语言学名词 课后 测试题

1、第一章n Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. n Arbitrariness -No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings.n arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the

2、face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.n duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary. level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organizati

3、on.n displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space, at the moment of communication.n competence: language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules.n langu

4、e: the linguistic competence of the speaker.n parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).简答：6.does the traffic light system have duality?Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meani

5、ng but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animalscall. Redstop Greengo Yellowget ready to go or stop8. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language

6、 and facial ANSWER: On a whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means "OK/YES" for us but in Arabian world

7、 it is equal to saying "NO". Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.15. Why is the distinction between competence and performance an important one in linguistics? ANSWER: This is proposed by Chomsky in his f

8、ormalist linguistic theories. It is sometimes hard to draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics think communicative competence may be a more revealing concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical paircompetence and performance.第二章1. phonology: The study of how sounds ar

9、e put together and used in communication is called phonology.2. Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.<th>is an allophone of /t/in English. When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated<t>.Both<th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/.3. phonetics-The

10、study of speech sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics .4. Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.5. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved. Co

11、articulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.6. Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.7. Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.8. Syllable: wo

12、rd or part of a word which contains a vowel sound or consonant acting as a vowel.第三章 1. morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whet

13、her it is lexical or grammatical.2. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.3. affix: the collective term

14、for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).4. derivation: is a process of the formation of new words by adding affixes to other words or morphemes. Words formed in this way are called derivatives, which are open-class.5. root: the base from of a

15、word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.6. allomorph: any of the different form of a morpheme. a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme. 7. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflect

16、ional affix can be added.8. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.9. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation w

17、here a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.第四章n Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. n Category（范畴） refers to a group of linguistic item

18、s which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.n Construction: any linguistic form which is composed of constituents and is able to be segmented.n Constituent: is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit

19、, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit.n Subordination refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.n Coordinate is a common syntactic pattern in English and

20、 other languages formed by grouping together two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, but, and or.第五章 n Conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical, cognitive, or denotative content. n Connotation: a term in a contrast with denot

21、ation, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.n Denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world.n Reference-what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the

22、 non-linguistic world of experience.n Sense- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.n Synonymy refers to t

23、he sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.n Gradable antonymy（等级/渐次反义关系）-there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair, e.g. old-young, hot-cold, tall-short, n Complementary antonymy（互补反义关系）-the denial of one member of the

24、pair implies the assertion of the other, e.g. alive-dead, male-female, n Converse antonymy（逆向反义关系）-exhibits the reversal of the relationship between the two items, e.g. husband-wife, parent-child, doctor-patient, buy-sell, let-rent, employer-employee, give-receive, above-below, n Hyponymy-the sense

25、relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.n Superordinate（上义词）: the word which is more general in meaning.n Relational opposites 关系反义词:Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites. Chapter 1课后答案：6

26、. Does the traffic light system have duality?Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only h

27、as the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals call.RedstopGreengoYellowget ready to go or stop8. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial ANSWER: On a whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of huma

28、n language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means "OK/YES" for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying "NO". Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive

29、such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.15. Why is the distinction between competence and performance an important one in linguistics? ANSWER: This is proposed by Chomsky in his formalist linguistic theories. It is sometimes hard to draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics t

30、hink communicative competence may be a more revealing concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical paircompetence and performance.Chapter 2II.Give the description of the following sound segments in English.1. voiceless dental fricative2. : voiceless postalveolar fricative 3. : velar nasa

31、l 4. d: voiced alveolar stop 5. p: voiceless bilabial stop 6. k: voiceless velar stop 7. l: alveolar lateral 8. i: high front lax unrounded vowel 9. u: high back tense rounded vowel10. : low back lax rounded vowel III. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.1.

32、voiceless labiodental fricative: f2. voiced postalveolar fricative: 3. palatal approximant: j4. voiceless glottal fricative: h5. voiceless alveolar stop: t6. high-mid front unrounded vowel: i7. high central rounded vowel: 符号里没找到，就是在语音U上划一横8. low front rounded vowel: 9. low-mid back rounded vowel: 10

33、. high back rounded tense vowel: u:四 1 On a clear day you can see for miles. 2 Some people think that first impressions count for a lot.V. Discuss the following questions.1) The production of speech sounds : lungs ,trachea(or windpipe) ,throat ,nose ,mouth ,glottis (声门), 4) To what extent is phonolo

34、gy related to phonetics and how do they differ?Phonetics is the branch of linguistics studying the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology is the study of sound systems that occur in a language and the patterns where th

35、ey fall in. Minimal pairs, phonemes, allophones, free variation, complementary distribution, etc., are all to be investigated by a phonologist.Both are concerned with the same aspect of language-the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of general nature; it is inte

36、rested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it focuses on chaos. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. A phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds related

37、 with their semantic features, morphological features, and the way they are conceived and printed in the depth of the mind. Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign “accent”, to make up new words, to add the appropriate phone

38、tic segments to form plurals and past tenses, to know what is and what is not a sound in ones language. It focuses on order.Chapter 3II. Complete the words with suitable negative prefixes.a. irremovable m. dissyllabic b. informal n. abnormalc. impracticable o. unworkabled. insensible p. unwrittene.

39、intangible q. unusualf. illogical r. unthinkableg. irregular s. inhumanh. disproportionate t. irrelevanti. ineffective u. uneditablej. inelastic v. immobilek. inductive w. illegall. irrational x. indiscreetIII. Morpheme is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and

40、content. Then is morpheme a grammatical concept or a semantic one? What is its relation to phoneme? Can a morpheme and a phoneme form an organic whole? Since morpheme is defined as the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided in

41、to further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical, that is, it is involved both in grammatical and semantic aspects. A single phoneme may represent a single morpheme, but they are not identical. For example, the phoneme /s/ in looks

42、, tapes, Franks, race is the same one, yet they represent different morphemes or even is not a morpheme individually. The phoneme /s/ in looks: the third-person singular present tense morpheme; the phoneme/s/ in tapes: the plural morpheme; the phoneme /s/ in Franks: the possessive case morpheme; the

43、 phoneme /s/ in race: is not a morpheme, for it has neither lexical meaning or grammatical meaning. Morphemes may also be represented by phonological structure other than a single phoneme. In other words, a morpheme may overlap with a phoneme, such as I, but usually not, as in pig, in which the morp

44、heme is the whole word, i.e. an independent, free morpheme, but the phonemes are /p/, /i/ and /g/.Chapter 4III. Put brackets around the immediate constituents in each sentence.1. (I) (rode) (back) (when) (it) (was) (dark).2. (The) (boy) (was) (crying).3. (Shut) (the) (door).4. (Open) (the) (door) (q

45、uickly).5. (The) (happy) (teacher) (in) (that) (class) (was) (becoming) (away).6. (He) (bought) (an) (old) (car) (with) (his) (first) (pay) (cheque).IV. For each of the underlined constructions or word groups, do the following.- State whether it is headed or non-headed.- If headed, state its headwor

46、d.- Name the type of constructions.(1) Ducks quack. non-headed; independent clause (2) The ladder in the shed is long enough. non-headed; prepositional phrase(3) I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair. headed; headword-damaged; adjectival phrase(4) Singing hymns is forbidden in some countries. headed;

47、 headword-singing; gerundial phrase(5) His handsome face appeared in the magazine. headed; headword-face; nominal phrase(6) A lady of great beauty came out. non-headed; prepositional phrase(7) He enjoys climbing high mountains. headed; headword-climbing; gerundial phrase(8) The man nodded patiently.

48、 non-headed; independent clause(9) A man roused by the insult drew his sword. headed; headword-roused; adjectival phrase Test One: Invitations to LinguisticsI.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. commu

49、nity2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3.The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is _.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4.In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people

50、present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5.Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barr

51、iers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6.Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? A nice

52、 day, isnt it? Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7._ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language users knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8.When a dog is barking, you assume i

53、t is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldnt be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of _.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9._ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first languag

54、e.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10._ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII.Decide whether the following statem

55、ents are true or false. (10%)11.Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.12.Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13.Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14.Language

56、 is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15.We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted. 16.Only human beings are able to communicate.17.F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18.A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeares time is an example of th