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1、第七章 非谓语动词一分类:不定式(to do),动名词(doing),现在分词(doing),过去分词(done)二特征1.非谓语动词并非不可以做谓语动词,只是不可以单独做谓语动词,当做谓语动词时须在前面加上相应的助动词或情态动词。I have told him the truth. I am listening to the radio.2.非谓语动词在不做谓语动词时词性均发生了变化(名词,形容词,副词),但是却保留了动词的特征,可以带有自己的宾语,表语,补语或状语,还有时态和语态的变化。不定式(名词,形容词,副词)一 句法功能:主语,宾语,表语,定语状语,宾语,补足语1. 主语:To th
2、ink of you makes me old.2. 表语:Her dream is to become a pop star.3.宾语:I wish to see you again. 只能接不定式做宾语的动词:agree(同意),fail(失败), promise(许诺), plan(计划), pretend(假装), prepare(准备), offer(提供), offord(付得起), wish(希望), hope(希望), expect(期望), decide(决定), manage(设法)4.定语:I have a lot of work to do.注意:不定式做定语须放在被修
3、饰词之后,和它修饰的名词有动宾关系,如果不定式是不及物动词须在后面加上相应的介词。There is nothing for us to think about.5.宾语补足语结构:VT+ somebody to do-Nobody foces you to do anything.注意:在动词 make, have, let, see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at之后要接不带to 的不定式做宾语补足语,但变成被动语态的时候要还原to。I noticed a tall man enter her house last night.A tall
4、man was noticed to enter her house last night.6.状语1) 目的状语We all rushed over to help the man whose car broke down.此时如果想强调目的状语可以在不定式的前面加上 so as或in order I got up very early this morning so as to catch the first bus.In order to do 可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后,但 so as to do 只能位于主句之后。2)结果状语*What have I said to make
5、you unhappy?so+adj/adv-as to-such+n.-as to- (太-以至于-)too-to-enough (for sb)to-only to -(出乎意料之外的结果)I am not so foolish as to believe him.I am not such a fool as to believe him.I went to see him only to find him out.3)原因状语不定式做原因状语时一般只放在表示情绪的形容词之后,表示产生这种情绪的原因。Glad to meet you!I am sorry to hear that.7.在
6、一些特殊句型中常用不定式,也可以用that 句be likely to do, be said to do, be reported to do, seem to do, happen to doShe is likely to be in the office.It is likely that she is in the office.8.特殊疑问词与不定式连用(what, which, who, when, where, how)He doesnt know how to get the loan.二不定式的时态和语态主动语态被动语态一般式to doto be done进行式to be
7、doing完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doing1. 一般式:不定式的动作晚于谓语动词的动作,或几乎同时发生We all rushed over to help the man.2. 进行式:当谓语动词动作发生时不定式动作正在发生He is said to be living with his uncle.3. 完成式:不定式动作早于谓语动词的动作This novel is said to have been translated into six languages.4. 完成进行式:不定式动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生,
8、一直延续到现在, 强调动作在此时间的连续性(未间断过)He is said to have been living here for 20 years.三. 逻辑主语独立主格非谓语动词在使用时其主被动形式的参考对象叫做逻辑主语This book is too difficult to be understood.不定式用被动形式,因为参考的对象是This book,因此This book就是不定式的逻辑主语,但不是独立主格,因为This book是句子中的一部分主语。当非谓语动词的逻辑主语脱离句子时(逻辑主语不在句子中做任何成分),这样的逻辑主语就叫做独立主格。This book is too
9、 difficult for me to understand. 不定式用的主动形式,因为参考的对象是me. me 不在句子里充当任何成分,因此是不定式的独立主格。不定式的独立主格有两种情况:for sb to do-/ of sb to do-. Of sb to do 只用于一个句型中:It is +品质的形容词+of sb to do -It is so kind of you to help me!其他情况用for sb to do动名词(名词)一 句法功能 (主语,宾语,表语,定语)1. 主语Respecting others means being respected.在以下句型中
10、要用动名词1) It is no use / useless / no good/ a good pleasure doing sthIt is no use argueing with her.2) There is no doing sth = It is impossible to do sthThere is no saying what may happen.2. 表语My job is teaching English. He is teaching English.3. 定语 (表示被修饰名词的用途)swimming pool (动名词) swimming fish (分词)fl
11、ying suit (动名词) flying bird (分词)4. 宾语1) 以下及物动词后只能接动名词做宾语: suggest(建议), advise(建议), avoid(避免), deny(否认), mind(介意), consider(考虑), enjoy(喜欢), imagine(想象), delay(推迟), appreciate(感激,欣赏),stand(忍受),keep(一直做), admit(允许), practise(练习),finish (完成)Mary suggests having a picnic in the park.2) 介词后 (短语)We should
12、prevent him from going there along.二 独立主格1.当逻辑主语是有生命的名词或代词时要用属格,当是无生命的名词或代词时用主格2.当逻辑主语是以S结尾的名词或一个以上名词时用主格3.当逻辑主语是数词,指示代词或不定代词时用主格I am waiting for Toms coming.(有生命的名词)I am waiting for the students coming.(以S结尾的名词)He and the beauty getting married makes me crazy. (一个以上名词)三时态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式ha
13、ving donehaving been done1.一般式:表示动名词动作晚于谓语动词,或与谓语动词几乎同时发生We should do something to protect her from being hurt.I am thinking of getting a new dictionary.2.完成式:表示动名词动作早于谓语动词He is proud of having won the first prize.分词(形容词,副词)现在分词:doing (主动,进行)过去分词:done (被动,完成)一 句法功能(表语,定语,状语,宾语补足语)1. 定语:单独的分词作前置定语,分词
14、短语作后置定语a flying bird a bird flying in the skywritten English the novel written by Luxun现在分词 修饰物 表示某物令人感到-interesting, disappointing, satisfying, puzzlinga disappointing news过去分词修饰物表示感到-interested, disappointed, satisfied, puzzleda disappointed boy2. 表语现在分词 修饰物 表示某物令人感到-interesting, disappointing, sa
15、tisfying, puzzlingI am very interested in the story.This story is very interesting.2. 宾语补足语Hes going to have his hair cut.Can you hear somebody singing in the next room?3. 状语 (分词的的选用要看与句子的主语的关系)1)原因状语Being ill, she didnt go to school today.Inspired by his example, we worked even harder.2)时间状语Seen fr
16、om the hill, this park looks more beautiful.Hearing the news, he jumped up with joy.Setting on a deck chair, he began to think of the reasons for taking the voyage.3)条件状语Given more time, we can do it much better.Working hard, you will succeed.4)伴随状语Laughing and talking, they entered the room.He went
17、 into his room, exhausted.When it was dark these animals began to prowl about, looking for something to eat for their mates and their own young.5)让步状语Wounded, the brave soldiers continued to fight.Admitting what she has said, I still think that she hasnt tried her best.6)结果状语(不可以放在句子的前面)He died all
18、of a sudden, leaving her wife two children to care.Mrs. Joe has been out a dozen times, looking for you. And shes out now, making it a bakers dozen.二 现在分词的时态与语态 主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done1. 一般式:表示现在分词的动作晚于谓语动词的动作或几乎同时发 生 Hearing the news, she jumped up with joy.2. 完成式:表
19、示分词的动作早于谓语动词的动作Not having received his letter, she wrote to him again.三 分词的独立主格结构 (主格)Whether permiting, we will go fishing tomorrow.不定式与动名词的区别1. 不定式与动名词都可以做主语表语以及like和love 的宾语。他们的区别在于:动名词一般表示的是抽象的泛指,而不定式则表示具体的特指。His work is to clean the hall. (特指,暂时的任务)His work is cleaning the hall. (泛指,他就是做卫生的)2.
20、作宾语时的区别A:有些动词只能接动名词作宾语,有些动词只能接不定式做宾语。B:以下句型中的to都是介词,后面要加动名词或名词作宾语。be used to , be opposed to, object to, look forward to, get down toHe is used to getting up early.C: 在动词 start, begin, continue, cease, intend后既可以接动名词也可以接不定式,词意无太大区别。如果表示有意识的“开始或停止做某事”,多用动名词,不定式则表示情况突然发生了变化。The old man ceased driving.
21、 (有意识地不开车了)The old man ceased to breathing. (情况发生了变化)D:在remember, forget, go on, stop, cant help 之后接动名词和不定式区别很大。remember to do (记得要做-) forget to do (忘记要做-) doing (记得做过-) doing (忘记做过-)go on to do (继续做另一件事) stop to do (停止一件事去做另一件事) doing (继续做同一件事) doing (停下-)cant help to do (不能帮助做-) doing (不禁-,忍不住-)He
22、 cant help laughing. 他忍不住大笑起来I cant help to steal the bike. 我不能帮着偷车。E:英语的里的绝大多数介词都可以接动名词做宾语,但是只有but和except后面可以接不定式做宾语。I have no choice but/except to wait/ wait/ waiting. 不定式与分词的区别1. 做补语时的区别不定式做补语时与宾语是主动关系,用在感官动词后表示动作的全过程,用在使役动词之后表示一次性的动作。I noticed a tall man enter his house last night. (感官动词后表示看见了进入房间的全过程。) I begged him to give it to me. (使役动词后表示一次性的动作)现在分词作补语时表示主动和进行,用在感官动词后表示动作的一部分,用在使役动词之后表示动作的反复发生或持续
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