2015年电大底盘构造期末考试复习资料参考小抄

1、传动系概述1.汽车总体构造的组成。（车身，底盘，发动机，电气设备。）2.传动系的定义（汽车传动系是从发动机到驱动轮之间的所有动力传递装置的总称。）3.传动系统的基本功用？（传动系的功用是将发动机发出的动力传给驱动车轮，使路面对驱动车轮产生一个牵引力，推动汽车行驶。）4.机械式传动系统的组成？动力的传递方向？5.按发动机位置，传动系的分类和主要应用的车型。 发动机前置前轮驱动：轿车（微型、经济型汽车)；发动机前置后轮驱动：大多数货车(含皮卡)、部分轿车(尤其是高级轿车)和部分客车；发动机中置后轮驱动：跑车；发动机后置后轮驱动：大、中型客车，数微型或普及型轿车；全轮驱动：吉车和越野车。6.按驱动轮

2、数，传动系的表示方法。离合器1.离合器的功用？（使汽车平稳起步；中断动力传递，配合换挡，使换挡平顺；防止传动系过载。）2.离合器的分离过程？（欲使离合器分离，只需驾驶员踩下离合器踏板，分离套筒和分离轴承在分离叉的推动下，先消除分离轴承与分离杠杆之间的分离间隙，然后推动分离杠杆内端前移，使分离杠杆外端带动压盘克服弹簧作用力后移，此时从动盘与飞轮分离，摩擦力矩消失，从而中断了动力传递。）3.摩擦式离合器的组成。（基本组成以下四个部分包括：主动部分：飞轮、离合器盖、压盘从动部分：从动盘、从动轴压紧机构：压紧弹簧操纵机构：离合器踏板、分离拉杆、分离叉、分离套筒、分离轴承、分离杠杆等）4.离合器自由间隙

3、、分离间隙、自由行程、分离行程的定义。自由间隙：当离合器处于接合状态时，分离杠杆与分离轴承之间的间隙（2-5mm）；分离间隙：当离合器处于分离状态时，主动部分与从东部分之间的间隙（0.8-1mm）；自由行程：自由间隙对应的踏板行程（20-50mm）；分离行程：分离间隙对应的踏板行程（50-150mm）。5.压盘的驱动方式有哪些？（靠离合器盖或飞轮驱动。）6.推式膜片弹簧离合器的组成及工作原理。（组成：离合器盖，压盘，飞轮，分离钩，膜片弹簧，前钢丝支撑圈，铆钉，分离轴承；工作原理：当离合器盖未安装到飞轮上市，膜片弹簧不受力而处于自由状态，此时离合器盖与飞轮之间有距离，当离合器盖通过螺栓固定在飞轮

4、时，膜片弹簧在支撑环处受压产生弹性形变，此时膜片弹簧的外圆周对压盘产生压紧力使离合器处于结合状态，当踩下离合器踏板时，分离轴承推动膜片弹簧，使膜片弹簧以支撑环位置点其外圆周向后翘起，通过分离钩拉动压盘后移，是离合器分离。）7.膜片弹簧离合器的优点。（膜片弹簧既起压紧弹簧的作用，又起分离杠杆的作用，使离合器结构得以简化，轴向尺寸缩短，重量减小；膜片弹簧与压盘以整个圆周相接触，对压盘压力分布均匀摩擦面接触良好，磨损均匀；在高速旋转时，膜片弹簧较少受离心力的影响，压紧力降低很多。）8.扭转减震器的功用？（降低曲轴扭转晃动度,提高曲轴寿命。）变速器1.变速器的功用？（改变汽车的行驶速度和牵引力；改变驱

5、动轮的旋转方向；使动力与驱动轮脱离；驱动其他机构。）2.传动比的定义（从动轮齿数与主动轮齿数的比值。）3.按传动比变化，变速器的分类？（有级式变速器、无级式变速器和综合式变速器）4.两轴式和三轴式变速器分别应用于哪种传动系？（两轴式变速器。运用于发动机前置前轮驱动；三轴式变速器运用于发动机前置后轮驱动。）5.各档位的动力传递路线。（1档：输入轴中间轴一档齿轮一、二档结合套输出轴2档：输入轴中间轴二档齿轮一、二档结合套输出轴3档：输入轴中间轴三档齿轮三、四档结合套输出轴4档：输入轴三、四档结合套输出轴5档：输入轴中间轴五档齿轮五档结合套输出轴。）6.同步器的功用？（使接合套与准备进入啮合的齿圈之

6、间迅速同步,并防止在达到同步之前进行啮合。）7.变速器操纵机构的自锁装置和互锁装置的作用及工作原理？8.分动器操纵原则？ 万向传动装置和驱动桥1.万向传动装置的功用和组成？（功用：万向传动装置的功用是在两轴不同心或成一定角度的情况下，以及工作中相对位置不断变化的两轴间传递动力；组成：万向节和传动轴。）2.实现等速传动的条件？（3.从万向传动装置到驱动车轮之间的动力传递路线？4.驱动桥的组成和各部分的功用？（主减速器：降速，增矩，变向；差速器：使两侧驱动轮不等速旋转；半轴：讲扭矩从差速器传至驱动桥；桥壳：安装基础承重且承力。）5.主减速器主动锥齿轮的支承方式？（跨置式：主动锥齿轮前后方均有轴支撑

7、，支撑到刚度较大，适用于负荷较大的单级主减速器；悬臂式：主动锥齿轮只在前方有轴支撑，后方没有；简支梁式：为提高支撑刚度，防止负荷过大时，从动齿轮变形过大而破坏啮齿，采用支撑螺柱。）6.主减速器采用准双曲面齿轮的优点？（准双曲面齿轮是一种特殊的锥齿轮,与普通锥齿轮相比,具有重迭系数大、传动平稳、冲击和噪音小、可降低汽车的重心、承载能力高和寿命长等优点,在汽车主减速器中得到广泛的应用。）7.差速器的工作原理？（车辆直线行驶差速器行星齿轮只有公转，不自转；车辆转弯时，通过行星齿轮自转，使左右两根半轴的转速不同，从而实现左右两个驱动轮的转速差。）8.直线行驶和转弯时，行星齿轮的运动状态？9.防滑差速器

8、的优点？（它克服了普通差速器只能平均分配扭矩的缺点，可以使大部分甚至全部扭矩传给另外一个不滑转的驱动轮，以充分利用这一驱动轮的附着力而产生足够的牵引力，大大提高了汽车在双附着系数路面上的动力性和通过性，显著改善了汽车操纵稳定性，有效地提高了汽车行驶安全性。）10.半轴的支承形式有哪些？（全浮式半轴：它的内端插入半轴齿轮的花键孔中，外端与轮毅相连，支撑半轴的轴承装在轮载与桥壳之间，这种支撑形式的车辆载荷全部由桥壳承受，半轴仅用来驱动车轮，仅承受转矩，不承受弯矩。半浮式结构：半轴的轴承装在半轴与桥壳之间，车轮直接固定在半轴上，车辆载荷和转弯时横向载荷全部作用在半轴，外端承受全部弯扭。）行驶系1.

9、行驶系的组成及各部分的功用？（车架：安装汽车的各总成和部件，使它们保持正确的相对位置，并承受来自车上和地面的各种静动载荷；车桥：传递车架或承载式车身与车轮之间各方向的作用力；悬架：缓和行驶中车辆受到的由于不平路面引起的冲击力，保证乘坐舒适和货物完好，迅速减轻由于弹性系统引起的振动，传递垂直、纵向、侧向反力及其力矩，并起导向作用，使车轮按一定轨迹相对车身运动；车轮：支承汽车及货物总质量；保证车轮和路面的附着性，以提高汽车的牵引性、制动性和通过性；与汽车悬架一同减少汽车行驶中所受到的冲击，并减轻由此而产生的振动，以保证汽车有良好的乘坐舒适性和平顺性。）2.车架的种类？（边梁式车架；平台式车架；中梁

10、式车架；综合式车架；桁式车架。）3.承载式车身与非承载式车身的定义及应用的车型？（定义：承载式车身指采用了强度和刚度都较大的车身底板作为车身的承载结构件，又称无车架式车身；非承载式车身指汽车有刚性车架即底盘大梁架，又称车架式车身。承载式车身运用于大多数中级，普通级，微型轿车和部分客车；非承载式车身运用于货车，客车和越野吉普车。）4.转向车轮的定位参数及功用？（定位参数：轴距，轮距，车轮前束，车轮外倾，主销内倾，主销外倾，主销偏置距，轮距差角；功用：为确保正确的直线行驶性能，为确保转弯行驶时轮胎附着良好，为减少轮胎磨损。）5.车轮的组成及类型。（车轮由轮毂，轮辋以及这两元件间的连接部分组成；类型

11、:辐板式和辐条式。）6.充气轮胎按胎体帘线排列方向分类及应用。7.帘布层的作用？（充气轮胎的骨架。由几层挂胶帘布贴合而成，它承受了作用于轮胎上的大部分负荷。）8.子午线轮胎的优缺点？（优点：附着性能好，滚动阻力小，使用寿命长；胎冠不易刺穿，行驶变形小，油耗低；帘布层少，胎侧薄，散热好；径向弹性大，缓冲性能好，负荷能力较大。缺点：胎侧薄，胎冠较厚，在胎侧与胎冠的过渡区易产生裂口，侧面变形大，侧向稳定性较差，技术和成本要求高。）9.扁平率的定义？（轮胎的高度和轮胎的宽度比就是轮胎的扁平率。）10.悬架的定义、组成及各部分的功用？（定义：悬架是汽车的车架与车桥或车轮之间的一切传力连接装置的总称；组成

12、及作用：弹性元件，承受和传递垂直载荷，缓和并一致不平路面引起的冲击；减震器，加速震动衰减，以限制车身和车轮的振动；导向机构用来传递垂直力以外的各种力和力矩，保证车轮按一定的轨迹相对于车架或车身跳动；横向稳定器：增加悬架的横向角刚度，控制车身的侧倾。）11.独立悬架与非独立悬架的定义及区别？12.双作用筒式减振器的工作原理？ 转向系1.转向系的组成及功用？(组成：转向操纵机构，转向器，转向传动机构；功用：改变或恢复汽车的行驶方向。)2.转向中心的定义。（指汽车转向时，要求所有车轮轴相交于一点，此时的交点就称为转向中心。）3.转弯半径的定义。（由转向中心到外转向轮与地面接触点的距离。）4.转向系角

13、传动比的定义，其大小对转向系的影响？（定义：转向器角度传动比与转向机构传动比的比值；影响：传动比越大，转弯时驾驶员所用操纵力就越小;若过大，导致转向操纵不够灵敏。）5.转向盘自由行程的定义、作用、范围，其大小对转向转向操纵性能的影响？6.转向器的功用和要求？（作用：增大转向盘传到转向传动机构的力和改变力的传递方向。）7.齿轮齿条式转向器循环球式转向器的工作原理？8.动力转向器的定义和组成？ 制动系1.制动系的功用。2.以蹄式制动器（或盘式制动器）为例，简述制动系的工作原理及制动力的传递方向？3.制动系和制动器（鼓式和盘式）的组成？4.制动距离的定义。5.制动踏板自由行程的定义。6.领从蹄式、双

14、领蹄式、单向自增力式、双向自增力式制动器的结构特点？等促动力时，产生的制动力矩大小排序。7.盘式制动器与鼓式制动器相比，有哪些优点和缺点？8.人力液压制动系统的组成。9.液压式双管路传动装置的布置优势？10.串列双腔制动主缸的工作原理？11.制动轮缸的功用和分类？12.ABS的定义及应用？（定义：汽车制动防抱系它是一种具有防滑、防锁死等优点的汽车安全控制系统统；应用：13.车轮抱死（分前轮和后轮），汽车发生的现象？（如果前轮抱死，汽车将会失去转向能力。如果后轮抱死，那么就会引起侧滑。） 14.ABS的组成、优点？组成：轮速传感器（传感头和齿圈等组成），压力调节器（回油泵，电磁阀，存储器）；优点

15、：能缩短制动距离，增加了汽车制动时的稳定性，改善了轮胎的磨损状况，使用方便，请您务必删除一下内容，O(_)O万分谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese this summer, along with Thailand's Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia,

16、 the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport

17、in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the "free-visa" scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to

18、 stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that country's missions inBeijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou or Hong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embas

19、sy's information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: "We've seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous mon

20、th in the number of Chinese tourists to Bali since the policy was announced." During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed that his country and China aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government

21、 has set their sights on greeting 2 million Chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. "The Indonesian government hopes that Indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China," says Darmosumarto. In 2013, the number of Chinese to

22、urists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In February, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the

23、 island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China, an increase of 51 percent over 2013. "Bali isn't just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities," says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesia's national airliner. Ga

24、ruda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each week between Beijing and Jakarta. There are daily flights from Guangzhou, in Guangdong province, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. In

25、donesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambanam and Borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the "Paris of Java", is ideal for adventure-seekers

26、. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan and Bunaken in Manado, are places the embassy official recommends for tourists. Indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of Sumatra down to Nusa Tenggara Islands. Recently

27、, Lombok, a sister island east of Bali has gotten so much attention from Chinese travelers that some travel agencies are offering twin packages for Bali and Lombok. The best time to visit Bali is from May to October, when it doesn't rain much and the weather is cool. At press time, a w

28、eeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrip's website. Chinese tourists have taken a shine to rafting in Ubud, sightseeing in Tanah Lot, and surfing and diving in Nusa Lembongan, says Dai. Civet coffee, essential oil and woodcarvings are a

29、mong the most popular products for Chinese tourists in Indonesia, she says. Indonesian food is also something that visitors shouldn't miss. Local cuisines feature many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. Fried rice, "dirty duck" and roast suckling pig are recommende

30、d. Children's illustration books first appeared in the 1600s in Europe. Their passage to China, however, took much longer, roughly 300 years. In China, children's illustration books have a history of just 100 years and their development can be divided into four stages. From early 1900s to mi

31、d 1900s, a large number of books and magazines with illustrations appeared with the fast development of the modern publishing industry. The illustration arts at that time were a mixed genre of Chinese traditional paintings and the western style, and most of the stories originate from

32、the fundamental changes that China experienced after the collapse of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the warlord struggles and the war against the Japanese invasion. The second stage was from mid 1900s to late 1970s, when the "cultural revolution" (1966-76) ended. The fast development of some sp

33、ecial publishing houses for children gave birth to a large number of illustration-story books, which made a good use of folk art techniques, such as wood board carving, frescoes, and ink and wash painting, etc. Many of the popular stories are from Chinese history and wars after 1900s. The third stag

34、e is from early 1980s to late 1990s, a golden period for the development of children's illustration books. The reform and opening-up brought in new concepts and ideas from the West to China, a country that had been closed to the West for nearly three decades. Fast development of economy, society

35、 and culture provided the writers and painters with a lot of inspiration to create new literature works and draw illustrations. China also imported large amounts of children's illustration books from the West and Japan. Many young parents in China have a strong nostalgia about children's ill

36、ustration books they read in the 1980s and 1990s. This is also the last era in China's artistic innovation before the advent of the Internet period. The fourth stage is featured with the spread of the Internet and the other computerized means of art innovation. The hand-drawn children's illu

37、stration books are gradually replaced by cartoons drawn and copied by software and machines, and shown on tablets, computers, television and smart phones, instead of books. Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park and Botanical Garden is nature's haven, with no less than 4,000 rare birds and animals repres

38、enting 200 species. With tropical forest covering over 90 percent of its area, the garden offers beautiful views of a wide range of tropical plants, flowers and fruit trees. The scenic spot about 25 kilometers from the center of Haikou offers a drive-thru safari tour where you can get up close with

39、elephants, lions and bears. The "Safari on Foot" area features walking trails where visitors can see the rest of the animals, including hippos and monkeys, and feed them for a small fee. Visitors also can see what happens when you breed a lion and a tiger. Two unique attractions are rare h

40、ybrids: a liger, the offspring of a mallion and a female tiger and a tigon, which is created by a female lion and a male tiger. As a teaching center of the National Popular Science Education program, the park also serves as a second classroom for students to learn about wildlife and plants. Sin

41、ce it was established in 1995, it has received more than one million student visitors. At a crucial moment when pessimism has brought the Greek crisis to such a head that the country is closer to a default on its debt repayments than ever, Li offered a spark of enthusiasm to restart the stalled talk

42、s by calling on Greece and its creditors to reach a last-minute deal that will allow Greece to remain in the eurozone. Given the escalation of the country's crisis over the weekend sent a shock wave through the global stock markets on Monday, there are ample reasons to worry about the uncertaint

43、ies surrounding the events in Greece and the effect a default would have on Europe, relations between China and the EU, global financial stability and the nascent global economic recovery. Greece has announced that it will hold a referendum on a bailout plan proposed last week by the country's c

44、reditors. In response, Greece's eurozone partners have refused to extend the country's bailout program and the European Central Bank capped its emergency support for the country's banks. A real danger now looms of Greece exiting the euro, which might derail the global economic recovery a

45、nd damage the long-term viability of the euro as a currency. However, such a tragedy is neither certain nor unavoidable. The EU should shoulder its responsibility to prevent the Greek crisis from overshadowing the fragile global recovery. As a major customer and supplier of the 28-nation EU, and a responsible long-term holder of Eurobonds, China's confidence in and commitment to a strong eurozone offers EU leaders the necessary support to look at the Greek crisis from a broader and lo