南京农业大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

1、南京农业大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题考生答题须知：1 .所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。2 .评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。3 .答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。4 .答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。PARTIVocabulary（15points）SectionADirections:Choosethewordthatistheclosestsynonymtotheunderli

2、nedword.1. Thegovernmentslatednewelectionsinthespring,largelyasaresultofthepublicclamor.A.demandB.viewC.requestD.opinion2. Themostprolificwriterisnotnecessarilythebest.A.written-aboutB.productiveC.artfulD.religious3. Imaginemyvexationwhentheysaidtheywouldcometodinnerandthendidntshow.A.enlightenmentB

3、.astonishmentC.annoyanceD.contrariness4. Anytroopofwildanimalsshouldbeapproachedwarily.A.fearlesslyB.confidentlyC.silentlyD.prudently5. Thereislittlelearninginvolvedwhenoneisreprimandedtwoorthreemonthsafterthedeed.A.recommendedB.reproachedC.recompensedD.reversed6. Archaeologistsareinterestedinpotter

4、y,figurinesandothervestigesofancientcivilizations.A.tracesB.shardsC.productsD.artifacts7. Packagingisdesignedsoastoencourageimpetuousshopping.A.extravagantB.carefulC.impotentD.impulsive8. Panofhisgeneralthriftistobemeticulousinverifyingmonthlyexpenses.A.painstakingB.dilatoryC.meretriciousD.gaudy9. T

5、hejurorscametoadeadlockinthedefendantstrialformurder.A.adecisionofguiltyB.adecisiontopunishbyelectrocutionC.animpasseD.anunusualverdict10. Amongthelowestofthejudicialranks,justicesofthepeaceneverthelessfrequentlyexercisejurisdictionoveravarietyofmisdemeanors.A.guidanceB.sovereigntyC.authorityD.suzer

6、ainty11. Amistakeisrarelyatonedforbyasingleapology,howeverprofuse.A.extravagantB.producedC.divergentD.repetitious12. HerofficeintheFirstNationalBankbuildingisprovisional.A.permanentB.temporaryC.corruptD.craven13. Theburglarsransackedtheroomtakinganythingofvaluetheyfound.A.demolishedB.tookoverC.inhab

7、itedD.thoroughlysearched14. Thewholeoftheendowmentwasusedtorefurbishtheschoolgymnasium.A.millionairesB.endorsementsC.governmentsD.donations15. Themassacreofinnocentpeoplecannoteverbecondoned.A.overlookedB.praiseC.condemnedD.satisfiedSectionBDirections:Choosetheanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.16.

8、Whenherealizedthetruenatureoftheproposal,heallcommunicationwiththegroup.A.convertB.avertedC.severedD.make17. Theworseningfinancialsituationmadeitobviousthataneconomicdepressionwas.A.attainableB.remoteC.imminentD.eminent18. Allofthedentalinstrumentsneedtobebeforethenextpatientisseen.A.heatedB.scalded

9、C.sterilizedD.burned19. Rockclimbingissopopularnowthatmanypeopleareabletothesteepestfacewithgreatagility.A.scaleB.surpassC.overcomeD.mount20. Ifyoucallthe911emergencynumber,theywillfiremen,policemen,andparamedicsimmediately.A.assignB.detachC.attachD.dispatch21. Hisevidenttohiswifedespiteherindiscret

10、ionprovedhimtobeamanofintegrity.A.personalityB.characterC.fidelityD.morality22. Idontknowwhyhehasbeengiven.Itwasnthisaccomplishmentbuthiswifes.A.acclaimB.confidenceC.reimbursementD.robustness23. AfteraconcerttourinAsia,CanadaandtheU.S.,hewillworkonafive-languageopera.A.confineB.indulgeC.resumeD.unde

11、rgo24. WhenPh.Dcandidatestheirimpendingprofessorships,theyconsiderhousingbenefitsofferedbytheprospectiveuniversities.A.anticipateB.assumeC.applyD.demand25. Mysupplyofconfidenceslowlyasthedeadlineapproached.A.withdrewB.eliminatedC.exterminatedD.diminished26. Thebattleisofgreatsignificancewhenviewedin

12、theoftheprogressofthewar.A.prospectiveB.respectiveC.perspectiveD.prescriptive27. Ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleepis100percentfataltorats,yet,uponexaminationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.A.depositionB.destructionC.deprivationD.reduction28. Inthatcountry,hospitaldoctorsdontgosightseei

13、ngveryoftenbecausetheirworkalmostalltheirtime.A.takesupB.takesoffC.takesapartD.takesover29. Accordingtothelawofthatcountry,theParliamentwillhavetobebeforetheGeneralElection.A.decomposedB.dispersedC.dissolvedD.disintegrated30. Hefailedtocarryoutsomeoftheprovisionsofthecontract,andnowhehastotheconsequ

14、ences.A.answerforB.runintoC.abidebyD.stepintoPARTHGrammar(15points)SectionADirections:Choosetheletterthatindicatestheerrorinthesentence.31. SwitzerlandisbestknownforitsmajestymountainrangeandthousandsflocktotheAlpsABCeachyeartotakeadvantageoftheiridealskiingconditions.D32. Policeweresenttodisperseth

15、ecrowdsbutendedupbyshootingdownprotestersanditABwasinthischaosthattheseedsofpoliticalliberationweresown.CD33. Eventoday,throughthehustleandbustleofNevskyProspect,StPetersburgsmainstreet,ABtheclassicalbeautyofthecitymesmerizestheeye.CD34. Sheisfuriousofhersonsgradesinschool,whichexplainswhyMarkisjeal

16、ousofJuliashighABCmarkson.theexam.D35. Smog-chokedSouthernCaliforniademandsthem.ItsacarforpeoplewhoneverwanttogoAtoa_gasstationagain.Butthefactis,forallthetalk,sellinggas-lessmachineshasbeenaBChard-sell.D36. Peoplethought:Hey,eatacarpandyouwillbetakinginwhatitisthatgivesyouthesefishABtheirlonglife-s

17、pan.Ofcourse,ithasntdonealotofgoodforthesecarp.CD37. Indecidingtoundertakedangerouspursuits,peopleusuallystrivefortheirmaximumApersonalabilityrating,whentheyarechallengedbutcanhevictorious,ratherthanmerelyBCsurmountingthemediocre.D38. Inproposingsuchphilanthropicdonations,thedirectorofthecompanycert

18、ainlyspokefomABagenuineconcernfortheneedyandnotanydesireforpersonalaccolades.CD39. Thearmor,infantryandothermilitaryforceswereheldupbytheenemycounterattack,ABCthuscausedthedelayintheadvance.D40.JustaschildrentheworldoverlikeChristmasrooming,adultssolikeChristmaseveningABCwhenpeaceandcalmreturntotheh

19、ousehold.D41. Eachemployeewithamodicumofintelligencewouldbeabletoundertakesuchabasicprocess.ABCD42. TheeconomicsituationwillimprovegiventhatthereisforecasttobelessunemploymentABandclosuresthaninpreviousyears.CD43. Thethreemostimportantissuesofconcerntocitizenstodayareprisonreform,ABabusingchildrenan

20、dtoxicwaste.CD44. IwasonthevergeofincurringMr.Rochesterswrathbynotlisteningtohisprohibitions,ABwhilearayoncemoreshonealmostimperceptiblyonthehallwaywallandIheardhismuffledCDsteponthecarpet.45. TheaboveisthemostimportantaspectwhjchapescanbetoldfrommoreprimitivesocialABCDgroupings.SectionBDirections:C

21、hoosetheanswerthatbestfillsintheblank.46.thattheearthwasflat?A.UsedittobethoughtB.DiditusedtobethoughtC.WasitneedtobeingthoughtD.Doesitusedtobethought47. ItismostinappropriateinthecollegeVIPlounge.A.foranystudentstobethereB.fortheretobeanystudentsC.tobeanystudentsthereD.tohavethereanystudents48. She

22、muchmoreaccurateresponsesnow,hadshetakenmorepainsindevisingthequestions.A.gotB.wouldhavegotC.hadgotD.wouldbegetting49. Anextensivefoundationinthebasicsciencesshouldberequiredofallsciencestudents,.A. whethertheyarefuturephysicistsorchemists.B. betheyfuturephysicistsorchemists.C. theyarefuturephysicis

23、tsorchemists.D. theyshouldbefuturephysicistsorchemists.50. Thegeneralopinionisthatheistocomplain.A.somuchamilquetoastB.tooamilquetoastC.toomuchofamilquetoastD.somuchofamilquetoast51. Althoughofcoursethereareexceptions,itseemsreasonablydearthatincertaincountries-Rwanda,SomaliaandpartsoftheformerYugos

24、laviacometomind-hungerislessaresultofanabsolutefoodshortage,apolicydecisionorthepoliticalsituation.A.thanofB.ratherthanC.buttheresultofD.thanis52. TheozonelayerplaysasgreataroleinthesuabilityofspaceshipEarthasthewatersofitslakes,ponds,oceans,rivers,andstreams.A.doB.doesC.playD.are53. PerhapsIshouldn

25、othavedoneso,butIchangedmymindaboutthenewjobeventhoughIwaslastweek.A.tobestartedB.tohavestartedC.tohavebeenstartingD.start54. Despiteanoverlayofquasi-literaryFrenchvocabularystemmingfromtheNormanInvasionof1066,thedailyvocabularyofEnglishremainedGermanic,itsgrammaticalstructure.A.thesameareB.andsoare

26、C.asdidD.andsowere55. Althoughmoneyisalwaysuseful,itisntall.A.whatthereistolifeB.towhichthereisinlifeC.thereistolifeD.thatisinlife56. eversohumble,theresnoplanelikehome.A.ItbeB.BeitC.ItwasD.Wasit57. allcustoms,nomatterhowsacrosanct,areessentiallylearnedreactionsappropriate,perhapsonlytotheholdersthe

27、reofisabasicassumptionofanthropologists.A.NearlyB.ItisnearlyC.ThatnearlyD.Whennearly58. Althoughwomenclustertohimlikemothsaroundaflame,heisnonehappierforit.A.butB.theC.matchD.any59. ThemajorreasonwhyAmericansenjoyanabundantfoodsupplyisthatthearablelandattheirdisposalforfoodproductionis.A.threetimesm

28、oretheworldaverageB.threetimesasmuchtheworldaverageC.threetimestheworldaverageD.theworldaverageisthreetimes60. Thesoundoftheroaringofatigerisheardbyjungledwellersfeelingsofunease,forayeardoesnotelapsewithoutvictimsfallingtothetigersferocity.A.always.withB.ever.withoutC.ever.withD.never.withoutPARTHI

29、Clonetest(10points)Directions:Choosethewordthatbestcompletesthemeaning.Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction-capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring61profits,aswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists,62havearguedthatoursociet

30、yhasmovedtoanewstageof63_thattheycallpostindustrialsociety.Oneimportantchangeinsuchsocietyisthattheownershipof_64amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant65ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas66capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence.Therearemany67withthethesisabove,nottheleastof68isthatwe

31、althycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot69theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsociety,asthe70ofsomenewindustriesindicates.71_,geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave72manynewfinesandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In73withcriti

32、cismofthepostindustrialsocietythesis,however,itmustalsobe74_thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapital(i.e.,majorcorporations)soon75totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge.Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpower,westillfindknowledgeincreasingly76.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreated

33、attheupper-skill,low-payingservice77.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe78ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplater,nomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyinEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere79formarryyearsintheUnitedStates,butwearea

34、lsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand80themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor.61. A. quantitative62. A. moreover63. A. aggression64. A. dominant65. A. source66. A. adequate67. A. advantages68. A. them69. A. deny70. A. emergence71. A. In addition72. A. produced73. A. li

35、ne74. A. idealized75. A. stepped in76. A. accessible77. A. enterprises78. A. control79. A. handicap80. A. enforceB. extensiveB. howeverB. proficiencyB. impressiveB. factorB. profitableB. consequencesB. thoseB. refuseB. innovationB. For exampleB. createdB.needB. recognizedB. settled downB. importantB

36、. employmentB. masteryB. penaltyB. punishC. comprehensiveC. thereforeC. productivityC. magnificentC. componentC. materialC. problemsC. whichC. admitC. extinctionC. Above allC. improvedC. doubtC. supervisedC. leaned overC. popularC. professionsC. searchC. inconvenienceC. confineD. sophisticatedD. nev

37、erthelessD. evolutionD. significantD. elementD. spiritualD. potentialsD. thatD. acknowledgeD. discoveryD. In shortD. facilitatedD. matchD. summarizedD. mined outD. abundantD. industriesD. pursuitD. shortcomingD. condemnPARTIVREADINGOOMPREHENSION(30points)Directions:Answerallquestionsbasedontheinform

38、ationinthepassagesbelow.Passage1Letusassume,forthemoment,thatlaborisnotpreparedtoworkforalowermoney-wageandthatareductionintheexistinglevelofmoney-wageswouldlead,throughstrikesorotherwise,toawithdrawalfromthelabormarketoflaborwhichisnowemployed.Doesitfollowfromthisthattheexistinglevelofrealwagesaccu

39、ratelymeasuresthemarginaldisutilityoflabor?Notnecessarily.For,althoughareductionintheexistingmoney-wagewouldleadtoawithdrawaloflabor,itdoesnotfollowthatafallinthevalueoftheexistingmoney-wageintermsofwage-goodswoulddoso,ifitwereduetoariseinthepriceofthelatter.Inotherwords,itmaybethecasethatwithinacer

40、tainrangethedemandoflaborisforaminimummoney-wageandnotforaminimumrealwage.Theclassicalschoolhastacitlyassumedthatthiswouldinvolvenosignificantchangeintheirtheory.Butthisisnotso.Forifthesupplyoflaborisnotafunctionofrealwagesasitssolevariable,theirargumentbreaksdownentirelyandleavesthequestionofwhatth

41、eactualemploymentwillbequiteindeterminate.Theydonotseemtohaverealizedthat,unlessthesupplyoflaborisafunctionofrealwagesalone,theirsupplycurveforlaborwillshiftbodilywitheverymovementofprices.Thustheirmethodistiedupwiththeirveryspecialassumptions,andcannotbeadaptedtodealwiththemoregeneralcase.Nowordina

42、ryexperiencetellsus,beyonddoubt,thatasituationwherelaborstipulates(withinlimits)foramoney-wageratherthanarealwage,sofarfrombeingamerepossibility,isthenormalcase.Whilstworkerswillusuallyresistareductionofmoney-wages,itisnottheirpracticetowithdrawtheirlaborwheneverthereisariseinthepriceofwage-goods.It

43、issometimessaidthatitwouldbeillogicalforlabortoresistareductionofmoney-wagesbutnottoresistareductionofrealwages.Forreasonsgivenbelow,thismightnotbesoillogicalasitappearsatfirst;and,asweshallseelater,fortunatelyso.But,whetherlogicalorillogical,experienceshowsthatthisishowlaborinfactbehaves.Moreover,t

44、hecontentionthattheunemploymentwhichcharacterizesadepressionisduetoarefusalbylabortoacceptareductionofmoney-wagesisnotclearlysupportedbythefacts.ItisnotveryplausibletoassertthatunemploymentintheUnitedStatesin1932wasdueeithertolaborobstinatelyrefusingtoacceptareductionofmoney-wagesortoitsobstinatelyd

45、emandingarealwagebeyondwhattheproductivityoftheeconomicmachinewascapableoffurnishing.Widevariationsareexperiencedinthevolumeofemploymentwithoutanyapparentchangeeitherintheminimumrealdemandsoflabororinitsproductivity.Laborisnotmoretruculentinthedepressionthanintheboom-faxfromit.Norisitsphysicalproduc

46、tivityless.Thesefactsfromexperienceareaprimafaciegroundforquestioningtheadequacyoftheclassicalanalysis.81. Laborisnotpreparedtoworkforalowermoney-wage.Thesentencemeans.A. afallinthevalueoftheexistingmoney-wagewouldleadtoawithdrawaloflaborB. ariseinthepriceofwage-goodswouldleadtoawithdrawaloflaborC.

47、thedemandoflaborisforariseofexistingmoney-wageD. thedemandoflaborisforreductioninthevalueofrealwages82. Theclassicalschoolrefersto.A.thosescholarswithtraditionalideaB.thetraditionalschoolC.theexpertswhoholdtothestandardtheoryD.alloftheabove83. Accordingtotheauthor,thesupplycurveforlabordependsonthe.

48、A.redmoneywagesB.movementofpriceC.functionofmoney-wagesD.bothA&B84. “TheirmethodcannotbeadaptedtodealwiththemoregeneralcasebecausetheyhavenotrealizedthatA. afallinthevalueofrealwageswouldleadtoawithdrawalofthelaborfrommarketoflaborB. areductionintheexistinglevelofmoney-wageswouldleadtoawithdrawalfro

49、mthelabormarketoflaborC. thesupplyoflaborisnotafunctionofrealwagesD. thedemandoflaborisonlyforaminimummoney-wages85. Howdoselaborusuallybehave?A. Laborwouldstipulateformoney-wage.B. Laborwouldviolentlyresistareductionofrealwages.C. Laborwouldstrenuouslyresistareductionofbothmoney-wagesandrealwages.D

50、. Laborwouldstipulateforrealwages.86. Thelastparagraphofthuspassageindicatesthat.A. laborresistedareductionofmoney-wages,whichcharacterizedthedepressionofthe1930sintheU.S.B. labordemandedarealwage,whichcharacterizedthedepressionof1930sintheU.S.C. neitherlaborrefusingtoworkforalowermoney-wagenordeman

51、dingarealwagecouldcharacterizethedepressionof1930sintheU.S.D. bothA&BPassage2Thelawofprivateinternationaltribunalswithrespecttoconflictsofinterestofarbitratorsisquiteextensive,albeitbynomeansuniform.Itrelatesbothtowhatwilldisqualifyanarbitratorandtowhatthearbitratormustdiscloseduringtheselectionproc

52、ess.Mostnationallegalsystemshavestatutoryrulesastothetypeofinterests,relationships,andexperiencesthatdisqualifyanarbitrator.Notinfrequently,thedisqualifyingfactorsareidenticalforarbitratorsandjudges,althoughtheymaytreatdomesticandinternationalarbitrationsomewhatdifferently,andmayindeedsupplementthei

53、nternationalroleswithadditionalfeatures.Acloserlookrevealsthatcourtsandarbitrationagenciestendtoapplytheregulationsrelativelylightly,recognizingthatarbitratorsmoveinthehighlyinterconnectedworldofaffairs,anddonotstandalooffromcommerceasjudgesdo.Accordingly,acquaintanceshipwiththepartiesandtheircounse

54、ldoesnotsufficetodisqualify,whereasactualbusinessorlegalconnectionswill.Inasmuchasjudgesdonotseekmorework,althougharbitratorsgenerallydo,suspicionsarisethatanarbitratorsfavormayinclinetothepartyorcounselwhohasinthepastandmayagaininthefutureprovideemployment.Theuncertaintyintheheldisatitsmosttroublin

55、gwhenarbitratorsareparty-appointed.Somearguethatsucharbitratorsshouldfulf川hesamefunctionsandsatisfythesamequalificationsasthird-partyarbitrators,othersdisputeanyrealclaimtoobjectivity.Thelatterviewhashadconsiderablecurrency,particularlyintheUnitedStates,wherecourtsanddraftersofstatelawsregardsuchadv

56、ocatesaspawnsoftheappointers.Imposingstandardofneutralityanddisinterestednessonthemwouldhefutile.Itfollowsfromthisdichotomybetweenparty-appointedandnon-party-appointedarbitratorsthatopiniononthequestionoftheirnationalityisalsosplit.Apartyneedstobeexpectedtochooseafellownational.Thisquestionofnationa

57、lityisacutewhenonepartytothearbitrationisagovernmentalagencyandoneormoreofthearbitratorsarelikewisenationals;aforeignenterprisecontractcallingforsucharbitrationmaybefoolhardy.Theslateislargelyblankwithrespecttorolesfortheconductofarbitratorsoutsidethefieldofconflictofinterests.Consideringonlythematt

58、erofex-partecommunications,Americancaselawisastonishinglax,refusingtosetasideawardswheresuchcommunicationobtainedbetweenanarbitratorandapartywithoutthepresenceoftheotherparty,therebyviolatingevidentiaryrulesrequiringtheattendanceofbothpatties.Thedifferencesinviewsonthistopicindicatehowusefulasetofguid