To develop adversary thinking4. All Dobermans are dogs. Some dogs like to bark. Therefore some Dobermans like to bark. The tendency to accept this argument at first glance may be due to.(D)A. self-serving biasB. negativity biasC. confirmation bias D. belief bias5. This bias is present

7、 when most members of a group think they are better at something than most other members of the group. (A)A. Better-than-average illusion B. Fundamental attribution errorC. Belief biasD. Bandwagon effect6. What bias is in effect when you assume that the candidate whose name you see the most often is

8、 probably the most popular candidate?(B)A. Obedience to authority B. Availability heuristicC. Majority rulesD. Bandwagon effectPart 51. An argument consists of, at minimum,B.A. a conclusionB. one premise and a conclusionC. two or more premises and conclusion D. a premise2. What are the ultimate obje

9、ctives of thinking critically? (Check all that apply.) (A, D)A. To come to correct conclusionsB. To develop adversary thinkingC. To make hasty generalizationsD. To make wise decisions3. Suzanne is 99% certain most of her test answers are correct. In reality, most of her answers are not correct. What

10、 type of bias might Suzanne be demonstrating? (A)A. Overconfidence effect B. Poor estimation C. Belief bias4. Charles and his colleague Mike ' s children attend classes at the same school. Charles believes that his children's exceptional performance at school is due to their superior intelli

11、gence. He always attributes their occasional failures to bad luck. On the other hand, he believes that Mike's children achieve high test scores due to sheer luck and tends to attribute their failures to a possible lack of hard work and dedication. Which ofthe following is illustrated in this sce

12、nario?(A)A. In-group biasB. Availability heuristicC. Bandwagon effect D. Selection bias5. A critical thinker tries to B.A. overstate conclusions B. evaluate argumentsC. understate conclusions D. persuade an audience6. After seeing a number of reports concerning shark attacks, you decide not to visit

13、 the beach for spring break. Which cognitive bias is at play? (C)A. In-group biasB. Bandwagon effectC. Availability heuristicPart 61. This is the tendency to carry out orders from a superior without question.A. Negativity BiasB. Bandwagon effectC. Fundamental attribution error D. Obedience to authoh

14、ty2. The method used to come to correct conclusions is to evaluate our thinking by standards of B_.A. informational theoryB. logic and common senseC. statistics, history, and research3. What types of arguments should you avoid? (A)A. Weak, invalid and irrelevant B. Strong, invalid, and relevantC. We

15、ak, valid, and relevant D. Strong, valid, and relevant4. C is the idea that if a person thinks something is morally wrong, then it ismorally wrong for that person and he/she does not need to consider any further truth.A. Moral absolutismB. Moral objectivismC. Moral subjectivism5. What is the result

16、of expressing a belief, judgment, or opinion in a declarativesentence? A. A claim Unit 2(A)B. A questionC. An exclamationParti1. Every argument must have at least one premise and a conclusion2. When there is an unstated premise, you should use the context and content to clarify if the argument is de

17、ductive or inductive.3. When the premises of a valid argument are true, then the argument is sound.4. The more support the premise provides to the conclusion of an inductive argument, the stronger the argument.Part 2 1. Which of these is an argument?(B)A. I am a great thinker. B. I think. Therefore

18、I am.C. I believe that I exist2. What are the two parts of an argument? (B)A. Statement and conclusion B. Premise and conclusionC. Premise and reasoningD. Premise and statement3. " S)ne was out late last night which led to 2)her being overly tired this morning. 3)So, she won ' t show up for

19、 class. " How would you map this?A. 1-2-3B. 2-1-3C. 3-2-14. True or false: Common sense and background knowledge are important components of critical thinking. (B)A. FalseB. TruePart 31. “The financial cost of the death penalty is less that of life inprison. Also, it does not deter crime."

20、 What is needed to makethis into an argument?(A)(C)(A)This is an example ofWhat isA. A conclusionB.A premise2. Which word or words indicate a conclusion is about to follow?A. However B. The reason is C. Consequently3. Which of these words indicates a premise? (B)A. Therefore B. Since C. Consequently

21、 D. Hence4. Which type of persuasion relies on information or arguments?A. Logos B. Pathos C. Ethos5. “I have to vote for him. He is from my home town.(A)A. EthosB. Pathos C. LogosPart 41. The conclusion of an argument is also called the A .A. thesis B. answer C. argument D. premise2. «Harold i

22、s a twin. Therefore, Harold has a sibling.the unstated premise? (A)A. All twins have siblings.B. Harold is not an only child.3. In a deductive argument, the premises B_ the conclusion.A. supportB. demonstrate4. What type of reasoning involves weighing considerations for or against making a certain d

23、ecision?(D)A. Rational Adjudication B. Inference to the Best ExplanationC. Common SenseD. Balance of considerations5. This type of reasoning compares alternative hypotheses to find the one with the best predictive accuracy.(B)A. Common Sense ExplanationB. Inference to the Best Explanation C. Balance

24、 of Considerations Part51. The first and essential step in understanding an argument is to A .A. spot the conclusionB. identify the premiseC. determine whether it is true D. determine whether it is valid2. A movie can be considered as a/an:(A)A. none of the optionsB. conclusionC. argumentD. premise3

25、. Identify a true statement about premises. (A)A. They are absent in a piece of pure rhetoric.B. All the premises being used to justify a conclusion must be stated explicitly.C. All the premises being used to justify a conclusion must be commonly known truths. D. They are absent in an argument4. Tru

26、e or false: An if -then phrase can be considered an argumerA. True B. False5. In an inductive argument, when the premises do not adequately support the conclusion, the argument is C_.A. invalid B. unsound C. weak Part 61. An argument is sound B_ the argument is valid and the premisesare true.A. gene

27、rally whenB. if and only if2. A deductive argument(B)A. tries to support the conclusion.B. proves or demonstrates the conclusion.3. When thinking critically,“argument" m(BnsA. a violent conflictB. attempt to support or prove something.C. a heated exchange4. Which list of words indicate a conclu

28、sion will follow? (A)A. Accordingly, consequently, thereforeB. Given that, because, sinceC. Accordingly, because, thereforeD. Hence, given that, because5. “I haven allergic reaction to nuts so I couldn ' etat the cake. Further, I don ' t likechocolate. Hence, I skipped dessert." What wo

29、rd indicated the conclusion?A. SoB. HenceC. FurtherUnit3 Parti1. A word or phrase that has multiple meanings is ambiguous2. Syntactic ambiguity results when there is a structural problem in the claim.3. A(n) analytical definition specifies the features a thing must have in order for the term being d

30、efined to apply to it.4. A definition by example is also called a (n) ostensive definition.5. Semantic ambiguity arises when a word or phrase has more than one meaning.Part21. When writing an essay, you should strive to be A in your treatment of the topic.A. completeB. biasedC. haphazard2. Identify

31、the principles of persuasive writing. (Check all that apply.)A. Personal considerations should be included in the discussion.B. Strongest arguments should be presented first.C. Every last criticism of one' position should be refuted, even if space or time is limited.D. If an opponent ' s arg

32、ument is good, one should concede that it is good.3. What principle is involved when ensuring that all points in an essay pertain to the issue under discussion?(C)A. Outlining the essayB. Logical sequencingC. Sticking to the issue4. Which of the following is a component of an argumentative essay?A.

33、Rhetorical flourishes to add interestB. Rebuttal of arguments that support contrary positions5. “ Secretariemake more money than physicians. Joes this claim suffer from grouping ambiguity?(A)A. YesB. No6. A good definition strives to be C.A. PersuasiveB. ConvincingC. NeutralPart 31. Which of the fol

34、lowing is not a vague term?(D)A. Spicy B. Passionate C. HotD. 100C2. What are some of the emotions that can arise due to a vague claim?A. Annoyance B. Frustration C. Anger D. All of the above3. The secret to good writing is C.A. persuasion B. verbosity C. revision D. ambiguity4. When an issue is bur

35、ied within a historical or descriptive discussion, what type of error is committed?(A)A. Glancing blowB. Knee jerk reaction5. When writing your introduction, what should you try to avoid? (B)A. A thesis statementB. A windy preambleC. A thorough statement of the topic6. What principle requires that a

36、ll points in an essay are clarified in an orderly fashion?(A)A. Logical sequencingB. Sticking to the issuePart41. “Aaron saw Ben after his Bar Mitzvah. " What type of ambiguity isthis?(A)A. Pronoun referenceB. No ambiguity2. A D definition is what is usually found in a dictionary.A. precisingB.

37、persuasiveC.stipulative D. lexical3. In the case, the “defendant " will refer to Professor Plum. What typeonf definitthis?(C)A. RhetoricalB. LegalC.Stipulative4. What is the purpose of rhetorical definitions? (A)A. PersuadeB. DefineC. Stipulate5. A(n)C refers to giving another word or phrase th

38、at means the same as theterm being defined.A. analytical definitionB. lexical definitionC. definition by synonymD. definition by example6. “When I speak of animals, I' m referhinm an nonmals. " Whpet ofdefinition is this?(C)A. LexicalB. AnalyticalC. PrecisingPart 51. When an author fails to

39、 organize thoughts in the essay, what type of problem canarise?(C)A. Burden of proofB. Lengthy preambleC. Stream of consciousness2. What is not a component of an argumentative essay? (A)A. Emotionally charged claims. B. A rebuttal of counterclaims.C. A statement of the issue.3. What are possible exp

40、lanations as to why a passage might be unclear?(D)A. Incorrect word useB. Vague languageC. Intentionally abstruseD. All of the above4. True or false: Taking a break from an essay is often a good way to catch proofreading errors.(A)A. TrueB. False5. “The parents scolded the children and they screamed

41、 a lot." What type of ambiguis this?(B)A. Grouping B. Pronoun reference C. Modify ambiguity6. Which is more general?(A)A. Sue lives in a large blue houseB. Sue lives in a threestory blue house.Unit4Parti1. Sometimes powerful hopes and desires influence our judgment when we engage in wishful thi

42、nking.2. Conditions that may undermine our ability to trust our own observations as a source of truth can be physical or mental.3. A claim that comes from the most authoritative source may still be wrong.4. Background knowledge is a crucial part of becoming a critical thinker.Part21. A source '

43、s expertise should be directly related tOsthee.2. A source ' s accomplishments are relevant to his oeXee rtiseif they are related to the question at hand.s interestsdaconcerns are at3. It is too easy to lose objectivity when one stake.4.Because our hopes and expectations can affect our perceptio

44、ns, we must monitor their ability to affect the accuracy of our observations.Part31. Simply being taller, speaking louder, or seeming more assertive can often make aperson appear more credible.(T)2. Credibility is an all-or-nothing feature; a claim either has it or it doesn' t.(F)“,3. A claim th

45、at " fits " with our background information is likely to be assigned a lower degree of initial plausibility than one that does not fit as well.(F)4. The content of a claim can be judged independently of where it came from.(F)Part 41. Identify the irrelevant features that are sometimes used

46、o judge a person ' s credibility.(Check all that apply.) (C,D,E,F,G)A. Educational qualificationsB. ExperienceC. AgeD. AccentE. EthnicityF. GenderG. Mannerisms2. Beliefs based on our observations are only as good as our B_A. Ability to interpret our observations.B. Memory.C. Ability to articulat

47、e our observations3. There are two grounds for suspicion when credibility is the issue. What are they?(D)A. The claim and your own intuition B. The claim and your reactionC. Common sense and the media D. The claim itself and its source4. Which of these is not usually an important factor in a source

48、' credibility?(A)A. Appearance B. Reputation C. Position D. Education5. Which is generally true of talk radio hosts?(D)A. They often lieB. They do not document asserted factsC. They don ' t present interesting newD. They often reflect a political ideologyPart51. The large body of justified b

49、eliefs we have accumulated from our observations and from information received from others is our C.A. expertiseB. foundational informationC. background knowledgeD. intellectual heritage2. We should be skeptical of a claim itself when a credibility problem is presented by its_C.A. vaguenessB. forcef

50、ul languageC. content3. Which of these is the most important factor in considering a web site ' s credibility? (A)A. Who are the sources behind its informationB. How many people access it dailyC. How long it has been in existenceD. What companies support it with their money4. Which of these sour

51、ces is dedicated to fact checking? (C)A. The EconomistB. CNNC. SD. Wall Street Journal5. Which is true?(B)A. The major metropolitan newspapers are teeming with factual errors.B. The major metropolitan newspapers sometimes make mistake in reporting.C. The major metropolitan newspapers never make mist

52、ake in reporting.Part61. According to the text, a claim lacks inherent credibility when it conflicts with any of three things. Which of these is not one of those three things?(D)A. Other credible claimsB. What we have ourselves observedC. Our background informationD. The beliefs of people we like an

53、d admire2. Which of these would probably NOT negatively influence our observations and recollections of an event? (B)A. Tiredness B. Attention C. Distraction D. Emotions3. Which one of these professions often carries a negative bias due to an unkempt appearance?(B)A. PoliticianB. ArtistC. LawyerD. D

54、octor4. Which one of these is not a good reason for stereotypes to be ignored when judging a person?(A)A. They provide background informationB. They create an initial biasC. They create false reputationsD. They cloud possible good judgment5. Conservatives accuse the news media of having what kind of

55、 a slant?A. ModerateB. Liberal C. Atheist D. Religious6. What percent of the comments from professional website evaluators are focused on a website ' s visual design? (B)A. More than 80% B. Less than 20% C. More than 50%Unit5Part11 . A euphemism is a neutral or positive expression used in place

56、of an expression that usually has negative associations.2 . A(n) innuendo is a subtle or indirect derogatory remark that is often masked with positive phrasing.3 .A stereotype is a cultural belief or idea, usually simplified or exaggerated,about a social group ' s attributes.4 .A proofs urrogate

57、 suggests there is evidence for a claim but does not actually cite the evidence.Part21. A dysphemism is a negative expression used in place of an expression that usually carries positive associations.2. Hyperbole is overstatement or exaggeration3. A rhetorical analogy likens one thing to another in order to make one of them appear better or worse than the other.4. An explanation used to express and influence attitudes is a (n) rhetorical explanation.Part31. A slanter is a rhetorical device that gives a claim a positive or negative connotation.2