2022年高考英语语法复习：状语从句 讲义（全面必备！）

1、2022年高考英语语法复习：状语从句讲义时间状语从句l.when, whenever, as,while 和 nowwhen表示某个具体的时间，所引导从句的动作或是与主句的动作同 时发生，或是先于主句动作。when可指一段时间，也可指一点时间, 既可表示一时性的动作，又可表示持续性的动作。whenever指的是“任何一个不具体的时间”。as所表示的动作与主句动 作同时发生，具有延续的含义，一般同延续性动词连用，也可同短暂 性动词连用，指短暂情况。表示相随渐变的情况，常用as,常译为“一 边 一边，正当 的时候"。while表示持续性的动作或状态，主 句的情况发生在while从句持续或

2、因反复而持续的过程中，一般不表 示一时性或短暂性的动作。as和while可译为“一边 一边 ，正 当“的时候”。now可以表示"在之际,在时例如:He entered the room when/ while/as the meeting was going on.正当开会的时候他走进了房间。（指一段时间）When she comes,! shall tell her to wait for you.她来的时候我会告诉她等你的。（指一点时间，不能用while）I learned French when I wasyoung.我的法语是年轻时学的。（主句持续，从句持续）Stop sin

3、ging when the bell rings.铃一响就不要唱了。（主句短暂，从句短暂）I was cooking supper when shearrived.她来到时我正在做晚饭。（主句持续，从句短暂）Let's go boating when the moon has risen.月亮升起后我们去划船吧。（主句动作后于从句动作）When you come back,you'll findthe appearance of the city greatlychanged.你回来后将会发现城市的面貌发生了巨大变化。（主句动作后于从句 动作）Her grandma died

4、when she was eleven years old.她11岁那年祖母去世了。（主句短暂，从句持续）I had hardly stepped in the office when the telephone rang.我刚刚进办公室，电话就响了。（主句动作先于从句动作）Perhaps, this scene will come back to you years after when you sit alone at sunset like this.也许，多年后的一个黄昏，像现在，你一人独坐的时候，会想起眼前 的这一刻的。（主句动作与从句动作同时发生）He told us his ad

5、ventures in the Arctic as we went along.我们一边走着，他一边给我们讲他在北极的历险故事。（主句动作与 从句动作同时发生）As time passed, things seemed to get worse.随着时间的推移，情况似乎变得更糟。（相随渐变）She glanced at me curiously as I opened the door.我开门时，她用好奇的目光打量着我。（从句短暂）The sun was sinking as we turned for home.我们回家时，正夕阳西下。（主句延续，从句短暂）She rose as I ent

6、ered.我刚一进来，她就站了起来。（主句短暂，从句短暂）As it grew darker it becamecolder.天渐黑，越发冷起来了。（相随渐变）As time goes on, we become wiser and wiser.时光流逝中，我们变得越来越明智了。（相随渐变）His anger grew as he talked.他越说越生气。（相随渐变）Atouch of fiustrationand helplessness comes over me as I realize how time flies.时光如梭，我只觉得三分怅惘，几分无奈。As/While Jim w

7、as reading, Jack was writing.吉姆阅读的时候，杰克在写东西。（指一段时间）AsAVhen he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.他讲话结束的时候，听众掌声雷动。（指一点时间）I saw the sun as it went down behind a blue line of mountains.我看着太阳落到了大山蓝色轮廓的后面。He arrived while we were havingdinner.他来的时候我们正吃饭。Make hay while the sun shines.趁着

8、天晴好晒草。（趁热打铁）Never get on or off a bus while it is in motion.公共汽车未停稳时，不要上车或下车。You carry on with the work while I have a rest.我休息时，你把这工作做一下。While she ate she grew morerestless.她吃着吃着越发不安起来。【提示】while还可以作并列连词，引导并列分句，相当于whereas,表示对 比，可译为“而，但是”，有时相当于although（尽 管）。例如：I am fond of English while he likes math

9、s.我喜欢英语，而他却喜欢数学。While she is a likeable girl she can be extremely difficult to workwith.她虽然是一个可爱的姑娘，但有时却很难共事。The west is veiled in rain while the east enjoys sunshine.东边日出西边雨。While I admit that the problem is difficult, I don't think that it can't besolved.尽管我承认这个问题很难，但我并不认为无法解决。2在现代英语中，whil

10、e从句的谓语偶尔也可用终止性动词。例如：Frank put the magazine on the shelf while he finished reading.弗兰克读完那本书后，就把它放回到架子上。when有时表示“虽然，尽管”的含义，相当于although；有时具有“既 然考虑到”的含义，相当于since;when还可作“如果”解，相当于if。 例如：He walked when he might take ataxi.尽管他可以乘出租车，不过他还是 步行。How can I help them when they won't listen to me?既然他们不听我的 话，我

11、怎么帮助他们呢？They kept digging when they must have known there was no hope.虽然 他们明知没有希望，但还是在不停地挖。How can we finish it before sunset when you won't help?要是你不肯帮 忙，我们哪能在日落前做完呢？when还可用作并列连词，表示“在那时，然后”。例如：They are longing for New Year'sDay, when they can have a 佗wdays'holiday.他们渴望着新年的至ll来，那 时，他们可以有

12、几天的假期。(when=and on New Year's Day)She came on Monday, when I was busy doing an experiment 她星期一来 的，那天我正忙着做实验。(when=and on Monday)She will stay here till Friday, when she will start for New Ybrk.她将在这 里待到星期五，然后去纽约。(when=and then, after which)The President will visit Shanghai in October, when he wil

13、l deliver a speech in Fudan University.总统将于10月前往上海，届时将在复旦大 学发表演讲。I was walking along the road when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.我正在路上走着，这时忽然有人从后面拍拍我的 肩膀。when引导的从句还可作表语。例如：The time was when we were h叩py and gay.那时候我们无忧.无虑。That will be when you are rich.那要等你富有之后。when可以表示对比，意为

14、“而例如：His hands were suddenlyuncertain and awkward, when they had held things surely before.过去他 拿什么都是很稳当的，现在他双手突然变得笨拙失灵，不听使唤。“in+动名词”所表示的时间概念。这种结构相当于由when或while引导的从句，in含有when或while 的意思。例如：In going through the forest, he found a lot of rare plants.他穿过森林时， 发现了许多许多珍稀植物。=When he was going through the for

15、est, he found a lot of rare plants. In crossing the river, he came among new natural features.过河时， 他见到了新的自然景观。=While he was crossing the river, he came among new natural features.考察下面一个歧义句：He didn't come to see her when she asked.=When she asked, he didn't come to see her.她要他来，但他并没有来看 她。=He

16、came to see her,but not at the time she asked him to come to seeher. 他来看她了，但并不是在她要他来的时候。2 .before 和 afterbefore和after表示的是两个时间或两个事件之间的先后关系。before 引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作之后，如果从句是过去时，主 句一般要用过去完成时。after引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作 之前，如果主句用过去时，从句要用过去完成时。例如：They had got everything ready beforel arrived.在我到达之前他们已经 把一切都准备好了

17、。After he had worked in the factory for ten years, hewentabroad.他在这家 工厂工作了 10年后就出国了。It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position, (not ()long. 意为“不久就”，before有时也可换为when,但主句主语是it时， 只能用before,不用when,如上句)【提示】如果不强调时间的先后，或是因为从句中使用的是某个状态 动词，after和before句子结构中的谓语动词也可以都用一般过去时。 例如：He arrived aft

18、er the gamestarted.比赛开始后他才到达。She did not understand me before I explained it to her.在我向她解释之 前，她不理解我的意思。3 .no sooner.than 和hardly/scarcely. when/ before这几个连词词组都是表示主句和从句动作随即相继发生，意为 “一就，刚刚就”，主句动词通常用过去完成时，但也有用一 般过去时的情况。如果no sooner, hardly或scarcely位于句首,主句 要倒装，即把had放在主语前。例如：He had hardly gone to bed when

19、the door beD rang.他刚刚睡下，门铃就 响了。No sooner had he got off the train than his daughter ran towardshim.他冈 一下车，女儿就跑 f 过来。Scarcely was she out of sight when they came. 她刚一走远他们就来了。The words were scarcely out my mouth before Lisa cried.我的话刚出 口莉萨就哭了起来。【提 示】hardly.when 和scarcely.when 有时可同 not.before 换用。例如：The

20、y had hardly talked for half an hour when she entered.他们才谈不 到半小时她就进来了。=They had not talked for half an hour before she entered.4 .as soon as,themoment, directly,immediately, instantly,once 和 the instant 等这几个连词引导的从句都表示从句动作一发生，主句动作随即发生， 通常译为“一 就“。instantly 语气最强，immediately 次之，directly 又次之。另夕卜，the seco

21、nd, the minute, the instant, every time, any time, next time, the first time, the last time, the day, the month, the week, the year, the morning, the afternoon, the entire time, the night, all the time等亦可作连词，引导时间状语从 句。例如：I shall come assoonasl've finished supper.我一吃完晚饭就来。They told me the newsimm

22、ediately they got the message.他们一得到口信就把消息告诉我了。She came to the scene the moment she heard of the accident.她一听说出 事 了，就立刻来到了 现场 o Every time he walked by the lake,he thought of his childhood life. She was lost in thought all the time they were discussing the matter. I must have stared at the clock the

23、entire time he was gone.在他走后的那整段时间里，我肯定一直在盯着时钟。They carved their first date on the headboard the night they married. 他们新婚之夜就在床头板上刻下了他们的第一个日期。Our greatest glory consists not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.我们的了不起，不在于我们永远不败，而在于我们跌倒了能爬 起来。【提示】1 immediately, directly,instantly, once等可

24、以用作连词，也可以用作副词。比较：She went to see him directly she got the letter.她一收到信就去看他了。（连词）She went to see him directly after she got the letter.她收到信后就立即去 看他了。（副词）Instantly the bell rang and the students came into the classroom.很快铃就 响了，学生们都进了教室。（副词）Instantly the bell rang, the students came into the classroom.

25、铃一响，学生们都进了教室。（连词）2once引导的从句可以表示时间和条件。下面一句有两种意义：Once you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.=As soon as you understand this rule, you will have no furtherd iffic ulty. （Ehf 间）=If you once understand this rule, you willhaveno furtherdifficulty.（条件） as soon as引导时间状语从句时，从句谓语根据情况可用

26、一般现在 时、一般过去时、现在完成时或过去完成时。例如：Could you ring me up as soon as he arrives?他一到你就给我打电话好 吗？（一般现在时）As soon as he found a job he would write to you.他一找到工作就给你写 信。（一般过去时）She'll be coming over as soon as I've settled down.我一安顿下来她就会来的。（现在完成时）He left as soon as he had drunkcoffee.他一喝完咖啡就离开了。（过去完 成时）5 .tf

27、ll 和 until这两个词的意思都是直到，一直为止”,相当于叩to the time that,表示一个动作持续到某一时刻或某一动作发生为止，它们引起 一个表示一段时间的状语，其后的词或从句表示这段时间的终点，用 法相近，但在句首只能用until。在肯定句中，主句要用延续性动词； 在否定句中，until和till通常同非延续性动词连用，有时也可同延续 性动词连用。not.until和not.before意思相同，表示“直到才，在以前不”。表示过去的动作或状态时，till/until从句用过去完成时（如不强调动作 结束的先后顺序，也可用一般过去时），主句用一般过去时；表示将 来的动作或状态时，

28、till/until从句用一般现在时，主句用一般现在时或一般将来时。例如：She stood there till/until he had passed out of sight.她站在那里看着，直 到望不见他的身影。I'll wait till we meet again.我将一直等到我们再次见面。He had not known the weight until he felt the freedom.获得自由日，方知 重压沉。Until they had finished the work, they did not go home.他们直到工作完 成了才回家。（不用till）

29、He didn't have a girlfriend until he was thirty.他直至lj 30 岁才有女朋友。 直到我回来他才进入房间。He entered the room until I returned.XHe didn't enter the room until/ before I returned, a/【提示】有些动词，既可用作延续性动词，也可用作非延续性动词，因此， 其肯定式和否定式均可与until或till连用，但表示的意义往往不同。 例如：He ate until it was dark.他吃饭一直吃到天黑。（eat为延续性动词）He di

30、d not eat until it was dark.他直到天黑才吃饭。（eat为非延续性动 词）与till, until连用时，be动词既可用肯定式，也可用否定式；表示 状态延续的动词如keep, remain, seem常用肯定式；表示变化、完 成的动词如 become, grow, turn, come, finish, go, reach, return,start,get 等要用否定式。例如：The door remained open until it was dark.门一直至ll天黑都开着。The leaves didn't turn yellow until las

31、t month.树苗直到上个月才变 黄。(until作介词)3在表示时间概念时，by与until不同。by表示"到为止(not later than),动作已完成，谓语应是非延续性动词；until表示“直 到(某时)为止(up tothetime)”，谓语应是延续性动词。例如： 你能在星期六前完成工作吗？Can you finish the work until Saturday? XCan you finish the work by Saturday? V你要把钥匙保存到星期四。You'll have to keep the key by Thursday.XYou

32、9;ll have to keep the key until Thursday.v有时候，until从句的位置不同会引起句意的变化，like等词也有这 种情况。比较：I didn't see the temple until I got to the top of the hill.我一直到了 山顶才 看见那座庙。Until I got to the top of the hill,I didn't see the temple.我一直到了山顶也没有看见那座庙。He doesn't enjoy classical music like other students.他

33、并不像别的学生 那样喜欢古典音乐。(=He doesn't enjoy classical music,but other students do.)Like other students, he doesn't enjoy modem music.像别 的学生一样，他 也不喜欢现代音乐。（Neither the students nor he enjoys modem music.）until和而引导的从句谓语不可用shall, will或would。例如: 我们可以在这里待到雨止。We may stay here until the rain shall stop.xWe

34、may stay here until the rainstops.a/6 .until/till 和 before 的区另ll1相同方面如果主句或简单句中的谓语动词为延续性动词的肯定式，可用 until/tiH和before,但在意义上往往有差别。例如：She lived in the house until he came back.她在那所房子里一直住到他 回来。（到此为止）She lived in the house before he came back.在他回来之前，她住在那所 房子里。（强调“在之前”）He worked until five o'clockp.m.他工作

35、到下午 5 点为止。He worked before five o'clockp.m.他下午 5 点之前在工作。They sat in the waiting room until/before the train pulled in.如果主句或简单句中的谓语动词为非延续性动词的否定式，可用until/till和before,意义上一般没有什么区别。例如：He didn't leave until/before the rain stopped.雨停了 他才离开。The moon will not come out until/before the clouds disappe

36、ar.云散 f 月 亮才会出现。2不同方面如主句或简单句的谓语为非延续性动词的肯定式，只能用before, 不可用 until/tillo 例如：Before they arrived, the train had pulled out.在 他们到达之前，火车已开出了。（不用until）He can complete the work beforesunset.他能够在日落前完成工作。（不 用 until）如果主句或简单句的谓语动词为延续性动词或状态动词的否定 式，要用before, 一般不用until/till。例如：He had not done anything before she c

37、ame.她来之前，他什么也没有做。They were not rich before 2010.他们在 2010 年以前并不富裕。One does not know the value of health before/until one loses it.人们失去 了健康才知道健康的价值。（本句可用before或until,为not.until结 构,但not.until强调的是从句，而not.before强调的是主句）（3）在 it wasn't until.that 强调结构中，不用 before0例如：It wasn't until Sunday morning tha

38、t I heard the news.直至惺期天上午我 才听到这个消息。(相当于 I didn't hear the news until Sunday morning.)It wasn't until they had a discussion that they made up theirmind.他们直 到讨论之后才下定决心。(4) not until可以位于句首，表示强调，句子倒装，不可用before。例 如：Not until yesterday did I see thewriter.我直至(J昨天才见至!J那位作家。Not until after the war

39、did they meet.他们直至！J 战后才相见。7.sincesince所引导的从句多用非延续性动词，主句中用完成时态。例如： Since he graduated from the college,he has worked in this city.他大学毕 业后一直在这个城市里工作。Jack came to see me last month. S ince we left school (till then), we had not seen each other.杰克上个月来看我。自从我们离开学校(直到那时)， 我们一直没有见面。【提示】since从句用非延续性动词表示肯定含义

40、；since从句用延续性动词 或状态动词的过去式，表示的通常是动作或状态的完成或结束，表示 否定意义，即与该动词的词义相反；而延续性动词的现在完成时则表 示肯定含义，即与该动词的词义一致。例如:Since he lived in Nanjing,! have not heard from him.自从他离开南京以 来，我没有收到过他的信。(=Sincehe left Nanjing,.)Since she was in Yangzhou,she has kept correspondence with her former friends.她离开扬州以来，一直同过去的朋友保持着通信联系。(=S

41、ince she left Yangzhou,.)How long is it since you were inParis?从你离开巴黎以来有多久了 ？ It is ten years since he was amayor.他不当市长已有十年了。Three years have passed since Ismoked.我戒烟已经三年了。I haven't seen him since we were boys together.自从我们小时候分手后， 我就从没有再见过他。Ten minutes have passed since the rain stopped.雨停了 十分钟

42、了。 I have only met him once since I have lived here.自从我在这里住下以后，仅见 到过他一次。比较：It was fifteen years since she had lived here.从她搬走到那时，已经过了 15年。It is fifteen years since she livedhere.她搬走已有 15 年了。It is so long since we saw eachother.从我们上次见面，已经很久了。(到 现在已经很久了）It had been so long since we had seen each other

43、.从我们在那时之前见面 到那一天，已经很久了。（到过去那一天已经很久了）作介词时，since后要接时间点，不接时间段，since还用作副词。参阅第四讲。例如：他自五年前就在写这本书了。He has been writing the book since five years.XHe has been writing the book since five years ago.vHe has been writing the book for five years/since he retired.YThe old man died long since/ many years since.这位

44、老人去世很久了/许 多年了。地点状语从句地点状语从句由where, wherever和everywhere引导，可以放在主句 前，也可以放在主句后。where指“在某个地方,，wherever指“在任何 一个地方“，everywhere指“每一地方例如：You should put the book where itwas.你应该把书放在原来的地方。Wherever you go,you should do your work well.不论到什么地方都要把 工作做好。where除表示地点外，还可以表示条件、对比和让步等。例如：Where there is love, there isfait

45、h.只要有爱情就会有真诚。（条件）There is never peace where men are greedy.人类贪欲不止，世界和平无 望。（条件）Where I was fascinated by the lecture,my brother showed intolerable indifference.我哥哥对这个演讲毫无兴趣，而我则被深深地吸引住了。 （对比）We want to stay at home,where children would rather spend the holiday in the country.我们想留在家里，而孩子们却宁愿去乡间度假。（对比）

46、Go where you should, ke印onstudying.无论你到哪里，你都应该继续学 习。（让步）Unfortunately, where we should expect gratitude, we often find theopposite.遗憾的是，虽然我们本该得到感激，却常常得到的是怨恨。 （though we should.）（让步）Birth is nothing where virtue isnot.如果没有品德,出身再好也白搭。（=Birth is nothing if virtue isnot.）（条件）Persistent people begin thei

47、r success where others end in failure.不屈不 挠者从他人失败的地方获取成功。（表示方面，“在那方面，在那种情况下”)条件状语从句条件状语从句可位于主句前面或后面。l.if 和 unlessif表示正面的条件，意为“如果"；unless表示反面的条件，意为“除非, 如果不”(if.not)。例如：If he doesn't come before 12o'clock, we won't wait for him.如果他12点前不来，我们就不等他了。If we want light, we must conquer darkn

48、ess.我们要光明，就得征服黑暗。If love between the two can last for long,why need they stay together day and night?两情若是长久时，又岂在朝朝暮暮。Man cannot discover new oceans unless he has the courage to lose sight of the shore.人类只有鼓起勇气告别海岸，才能发现新的大洋。I shall go tomorrow unless itrains.除非明天下雨，否则我就要走了。/ 如果明天不下雨，我就要走了。【提示】if引导的从句

49、既可以表示好的条件，也可以表示不好的条件；表示 好的条件时，可用 providing that, provided that, on condition that 等替 换；而表示不好的条件时，则不可用这几个条件连词替换，但可以用 so/as long as 替换。例如：If it snows tomorrow, we shall play snowballs.如果明天下雪，我们就打 雪仗。（好的条件，可用providing that等替换）If it snows tomorrow, we shall delay our trip to the seaside.如果明天下 雪，我们就推迟去海滨

50、旅行。（不好的条件，可用solongas替换） 比较：I know nothing about her unless she is fond of swimming.I know nothing about her except that she is fond of swimming.第一句的unless表示假设条件，意为“如果她不喜欢游泳，我对她（的 其他情况）就一无所知”。第二句中的except that表示“除去”一个事实，意为，我只知道她喜欢 游泳，别的情况不知道”。if.not和unless通常是可以换用的。例如： 你如果不很好地掌握英语语法，就写不好英语。Ifyoudon'

51、;t have a good command of English grammar, you won't write good English.Unless you have a goodcommand of English grammar, you won't write good English.但是，if引导从句可以表示非真实条件（用虚拟语气），而unless引导 从句一般不可表示非真实条件。下面一句只能用We would lend him the money if he didn't break his promise.如果他不违 背诺言的话，我们就会把钱借给他

52、。有时候，在主句后面，unless可以引导一个从句作某种补充说明，通 常用破折号同主句隔开，这种用法的unless不可用if.not代替。比较: They couldn't have found thecave- unless they had found a guide.他们 不可能发现那个洞穴除非他们找到了向导。（他们没能发现那个 洞穴）If they hadn't found a guide, they couldn't have found the cave.他们要不 是找到了向导，就不可能发现那个洞穴的。（他们在向导的帮助下 发现了那个洞穴）if有时相当于wh

53、en或whenever,可译为“每当就例如：If I feel any doubt,I inquire.我一有不解的地方就问。If he was tired, he had a shortrest.每当累了，他就休息一会儿。If the moon shines bright, he takes a walk in the garden.每当月明的夜晚，他就 在花园里散步。if有时相当于since或seeingthat,可译为“既然”。例如：If you like the dictionary, why don't you buy it?你既然喜欢这本词典，为 什么不买呢？If you

54、don't want to stay with us, you may leave at any time.你既然不想 同我们在一起，你可以随时离开。If you don't like the job, why don't you change it?既然你不喜欢这工作，为什么不跳槽呢？ If you want to know, I haven't heard about it.既然你想知道，那就告诉你，我从没听说过这 件事。If you're going out, it's going to rain in the afternoon.既然你要

55、出去，那我 就告诉你，下午要下雨的。(Itis relevant to tell you that it is going to rain in the afternoon.)if引导的从句表示对比。例如：If I am a bad carpenter, I am a worse tailor.我不是好木匠，更不是好裁 缝。If you're the queen, then ImNapoleon.你不是皇后，正如我不是拿破仑 一样。if可同否定词连用，多以感叹句的形式出现，表示“惊讶”等情感， 意为“不是才怪，这不是例如：Well, if it isn't our old fr

56、iendSmith!哦，这不是我们的老朋友史密斯吗！ If he isn't the laziest guy onearth!他不是天下最懒的家伙才怪呢！ if可在简单句中表示与事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用虚拟语气，相 当于Iwish, if only,意为“要是多好“。例如：If she were here with me!她要是在这里同我在一起该多好！If had been warned !要是有人提醒我该多好！2.providing/provided(that),supposing/suppose (that), assuming (that), as long as, so lo

57、ng as,on condition that 和 in case这些连词(词组)意思相近，有“如果，只要，假如，假使，在条件 下''等意义。例如：So/As long as you keep on trying,you will surely succeed.只要你继续努力，你就会成功。 Suppose/Supposing (that) Idon't have a day off, what shall wedo?假如我没有假，那该怎么办？ In case John comes,please tell him to wait.假如约翰来了，请让他等一下。 Assumi

58、ng that the proposal is accepted, when are we going to get the money?假定这个建议被采纳，我们什么时候能拿到钱？I don't mind Hill coming with us, provided he pays for his own meals.只 要希尔自付餐费，我不介意他和我们一起去。You may go out providing you do your homework first.你只要先把家庭 作业做完，可以出去。I will lend you the money on condition that you pay it back in onemonth. 我可以借钱给你，条件是你一个月内归还。【提示】in case of后接名词，意为万一，假如“，in the case of意为“就来说”。3.only if 和 if onlyonly i