英语初高中衔接教材(基础知识部分)lily

1、初高中衔接教材第一章 语音基本知识一、英语48个音标元音12个单元音 长元音 i: : : u: :短元音 e æ 8个双元音 aI eI I I e a辅音10对 清辅音 p t k f s t tr ts浊辅音 b d g v z ð d dr dz m n 3个似拼音 h r l2个半元音 w j二、48个英语国际音标发音规则及练习元音1、前元音i: e æi: me he she these Chinese meet sit six is it this milk e desk pen bed egg redæ bag map apple cat

2、 hand2、后元音: : u: : part half ask class father cut love touch bus come: sort door saw talk four put book woman look couldu: do zoo blue ruler move top cock box what want3、中元音: : bird serve term work turn about China letter actor again4、合口双元音eI aI I a 1）、前长后短 2）、前重后轻（前音发得重，后音发得轻）。3）、前音清楚，后音模糊。eI cake

3、plane snake table babyaI bike life light type niceI toy voice coin enjoy boy go boat hope know homea now how loud house out5、集中双元音I e I fear beer ear hear deere care bear fair where chair sure tour poor moor cure辅音1、爆破音p pen map top pipe cupbbee beep about lab batt butter that fat debt dealerd desk

4、food deep door dotk cook book kick bucket tick        g get game good dog tag 2、摩擦音f foot fit after knife toughv very five live cover carve thick thank tooth mouth thinkð other the there they fathers see saw soup boss sayz zoo cause pause hers these cash

5、fish short wish sure vision pleasure measure treasure visualh home hard head behind wholer red write frog carry rose3、破擦音t cheap fetch chalk teach watchd jaw jazz danger age cagetr tree trade transport troop streetdr drill dress dry dream drinkts students guests pockets puts spirits dz odds ends han

6、ds friends sends4、鼻辅音m my make farm map numbern new night knife near finish long ink bank think sing5、舌边音 l 清晰舌边音law lake follow large last 模糊舌边音little    gentle    middle    article giggle    people6、半元音w why what swim

7、wash whitej yes yellow you yet beyond第二章 重要词性以及基本构词法一、名词名词分类普通名词个体名词表示人或物的个体，如：teacher, pen, hand集体名词表示个体组成的集合体，如：family, team, police物质名词表示无法分为个体的固体、液体、气体等实物，如：ice, water, gas抽象名词表示抽象概念的，如性质、状态、情感等的名词，如：sadness, happiness, work专有名词人名、地名、机构、事物、组织、概念、节日等。判断下列名词类型1. man, desk， pencil，class， family， po

8、lice，meat， rice， cotton，life， help， happiness， England ， London， Smith，people, 2. Cake is a kind of food. / These cakes are sweet.This factory produces steel/ We need various steels. Our country is famous for tea. / Two teas, please. I didnt have breakfast this morning. /I had a good breakfast this

9、morning.二、形容词、副词 (一) 形容词的句法功能1. 做定语（1）This is a beautiful garden.（2） 修饰不定代词和指示代词those Anyone drunk is not allowed to drive. Is there anything interesting in the paper today?Among those invited were some young men. 2. 做表语 有一类形容词如： well，unwell，ill，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake, aware, ashamed

10、等只能做表语: Hes awake.3. 做补语We consider the story unbelievable.Please keep the room clean.4. 做状语At last I got home, safe.Cruisal went home, full of fright.5. 做主语和宾语The young should respect the old.（二） 副词(一) 副词语法功能1. 修饰动词 Harry worked hard. He runs quickly2.修饰形容词 He is very good. He is very careful.3.修饰副

11、词 He writes very well. He writes very carefully.4. 副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。Still, I dont think it is true.Fortunately, we caught the first bus.练习 1) He works _. He is _. (hard/ hard-working) 2) He works _. He is a _ man. (good/well) 3) He writes_. He is a _ man. (careful/carefully) 4) _, she we in wh

12、en I called. He is a _ man. ( lucky/luckily) _, we took action. We need an _ action.(immediately/ immediate)三、动词一： 定义和种类1） 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。2） 根据其在句中的功能，可分为四类，分别是：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。二： 实义动词（一） 动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词、不及物动词，英语缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.He arrived. （对） He reached. (错)He arrived at the station. （对

13、） He reached the station. （对）说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如： She can dance and sing. She can sing many English songs. Eg. lie/ layHe _ in bed . He _ a book in bed.（二）延续和不延续动词 You can borrow the book for two days. (错) You can keep the book for two days. （对） The train has arrived. （对） The train has ar

14、rived for 3 minutes. (错) The train has been in the station for 3 minutes. （对）三: 系动词（Link Verb）(一) 与实义动词的区别系动词本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边须跟表语，构成系表结构，说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。例如： He fell ill yesterday. He fell off the ladder. He looks_. He looks _at me. (sad/sadly)(二) 分类1）状态系动词 be：用来表示主

15、语状态。例如：He is a teacher.2）持续系动词: 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。He always kept silent at meeting.。3）表像系动词: 来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。例如：He looks tired.He seems （to be） very sad.4）感官系动词 :主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. This f

16、lower smells very sweet.5）变化系动词: 表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come。例如： He became mad after that. She grew rich within a short time.6）终止系动词 :表示主语已终止动作，有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意。例如： The search proved difficult. His plan turned out a success. 四: 助动词 协助主

17、要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。主要有：be, have, do 五：情态动词 复习非延续和终止性的动词1) 他已经参军了. He _ the army. He _the army for 1 year.2) 他入团一年了.He has _ the league for 1 year.3) 他离家一年了.He _ for 1 year.4)你可以借这一本书七天.You can _ the book for 7 days.5) 他直到午夜才睡觉.He _ until midnight.他一直工作到午夜He _ until midnight.6) 他们已经结婚了.They

18、 _. 他们一年前结婚。They _ a year ago.他们已经结婚一年了.They _ for a year.六 动词的时态had done have done will have done were doing are doing will be doing did do will do past now future一： 时态（一 ）一般式（一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every, sometimes,always, at, on Sunday I always play basketball on Sunday

19、s. I always played basketball on Sundays when young. I will play basketball tomorrow morning.（二） 完成式 (现在完成时,过去完成时、将来完成时)表示某一个时间点发生，对后一个时间点造成的影响或者延续到后一个时间点。常用时间状语：already, yet, just, ever, never, since, so far, in the last /past. The train has arrived. The train has been in the station for 3 minutes.

20、 The train had arrived when I came to the station.（三）进行式（现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时）表示某一时间点正在干某事 I am talking now. I was talking when he came in. I will be talking to the whole class this time tomorrow.表示某个时间段干某事 I am visiting Beijing this week. I was visiting Beijing when you visited Wenzhou.I will be visit

21、ing Beijing this time next week.练习1. Li Ping often _ (read) English in the morning. 2. _ he _ (clean) the windows once a week. 3. The workers _ (have) sports on the playground now. 4. How long _ you _ (stay) there the day before yesterday. 5. Who _ (listen) to the music? 6. When I _ (be) a middle sc

22、hool student, I often _ (sing). 7. His parents _(go) to the Great Wall tomorrow morning. 8. _ they _ (study) Japanese next term? 9. What time _ you _ (do) your homework everyday. 10. Look! The students _ (clean) the classroom. 11. What _ your after _ (do) yesterday? He _ (write) two letters. 12. The

23、re _ (be) a football match on TV this evening. 13. My father _ (leave) for Japan tomorrow morning. 14. Tom _ (not listen) to the radio every morning. 15. _ (be) there any hospitals here twenty years ago? 16. I _ (come) to see you again before long. 17. _ there _ (be) an English evening next Saturday

24、? 18. _ your uncle _ (have) a meeting last Friday? 19. What _ the young Pioneers _ (do) on the hill now? 20. They _ (not go) fishing on Sunday. 21. How many classes _ you _ (have) every day. 22. It's seven in the evening, Tom's family _ (watch) TV. 23. He _ (join) the army in 1985. He _ (be)

25、 still in the army how. 24. I _ (visit) my friend next Sunday. 25. If it snows tomorrow, we _ (play) with snow. 26. I _ (make) a lot of mistakes in my test yesterday. 27. _ it _ (snow) outside now? No, it _. 28. Where _ they _ (live)? They _ (live) in Shanghai. 29. If it _ (rain) this morning, we wo

26、n't go shopping. 30. Listen! Who _(sing)in the next room? 31. The teacher _(not teach)us a Chinese song，he _(teach)us an English song two days ago. 32. If I am free this evening，I _(help)you with your maths. 33. _you _(be)there tomorrow? No，I _. 34. Where _(be)your parents last year? They _(be)i

27、n Xi'an. 35. Why _ they _(go)to the library after school yesterday? Because they _(want)to borrow some books. 36. What _ you _(do)these days? 37. Don't make a noise. Grandma _(sleep). 38. Sometimes he _(help)his mother with the housework. 39. Please write to us as soon as you _(get)there. 40

28、. We _(show)the foreign friends around Beijing when they get here. 41. We'll wait till you _(make)up your mind. 42. They _ just _(talk)about you. 43. Where _he _(be)? He _(be)to the bank. 44. _ you_(visit)the Science Museum? -Yes，I_. 45. _she _(tell)you the good news? -No，she _. 46. How long _ y

29、our mother _(teach)English in this school? -For ten years. 47. We _ already _(draw)five pictures. 48. My grandson _(be)ill for a week. 49. _ the train _(arrive)?-No，not yet. 50. Our physics teacher _(not come)to work today，because he is ill. 四 构词法一、转化法：不添加任何成分，不改变词形，把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类的方法叫转化法。如：button

30、 （钮扣） to button （扣钮扣） native （本地的） native （本地人）二、合成法：把两个以上独立的词合成一个新词叫合成法，也叫合词法。如：note + book = notebook （笔记本） wide + open = wideopen （张大的）三、缩略法：缩略法并不创造新词，而只是把词缩短，不增减意义，也不改变意义。常见的有以下几种方法：1. 略去后部，保留前部，如： examination exam Friday Fri.2. 略去前部，保留后部，如： aireplane plane telephone phone3. 略去两头，保留中部，如： influen

31、za flu （流感） detective tec （侦探）4. 略去中部，保留两头字母，如： foot （ feet ） ft hour hr5. 保留某些字母，加以合并，如： limited Ltd 6. 保留开头一个字母，如：British Broadcasting Corporation BBC National Basketball Association NBA四、派生法：由词根（或单词）附加前缀、后缀构成新词的方法叫派生法。由派生法构成的词叫派生词。大体上讲，派生法有两种：加前缀、加后缀。下面对常见前后缀分别加以说明：1. 常见前缀A. 表示否定意义的前缀：a.表示“纯否定”，

32、dis- dishonest, dislike in-, ig-, il, im, ir, impossible, impolite, illegal, irregular ne-, n-, none, neither, never un- unable, unemployment B表示错误的意义 male-, mal-, malfunction, maladjustment(失调) mis-, mistake, mislead, misunderstandC表示反动作的意思 dis-, disarm, dismiss un-, unload, uncover B. 表示空间位置、方向关系的

33、前缀：1 in-, il-, im-, ir-, 表示“向内，在内，背于” inland, invade, inside, import 2 inter-, 表示“在间，相互” international, interaction, internet 3 medi-, med-, mid-, 表示“中，中间” midnight , midday , midsummer 4out-, 表示“在上面，在外部，在外” outline, outside, outward 5 over-, 表示“在上面，在外部，向上” overlook, overhead, overboard 6 post-, 表示&

34、quot;向后，在后边，次” postscript(附言)， post-war7 pre-, 表示"在前”在前面” prefix, preface, preposition, preschool 8 sub- 表示“在下面，下” subway, submarine, suburban9 super-, sur-, 表示“在之上” superficial, surface, superstructure 10 under-, 表示“在.下面，下的” underline, underground, underwater 11 up-, 表示“向上，向上面，在上” upward, upho

35、ld, uphill(上坡) 12 fore-, 表示“在前面，先前，前面” forward, forecast, foretell(预言), forehead, forever13 re-, 表示“再一次，重新” retell, rewrite , remarry C. 表示数量关系的前缀：1表示“单一”，“一” uni-, un-, uniform, unite 2 表示“二，两，双” bi-, bicycle, di-, dialoguetwi-, twin 3 表示"百，百分子一" centi-, centimeter 4 表示"千，千分子一” kilo-

36、, kilometer kilogram5 表示"许多，复，多数” multi-, mult-, multimetre (万用表) multimedia6 micro- 表示“微”，如： microwave microsoftD. 表示术语的前缀：1 tele-, 表示“远离”television, telephone, telegraph, telescope2 bio-, 表示“生命，生物” biology biochemistry3 ge-, 表示“地球，大地” geography geology E. 表示共同，相等意思的前缀 1 com-, cop-, con-, cor-

37、, co- 表示“共同，一起”。 connect, co-operate, co-worker 2. 常见的后缀（ 1 ）名词后缀A. 具有某种职业或动作的人：1. -an, -ian 表示“地方的人；精通的人”，如： American, historian ,technician2. -ant, -ent 表示“者”，如：servant, student, assistant3. -eer 表示“从事于的人”，如： engineer, volunteer 4. -er 表示“从事某种职业的人；某地方的人”，如： banker, waiter ,Londoner, villager 5. -o

38、r 表示“者”，如： actor, author, doctor, operator, monitor，director，6. -ess 表示女性人称名词，如： actress, hostess, manageress 7. -ese 表示“国人，地方的人”，如： Japanese, Chinese8. -ist 表示“从事研究者；信仰主义者”， pianist, dentist, artist, chemist, B. 构成具有抽象含义的名词：1. -ance, -ence 表示“性质；状况；行为；过程；总量；程度”，如： importance, diligence, violence2.

39、-dom 表示“等级，领域，状态”，如： freedom, kingdom, wisdom.3. -hood 表示“资格；身份；年纪；状态”，如： childhood, manhood, fatherhood 4. -ion, - sion, -tion, - ation ， -ition 表示“行为的过程、结果、状况”如： action, direction, operation, position, question5. -ity 表示“性质；状态，程度”，如： reality, safety，unity, beauty6. -ment 表示“状态、过程、手段及其结果”，如： judgme

40、nt, experiment，development，movementequipment，improvement7. -ness 表示“性质；状态；程度”，如： kindness, friendliness8. -ship 表示“技能及身份，职业”，如： hardship, friendship, membership, relationship9 -th 表示“动作；性质；过程；状态”，如： depth, width, length, strength, wealth, truth10 -ics 表示科学 politics, mathematics, 11-ism表示制度，主义及现象等的抽象

41、名词 socialism, tourism, 12 带有学术，科技含义：-ology 表示“学；论”，如： biology, technology （ 2 ）形容词后缀1.-able,-ible表示可能的，可以的 acceptable，movable, impossible2.-al表示有的属性 natural，special，central，3.-nt有些是从动词派生来的 significant在意义的， important， intelligent聪明的convenient便利的，方便的， fluent流利的，流畅的，frequent频繁的5.-ful由名词构成形容词 useful，suc

42、cessful，helpful6.-less表示没有的 useless，lifeless，fruitless9. -ive由动词构成形容词 active , sensitive灵敏的，imaginative想象、富有想象力的， 10. -ous表示具有的、有特性的 dangerous，serious， 11. -en 表示“由某种物质形成，制成或生产”，如： wooden, golden 12. -ern, -ward 表示“方向”，如： eastern, western, downward, forward （ 3 ）动词后缀1，-ate多用于外来词构成动词 operate操作，手术，mig

43、rate移动，2，-en形容词构成动词，表示变、加、使weaken，soften，thicken，strengthen，shorten， deepen， lengthen，quicken ,lighten，sharpen3，-ize，-ise加在形容词或名词上，表示化 realize, modernize ,4. -fy 表示“使化；使成”，如： beautify, purify （净化）， simplify （简化）（ 4 ）副词后缀1. -ly ，如： possibly, quickly, simply 2. -ward, -wards,朝向 如： inwards （向内）， upward

44、 第三章 句子的成分和基本句型一 句子的成分一、主语Lily likes her new bike. He gets up early every day. To learn English well is not easy.二、谓语We work hard.。 The boy caught a bird. He is my father.。They all look fine.谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。：I am reading. You are reading. HeShe is reading. We are reading.三、宾语Tom bought a story-bo

45、ok. I saw him yesterday. He wanted to have a cup of tea. 直接宾语和间接宾语He gave me some ink . 间接宾语 直接宾语 Our teacher told us an interesting story.四、表语My sister is a nurse. They were at home.She got angry. Her grandfather is over eighty years old.五、定语This is a green cup. Are these students your classmates?

46、Winter is the coldest season of the year. I have something important to tell you.The people here are very friendly. 六、状语You are quite right . Mr.Wu comes to the school by bike. She will arrive in Beijing on Monday. He stopped to have a look. 七、宾语补足语We call her Xiao Li. 宾语 宾语补足语You must keep the room

47、 clean and tidy. John asked me to help him with his Chinese. I will have my hair cut tomorrow. We saw the boy playing basketball on the playground just now. 句子成分巧记歌诀 主谓宾表定状补， 七种成分记清楚。 句子主干主谓宾（表），枝叶成分定状补。 定语修饰主宾表， 宾语之后常有补。 主谓人称数一致， 状语位置最灵活。Exercises:指出下列句子的成分。1We all study hard at English.2Betty like

48、s her new bike very much.3My brother is a policeman.4Were you at home last night? 5Winter is the coldest season of the year.6He often walks in the park.7Mary asked me to help her yesterday.8He bought me a nice present last week. 9His parents are doctors.10Ill get you some tea now.二 简单句的基本句型由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并