计算机专业英语2013影印版unit_5

1、Chapter 5 System Software5 System SoftwarelEnd users use application software to accomplish specific tasks. l最终用户使用应用软件来完成特定的任务。lSystem software works with end users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the majority of technical details related to using a computer. l系统软件与最终用户，应用软件和

2、计算机硬件来处理和用计算机相关的大部分的技术细节. 5 System Softwarelsystem software controls where a word processing program is stored in memorylHow commands are converted so that the system unit can process them and where a completed document or file is savedl系统软件控制文字处理程序存储在存储器l命令如何被转换，以便系统单元可以处理它们并在一个已完成的文件或文件被保存5 System

3、 SoftwarelNot a single programs but a collection or sys-tem of programs, these programs handle hundreds of technical details with little or no user intervention.l不是一个单一程序而是一个集合或系统程序，这些程序处理数以百计的很少或没有用户干预的技术细节。5 System SoftwarelSystem software is not a single program. Rather it is a collection or a sy

4、stem of programs that handle hundreds of technical details with little or no user intervention. l系统软件不是一个单一的程序。相反，它是一个集合或程序系统可处理数百个技术细节，很少或没有用户干预干预。5 System SoftwarelFour kinds of systems programs are operating systems, utilities, device drivers, and language translators.l四类系统程序是操作系统、实用工具、设备驱动和语言翻译程

5、序。5 System SoftwarelSystem software consists of four types of programs:lOperating System coordinates computer resources, provide an interface between users and the computer, and run applicationsl操作系统操作系统协调计算机资源，为用户和计算机之间提供一个接口及运行程序。lUtilities perform specific tasks related to managing computer resou

6、rces.l实用工具实用工具执行与管理计算机资源相关的特定任务。5 System SoftwarelSystem software consists of four types of programs:lDevice drivers are specialized programs that allow particular input or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer systeml设备驱动设备驱动是特殊的程序可以允许特别的输入或输出设备能够与计算机系统其他部分进行通信。lLanguage trans

7、lators convert the programming instructions written by programmers into a language that computers understand and process.l语言翻译语言翻译把把程序员编写的编程指令转换成计算机能够理解和处理的语言。5.1 Operating SystemlAn operating system is a collection of programs that handle many of the technical details related to using a computer.l操

8、作系统是一个程序集合，处理许多的和使用计算机相关的大部分技术细节。lIn many ways, an operating system is the most important type of computer program.l在许多方面，一个操作系统是计算机程序的最重要的一种。5.1 Operating SystemlOperating systems (software environments, platform) handle technical details.l操作系统（软件环境、平台）处理技术细节。5.1 Operating SystemlOperating systems

9、coordinate computer resources, provide an interface between users and the computer, and run applications. Utilities perform specific tasks related to managing computer resources.l操作系统协调计算机资源，提供用户和计算机之间的接口，并运行应用程序。实用程序执行有关管理计算机资源相关的具体任务。5.1 Operating SystemlDevice drives are specialized programs that

10、 allow particular input or output devices to communicate with rest of the computer system.lLanguage translators convert the programming instructions written by programmers into a language that computers understand and process.l设备驱动器是特殊的程序，允许特别的输入或输出设备与计算机系统其他部分进行通信。l语言翻译把程序员编写的编程指令转换成计算机能够理解和处理的语言。5

11、.1.1 FunctionslEvery computer has an operating system and every operating system performs a variety of functions. l每台计算机都有一个操作系统，每个操作系统执行多种功能。5.1.1 FunctionslThese functions could be classified into three groups:lManaging resourceslProviding user interface: GUI vs. Character-based interface.lRunning

12、 applications: multitasking这些功能可分为三组：l资源管理l提供了用户界面：GUI与字符界面。l运行应用程序：多任务5.1.1 FunctionslFunctions include managing resources, providing a user interface (most newer operating systems use a graphical user interface, or GUI), and running applications (multitasking allows switching between different app

13、lications stored in memory).l功能包括管理资源，提供一个用户界面用户界面（大多数新操作系统使用一个图形用户界面，图形用户界面，或GUI），并且运行应用程序（多任务处理多任务处理使存储在内存的不同应用程序之间能够切换）。5.1.2 FeatureslStarting or restarting a computer is called booting the system. l启动或重新启动计算机被称为启动系统。lWarm boot the computer is already on and you restart if without turning off th

14、e power. restart, rebootlCold boot-starting a computer that has been turned off is called a Cold boot l热启动-电脑已经开启，然后你点击重新启动，不关闭电源。重启，重启l冷启动-电脑已经关闭，启动电脑被称为冷启动5.1.2 FeatureslYou typically interact with the operating system through the graphical user interface. Most provide a place, call the desktop, w

15、hich provides access to computer resources. l你通常通过图形用户界面与操作系统交互。大多数提供了一个地方，叫桌面，它提供了访问计算机资源。5.1.2 FeatureslOperating systems have several features in common with application programs, includinglIconslPointerslWindowslMenuslDialog boxlHelp5.1.2 FeatureslMost operating systems store data and programs i

16、n a system of files and folders.l大多数操作系统将数据和程序存储在系统文件和文件夹中。lUnlike the traditional filing cabinet, computer files and folders are stored on a secondary storage device such as your hard disk.l不同于传统的文件柜，电脑上的文件和文件夹存储二级存储设备，如硬盘。5.1.2 Features（性能）（性能）lBooting starts (cold) or restarts (warm) a computer s

17、ystem. The desktop provides access to computer resources. Common features include icons, pointers, windows, menus, dialog boxes, and Help. Data and programs are stored in a system of files and folders.l开机启动开机启动开始（冷）（冷）或重启（热热）的计算机系统。桌面提供了访问计算机资源。公共特性包括图标、指针、窗口、图标、指针、窗口、菜单、对话框菜单、对话框和帮助。帮助。数据和程序存储在系统文件

18、文件和文件文件夹夹中。5.1.2 Features（性能）（性能）lStarting or restarting a computer is called booting the system. There are two ways to boot a computer: a warm boot and a cold boot. A warm boot occurs when the computer is already on and you restart it without turning off the power. A warm boot can be accomplished i

19、n several ways.l启动或重新启动计算机称为启动系统启动或重新启动计算机称为启动系统.启动计算机的方法启动计算机的方法有两种：热启动和冷启动。热启动时计算机上不关闭电源有两种：热启动和冷启动。热启动时计算机上不关闭电源并重新启动它。热启动可以几种方法来实现。并重新启动它。热启动可以几种方法来实现。5.1.2 Features（性能）（性能）lFor example, in Windows XP, a running computer can be restarted by pressing a sequence of keys. Starting a computer that h

20、as been turned off is called a cold boot. l例如，在 Windows XP 中，可以通过一系列按键来重新启动正在运行的电脑。启动已关闭的计算机称为冷启动。5.1.3 CategorieslWhile there are hundreds of different operating systems, there are only three basic categories: embedded, network, or stand-alone. l虽然有上百种不同的操作系统，只有三个基本类别：嵌入式，网络或单机。5.1.3 Categories（分类）

21、（分类）lThree categories of operating systems arel三类操作系统是lEmbedded-used with handheld computers; operating system stored within device.l嵌入式的嵌入式的使用手持电脑；操作系统存储在设备上。lNetwork (NOS) -controls and coordinates networked computers; located on the net-work server.l网络（网络（NOS）控制和协调网络计算机；位于网络服务器上。lStand-alone (des

22、ktop) -controls a single computer; located on the hard disk.l单机（桌面）单机（桌面）控制单个计算机；位于硬盘上。5.1.3 Categories（分类）（分类）lOperating systems are often called software environments or platforms.l操作系统通常称为软件环境或平台。lTo effectively use computers, competent end users need to understand the functionality of system sof

23、tware, including operating systems, utility programs, and device drivers.l有效地使用计算机、有竞争的最终用户需要懂得系统软件的功能，包括操作系统、实用工具程序和设备驱动程序。Embedded operating systemlEmbedded operating systems are used for handheld computer and smaller devices like PDAs.l嵌入式操作系统用于手持计算机和更小的设备比如PDA。lThe entire operating system is sto

24、red within or embedded in the devices.l整个操作系统存储在嵌入式设备。Embedded operating systemlThe operating system programs are permanently stored on ROM, or read-only memory, chips.l操作系统程序永久地存储在ROM中，或只读存储器，芯片。lPopular embedded operating systems includelWindows CElWindows XPl流行的嵌入式操作系统包括Windows CElWindows CElWind

25、ows XPNetwork Operating SystemlNetwork Operating Systems are used to control and coordinate computers that are networked or linked togetherl网络操作系统用于控制和协调网络或连接在一起的计算机lNetwork operating systems are typically located on one of the connected computers hard disks. Called the network server, this computer

26、 coordinates all communication between other computers.l网络操作系统通常位于连接计算机硬盘中的一个。称为网络服务器，这台计算机协调与其他计算机之间的所有通信。Network Operating SystemlPopular network operating systems include lNetWarelWindows NT ServerlWindows XP ServerlUnixStand-alone Operating SystemlStand-alone operating systems, also called deskt

27、op operating systems, control a single desktop or notebook computer.l单机操作系统，也称为桌面操作系统，控制一台台式机或笔记本电脑。Stand-alone Operating SystemlPopular desktop operating system includelWindowslMac OSlSome version of Unix5.1 Operating SystemlThe operating system is often referred to as the software environment or p

28、latform. l操作系统通常被称为软件环境或平台。lAlmost all application programs are designed to run with a specific platform.lE.g. the standard version of AppleWorks is designed to run with Mac OS environment.l几乎所有的应用程序设计为在特定的平台上运行。l例如。AppleWorks的标准版被设计为在Mac OS环境中运行。5.1 Operating SystemlWindows, Mac OS, and Linux are o

29、perating systems commonly used by individuals.l在Windows，Mac OS和Linux是由个人常用的操作系统。5.1 Operating SystemlWindows（窗口操作系统）（窗口操作系统）lWindows is the most widely used operating system，is designed to run with Intel and Intel-compatible microprocessors. There are numerous versions of Windows. Windows XP is the

30、most widely used. Windows Vista is the next major version of Windows. It promises advanced system security, a three-dimensional workspace, and filtering capability.lWindows是使用最广泛的操作系统，它被设计于与英特尔和英特尔兼容微处理器上运行。有许多窗口操作系统的版本。Windows XP是使用最广泛的。Windows Vista是下一个窗口操作系统的主要版本。它承诺先进系统的安全性，一个三维的工作空间和过滤性能。5.1 Op

31、erating SystemlMicrosofts Windows is by far the most popular microcomputer operating system today with over 90 percent of the market. Because its market share is so large, more application programs are developed to run under Windows than any other operating system.l目前最流行的微机操作系统，微软的目前最流行的微机操作系统，微软的 W

32、indows 今天超过今天超过 90的市场份额。的市场份额。l由于其市场份额是如此之大，越来越多的应用程序开发由于其市场份额是如此之大，越来越多的应用程序开发 Windows 下运行，相比其他任何操作系统。下运行，相比其他任何操作系统。5.1 Operating SystemlMicrosofts Windows is by far the most popular microcomputer operating system today with over 90 percent of the market. Because its market share is so large, more

33、 application programs are developed to run under Windows than any other operating system.l目前最流行的微机操作系统，微软的目前最流行的微机操作系统，微软的 Windows 是今天超是今天超过过 90的市场份额。的市场份额。l由于其市场份额是如此之大，越来越多的应用程序开发由于其市场份额是如此之大，越来越多的应用程序开发 Windows 下的运行速度比其他任何操作系统。下的运行速度比其他任何操作系统。5.1 Operating SystemlWindows comes in a variety of dif

34、ferent versions and is designed to run with Intel-compatible microprocessors such as the Pentium IV. For a summary of Microsofts desktop operating systems. lWindows 自带的各种不同版本，设计为运行在英特自带的各种不同版本，设计为运行在英特 尔兼容的微处理器，如奔腾尔兼容的微处理器，如奔腾 IV。微软的桌面操作系统的。微软的桌面操作系统的小结。小结。5.1 Operating SystemlMac OS（苹果操作系统）（苹果操作系统）

35、lMac OS is an innovative, powerful, easy-to-use operating system; designed to run with Macintosh computers. One of the latest versions, Tiger, has many powerful features including Spotlight, an advanced search tool, and Dashboard Widgets, a collection of specialized programs. The next version is Leo

36、pard, with Boot Camp, which allows appropriately equipped Apple computers to run both Mac OS and Windows XP.l苹果操作系统苹果操作系统是一个创新的、强大的、容易使用的操作系统；设计在Macintosh计算机上运行。其中一个最新的版本： Tiger ，有许多强大的功能包括聚光灯聚光灯，一个先进的搜索工具和仪表板小工具仪表板小工具，一个专门的程序的集合。下一个版本是Leopard ，使用训练营训练营，允许适当配备苹果计算机同时运行苹果操作系统和Windows XP。5.1 Operating

37、 SystemlUNIX and Linux（UNIX和和Linux）lUNIX was originally designed to run on mini-computers in network environments. Now, it is used by powerful microcomputers and servers on the Web. There are many different versions of UNIX. One version, Linux, is one of the most popular and powerful alternatives to

38、 the Windows operating system.lUNIX最初设计微型计算机在网络环境里运行。现在，它用于通过在网络上强大的微型计算机和服务器。有许多不同的UNIX版本。其中一个版本，Linux是最流行的和强大的替代Windows的操作系统之一。5.1 Mobile Operating SystemMobile operating systemlAndroidlBlackBerry OSliOSlWebOSlWindows phone 75.2 UtilitieslIdeally, microcomputers continuously run without problems.

39、However, that simply is not the case.l理想情况下，微型计算机连续运行没有问题。然而，并非如此。lUtilities are specialized programs designed to make computing easier. l实用程序是特殊的程序设计为使计算更简单。5.2 UtilitieslThere are hundreds of different utility programs. The most essential are:lTrouble shooting or diagnostic programlAntivirus progr

40、amslUninstall programslBackup programslFile compression programsl有数百种不同的实用程序。最重要的是：有数百种不同的实用程序。最重要的是：l故障排除和诊断程序故障排除和诊断程序l防病毒程序防病毒程序l卸载程序卸载程序l备份程序备份程序l文件压缩程序文件压缩程序5.2 UtilitieslUtilities make computing easier. The most essential are troubleshooting (diagnostic), antivirus, uninstall, backup, and file

41、 compression.l实用工具使计算机更简单。最必不可少的是排除故障（诊断的）、反病毒程序、卸载软件、备份和文件压缩。5.2 UtilitieslWindows Utilities（窗口实用工具）（窗口实用工具）lSeveral utility programs are accessible from the System Tools menu including Backup, Disk Cleanup, and Disk Defragmenter (eliminates unnecessary fragments; tracks are concentric rings; secto

42、rs are wedge-shaped).l几个实用工具程序是可以访问的，通过系统工具菜单，包括备份、磁盘清理备份、磁盘清理和磁盘碎片整理程序磁盘碎片整理程序（消除不必要的碎片；磁道磁道是同心环；分区分区是楔形的）。5.2 UtilitieslUtility Suites（实用工具套件）（实用工具套件）lUtility suites combine several programs into one package. Computer viruses are dangerous programs. One Button Checkup integrates sev-eral Norton ut

43、ilities.l实用工具套件实用工具套件将几个程序合并到一个包中。计算机病毒病毒是危险的程序。一键检查一键检查合并了几个诺顿实用工具。5.3 Device DriverlEvery device, such as a mouse or printer, that is connected to a computer system has a special program associated with it. l每一个设备，比如鼠标或打印机，连接到一台和特殊程序相关的计算机系统。lThis program, called a device driver or simply a driver

44、, works with the operating system to allow communication between the device and the rest of the computer system.l这个程序，称为设备驱动程序或仅仅一个驱动程序，与操作系统一起使用，使设备和计算机系统的其余部分进行通信。5.3 Device DriverlEach time the computer system is started, the operating system loads all of the device drivers into memory.l每次计算机系统启动

45、时，操作系统加载所有设备驱动程序到内存中。5.3 Device DriverlDevice drivers (drivers) allow communication between hardware devices. Add Printer Wizard gives step-by-step guidance to install printer drivers. Windows Update automates the process of updating device drivers.l设备驱动器（驱动器）设备驱动器（驱动器）能够与硬件设备进行通信。添加打印机安装向导添加打印机安装向导

46、提供一步接一步的指导安装打印机驱动程序。Windows更新更新自动更新设备驱动程序的过程。KEY TERMSlAdd a Device Wizard lAndroidlAntivirus program lBackgroundlBackup and RestorelBackup programlBlackBerry OSlBoot CamplBootinglChrome OSKEY TERMSlAdd a Device Wizard 添加设备向导lAndroid 安卓 lAntivirus program 防病毒程序lBackground 背景，后台lBackup and Restore 备份

47、恢复lBackup program 备份程序lBlackBerry OS 黑莓OSlBooting 启动lChrome OS Chrome操作系统KEY TERMSlCold bootlComputer support specialistlDashboard WidgetslDesktoplDesktop operating systemlDevice driverlDiagnostic programlDevice driverlDiagnostic programlDialog boxKEY TERMSlCold boot 冷启动lComputer support specialist

48、电脑支持专家lDesktop 桌面lDesktop operating system 桌面操作系统lDevice driver 设备驱动lDiagnostic program 诊断程序lDialog box 对话框KEY TERMSlDisk CleanuplDisk DefragmenterlDriverlEmbedded operating systemlFilelFile compression programlFolderlForegroundlFragmentedlgesturesKEY TERMSlDisk Cleanup 磁盘清理lDisk Defragmenter 磁盘碎片整理程序lDriver 驱动lEmbedded operating