国际商务英语-名词解释doc资料

1、际 商 务 英 语 -名 词 解 释精品文档Lesson 1Visible trade 有形贸易:The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)Invisible trade无形贸易:The form of t

2、ransportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. iscalled invisible trade or service industries.FDI( foreign direct investments)is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a hostcountry.Portfolio investment 证券投资:Purchases of foreign fina

3、ncial assets for a purpose other than controlling.Stocks 股票:Capital stocks or bonds.Bonds 债券:The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.Licensing许可经营:In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to

4、a firm in another country. Theychoose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.Franchising特许经营:a firm called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser whoprovides the form

5、er with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.Franchiser 特许方:A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.Franchisee被特许方:A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.Management contract管理合同:Under a m

6、anagement contract, one company offers managerial or other specializedservices to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.Turnkey project 交钥匙”工程:a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing , contracti

7、ng and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion .International investment国际投资:Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.International business国际商务:Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across theborders of different cus

8、toms areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project , a firm operate a facility for a period of time after bulding it up before finally transferring it to a

9、foreign company .Lesson 2GNP 国民生产总值 :Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.GDP 国内生产总值 :Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy

10、.Per capita GDP人均国内生产总、值 :It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.Income distribution收入分布:The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people.capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied on take into account

11、without reference to (不针对)make efforts to engage inLesson 3Free trade areaexternal policyCustoms unionCommon market自由贸易区：The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each ownthe same external policy.Economic Union (EU)关税同盟：The members remove barriers to trade among themse

12、lves and adopt the same external policy共同市场：The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt经济同盟：The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditu

13、re, industry policies and use the same currency.Lesson 4Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司，总部 is the original investing multinational corporation .It is also theinternational headquarters of the MNE .MNC 跨国公司 =TNC: Multinational corporation, are made up of vast numbers of foreign subsidiaries, companies

14、in which over 50 percent is owned by the parent company.MNE 跨国企业:Multinational enterprise: A typical multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, often including productive resources, in more than one country

15、, through its member companies incorporated separately in each of these countries. Each member company is known as a multinational corporation.Home county 母国:The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.Host country 东道国:The host country is a foreign country where the investor operate

16、s.Lesson 5Absolute advantage绝对禾U益:It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms ofresources (capital, land and labor)Comparative advantage比较禾U益:Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities,there is still a basis for

17、mutually beneficial trade.International trade 国际贸易:The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.Primary commodities : those commodities not processed , or only slightly processed , usually farm produce or raw materials.Specialization专业化：To rest

18、rict one s economic activities to certain particular fields.Lesson 6Import duties进口 关税:Tariffs levied on goods entering an areaExport duties出 口关税:Taxes levied on goods leaving an areaTariff 关税:A tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a custom area.Quota 配额:A quota limits the impor

19、ts or exports of a commodity during a given period of time. It is the most common form of non-tariff barriers.Drawback退税:Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠国待遇 :A tariff treatment under which a country is required to exten

20、d toall signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating countryContract proper : the main body of a contractLesson 7Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通贝1J : It is a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used tradeterms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of diff

21、erent interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.Trade terms are terms used in international trade to describe the general information about the trade, such as the unit price port of shipment, port of destination and the kind of c

22、urrency.Protectionism is a trade barrie r to international trade for the purpose of protecting a nation s own domestic markeindustries. It includes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.A multinational enterpriseis a business organization which owns, controls and manages assets, in more than oneco

23、untry, through its member companies incorporated.Multi-model transportation:Lesson 8Inquiry / enquiry 询盘、询价 :It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.Quotation才艮盘:Estimate of how much somethin

24、g will costCounter offer还盘:New offer made by the original offeree to the original offererOfferee 收盘人：A first enquiry首次询价:An enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt withA contract一个合同:An agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant partiesA firm offer一个实盘:State

25、ment that you are willing to pay a certain amount of money to by something.Force majeure 不可抗力:is a default of the contract which is given rise to not because of the contracting parties default,but of the uncontrollable causes. One type of the cause is the natural force and the other is social cause.

26、 Or social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting partyLesson 9Hyperinflation极度通货膨胀 is a kind of inflation in which the market prices are soaring quickly. The devaluation rate ofthe currency is astronomical. The normal economic activities are out of the order, and

27、finally lead to the collapse of the whole monetary system.inflation : Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etcDevaluation 贬值Barter 易货贸易:The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.Counter purchase反向购买、 互购贸易 :

28、The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate butlinked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.Buyback 回购贸易:An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output

29、produced by these goods as full or partial payment.Lesson 10Remittance7匚付:This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each otherDocumentary draft星艮单7匚票:The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.Documentary collection是艮单托收:It is means of ensuring that the go

30、ods are only handed over to the buyer when theamount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.Payee 收款人、领款人 :The person receiving the payment.Sight draft 即期7匚票:The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawe

31、e.Usance draft 远期7匚票 Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.Draft 汇票:=Bill of exchange . It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.Drawer 出票人:The person who dr

32、aws the draft (usually the exporter)Drawee 受票人:The person to whom the draft is drawn.Clean draft 光票:The draft without documentsLesson 11Applicant (Opener or Principal) 申请人:The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer)applicant of an L/C :The importer that goes to a bank for the e

33、stablishment of an L/COpening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行:The bank that issues the credit.Opening bank: the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank .Beneficiary 受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is openedCorrespondent band往来行、关系行 :Th e bank in the expo

34、rter s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to itAdvising bank 通知行:The bank in the exporter s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.Confirming bank 保兑行:The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.The letter of Credit (L/C 、 L/C) 信用证:The credit is a letter issued by a

35、bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.Paying bank 付款行:The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.Negotiating bank 议付行:The bank buys the exporter s draft submitted to it under a credit.Recipient: A person or an organ

36、ization etc. that receives somethingWorld company:A multinational company whose national identity has been blurredMiddleman trader : Person through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumerLesson 12Clean credit光票信用证 :credit only require clean draft, which isn t accompanied with shipping

37、documents.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除The documentary credit是艮单信用证：The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with thedraft.Revocable creditIrrevocable credit concerned.Confirmed creditUnconfirmed credit可撤7肖彳B用证 ：The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the

38、 beneficiary.不可撤消信用证 ：The credit that can not be amended or revoked without the consent of al the parties保兑信用证：The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank 不保兑信用 ：The credit isn t confirmed by another bankSight credit 即期信用证 :The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation

39、of the draftUsance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证：The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specificdate or a specific time after the date of after sight.Transferable credit 可转让信用证 :The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.Non-transferable cre

40、dit不可转让信用证 :The credit can not be transferred.Non-draft credit无7匚票信用证:The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without theformality of drawing and presenting a draft.Revolving credit循环信用证 :The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specif

41、icamendment to the credit being made.Lesson 13Commercial invoice商业发票:The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and theunit and total price. The contents: Invoice number and the date; name and address of the buyer and the seller; contract number and credit numbe

42、r; description of the goods including name of the commodity, quantity, specifications, etc.; unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any; terms of delivery and terms of payment; packing, shipping marks, etc.;and seal or signature of the exporter.Legal holder 合法持有人 is an

43、owner of a property who is entitled to it by lawPacking list 装箱单:The documents gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.Straight bill of lading t

44、己名提单:It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.Lesson 14Common carrier公共承运人:It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement serviceof the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimi

45、nation.Contract carrier契约承运人:Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (thetransportation company).Transportation and freight transportation运输和货物运输 :In broad sense, transportation is defined as movementof freight and passengers from one location (place) to anothe

46、r. In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effects of such movement on the development and advancement of business.Lesson 15Insured被保险人，保户 :The person who transfer risk.Insurer 承保人:The person or a company who assume risk (the

47、insurance company, the underwriter).premium : the amount paid by all insured for coverage under the contractKnown premium 已知的保险费 is the cost the insured should have to pay the insurance company for the insured goods Cargo insurance 货物保险:It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the s

48、houlders of the exports andimporters, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.Marine insurance 海上保险:The insurance of ships and their cargoes.Insurance 保险:It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from fund

49、s contributed by all members who transferred risk.Lesson 16Indemnity赔偿原贝U : A contract of insurance restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he war inbefore the loss occurred.Subrogate: subrogation is of enormous importance in cargo insurance, the word“ Subrogate means “to tak

50、e theanother .Insurable interest可保禾U益:It holds that no one may insure anything unless he has and interest in it. (Which means thatif the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit form its preservation, but if it is any way damaged or lost the assured will be adversely affect.)Principle of

51、utmost good faith最大诚信原贝 U: The people who decide what premium is fair for a particular cover do soon the basis of written statements made in a proposal form.Contribution分摊原贝1J : It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claimcompensation from both insurers. If t

52、wo policies do cover the same event, the insurance companies contribute pro rata to the loss, and the insured is only restored to the indemnity position.Proximate cause of the loss近因原贝1J : It means that when an insurance policy is made out to cover a certain risk, aclaim becomes payable only if that

53、 risk occurred as the proximate (closest) cause of the loss suffered. The proximate cause is the direct cause of the loss.Shortfall means the shortage of amount or values of certain goods.Lesson 17Exchange rate7匚率、兑换率 :It refers to the price at which one currency can be exchange for another currency

54、.Direct quote / quotation(汇率)直接标价 :A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the homecurrency. 1美元=6.8元外币为基准Indirect quote / quotation(汇率)间接标价 :An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of aforeign currency.Buying rate买入价:It refers to the rate by wh

55、ich a commercial bank buys acurrency.Selling rate卖出价:It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.Medial rate中间价It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.SDR 特别提款权:Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.Lesson 19

56、Greenfield strategy 绿地战略：Building new enterprises on land bought or leased in a foreign countryAcquisition 并购：Purchasing existing facilities is known as acquisition. It does not have to start from scratch and face the difficulties in the greenfield strategy. But it has to take responsibilities for a

57、ll the liabilities of the purchased firm, and deal with existing problems in management, labor relations, environmental protection obligations etc.Joint venture:A joint venture is an independent business entity founded and owned by two or more partners calledparents. The proportions of ownership bet

58、ween the partners may be equal or unequal depending on their respective investments that are mostly in the form of capital but may also be in land, equipment, or intellectual property.Lesson 21Most-favored nation treatment最惠国:A treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories anytariff concessions granted to any participating country.GSP 普惠制 Generalized System of Preferences:Under the system, developed countr