英语词汇学知识点总结

1、学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考Word-formationWord-formation or word-building is that branch of lexicology which studies the patterns on which a language, in this case, the English language, coins new words.Percentage of new words coined by the different word-formation processes after World War The three major proces

2、ses of word formation:Composition or CompoundingDefinition: Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining twoor more bases to forma new unit, a compound word. Compounding is the mostproductive word-formation process in contemporary English.Identity crisis个性危机stand-up collar 竖领hit-and

3、-run tactics打了就跑的战术spoon-feed 填鸭式灌输， 娇养糊里糊涂muddle-headed/minded笨嘴笨舌heavy-tongued无忧无虑carefree饱经风霜 weather-beaten/worn令人心碎heart-breaking半死不活 dead-alive/dead-and-alive不合时宜ill-timed/badly-timed批量生产mass-produceCompounds are very often used because of their brevity and vividness. For example,A schoolboy i

4、s more concise than “ a boy attendingschool ” ;“ Up-to-the-minute information ”is more vivid than “ thelatest information ” ;“ The old man would sit for hours, thinking sadly of all the might-have-beens”is more compact and expressive than “ thinking sadly of the desirable things that could have happ

5、ened in the past.”The relative criteria of a compound wordOrthographic criterion(书写标准 ) : Compounds are written in three ways, e.g.solid: airmail ;hyphenated: air-conditioning;open: air force, air raid.Phonological criterion(语音标准 ) :Compound accent: a single stress on the first element; or a main st

6、ress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element. E.g. blackboard, blue bottle (a large buzzing fly with blue body )Normal phrase accent: a secondary stress on the first element and a main stress on thesecond element. E.g. blue bottle (a bottle which is blue)Semantic criterion(

7、 语义标准 ) : A compound is a combination forming a unit expressinga single idea. The lexical meaning of the components are closely joined together to create a compound with a meaning which one can easily recognize, e.g. backdoor, sunset, workday.However, the meaning of a compound is not always the sum

8、of the meanings of its parts, e.g. dog days, flatfoot ( a policeman), greenhouse, greenback ( 美钞 )，green-hand(生手 ), greenroom（演员休息室） , mother wit （天生的智力） , Indian paper （字典纸） .More examples:home letters(家信 ), home voyage（归程）, home life（家庭生活） , home affairs（家庭事务），home bird（不爱外出的人） , home economics（家政

9、学） , home front（大后方） , home games（在本地举行的比赛） , home help（家务女佣） , homemaker（主妇） , home plate学习资料学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考（棒球的本垒打）, home sickness（思家病） .Word order:A flower pot ( 花盆 ) a pot flower ( 盆花 )tiptoe( 脚尖 )deaf-mute（聋哑者）Some of them were influenced by French: court martial( 军事法庭 ) ; president elect（当选总统）

10、;ambassador designate（尚未上任的大使）Classification of compoundsCompounds can be classified according partsto of speechof the compounds.noun compounds : airplane , flower potadjective compounds: weather-beaten, snowwhiteverb compounds: proof-read, baby-sitproposition compounds : notwithstanding, alongside

11、ofconjunction compounds : whenever ,whereaspronoun compounds: another , myselfThe three commonest types are noun compounds, adjective compounds, and verb compounds.noun compounds? Noun + nounrainwater 雨水 ; springwater泉水 ;houseplants 室内植物 ;fireball 火球; firecracker 鞭炮 ; spacecraft/spaceship 太空船； space

12、suits 太空服； mousemat ； 鼠标垫Dream Team；bar code 条形码；lip service 口头上说得好听的话；information highway信息高速公路；science fiction 科幻小说； sugar cane甘蔗； gaslight煤气灯；? Noun + verbdaybreak 拂 晓 ； nightfall夜 幕 降 临 ； sunset/sunrise日 落 ， earthquake 地 震 ；landslip/landslide(山体滑坡)；headache toothache； stomachache； heartbeatdrumb

13、eat ； footbeat脚步节拍；wingbeat翅翼振动； window-dress布置橱窗；water-supply 自来水； snowfall 降雪量；toothpick牙签； haircut ； pickpocket ；scarecrow 稻草人( scare the crow)? Verb + nouncry baby ( 爱哭的婴儿 )；playboy ( 花花公子 ) ； glowworm ( 发光虫 )； watch-dog ( 看家狗), swearword（骂人话） , breakwater（防波提） , driveway （车道） , jump suit （伞兵跳伞服

14、，连衣裤工作服） ； rattle snake(响尾蛇 )? Verb + adv / prepchangeover (转变进程 ) ； setback (挫折 )； breakdown(崩溃 )， show-off( 炫耀 ), slip-up（疏忽，不幸事故） , put-off（推迟，搪塞）, follow-up （连续广告法） sit-in, dropout, breakdown, walk-on, walkout, setback, take-off? Adjective + nounclear-way( 超速道路 ), easy-chair, deadline, hard disk

15、, soft disk ， red tape(官样文章 )? adverb + noununder-clothes(内衣 ), after-effect （后效，副作用） , upgrade（升级） , overburden ? V+ing + nounchewing gum( 口香糖 ), baking powder（发酵粉） , reading lamp（台灯） , lodging house（分间出租供人休息用的房屋） ，leading article( 社论 ), working party （作业队）学习资料学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考? Adverb + verboutlet( 出

16、口 ), upset（颠覆） , downfall （垮台，陷落） , upstart（暴发户） , onflow （滚滚向前）adjective compounds?Pre-modifier VS. Post-modifier ( describe a noun phrase or restrict its meaning in some way)? Compound modifiers, because of their expressiveness and brevity, are used quite flexibly in current English, especially in

17、 journalistic writings.? noun + adjective? skin-hungry, power-hungry, news-hungry, career-hungry ( 急于成名的 ) , bloodthirsty? duty-free, tax-free, fat-free, toll-free, maintenance-free, dust-free, interest-free, care-free, ice-free, danger-free, nuclear-weapon-free? water-proof, fire-proof, bullet-proo

18、f, rain-proof, bomb-proof, vibration-proof? air-sick, seasick, car-sick, home-sick, heartsick ( 沮丧的 )? user-friendly, reader-friendly? profit-conscious,time-conscious,class-conscious,environment-conscious,security-conscious?slap-happy( 被 打 得 晕头 转 向 的 ) boxer ，trigger-happy( 嗜 杀成 性 的 )gangster ，trave

19、l-happy( 对旅游入迷的)? accident-prone, crisis-prone ( 危机四伏的 )， error-prone,?air-tight( 不透气的 )，water-tight,light-tight( 不透光的 ), rain-tight?work-shy( 不愿工作的 )， camera-shy(怕上镜头的 )， publicity-shy ( 不愿出头露面的)? color-blind, night-blind? blood-weary ( 厌战的 )， travel-weary( 旅途劳累的 )? stone-deaf, skin-deep, snow-whit

20、e, ice-cold, knee-deep, paper-thin, mirror-bright, feather-light, fire-hot, crystal-clear, waist-high, shoulder-high, life-long, grass-green, dog-tired, threadbare （穿旧的）? college-bound/preparatory ( 准备考大学的 )，labor-short ( 缺乏劳动力的 )， top-heavy( 头重脚轻的 )，penny-wise( 小事聪明的 ) ， oven-fresh ( 刚出炉的 ) line-dr

21、y( 一晾就干的 )， world-famous? adjective + adjectivewet-cold, icy-cold,red-hot, white-hot,bitter-sweet, deaf-mute, shabby-genteel(穷酸的 )，dead-alive( 半死不活的)， dark-blue,deep-blue, light-blue,pale-blue, bright-red,bloody-red,yellow-green, yellowish-green ， social-political? V+ing + adjectivesteaming-hot/smok

22、ing-hot ( 滚烫的，热气腾腾的 )， soaking-wet/wringing-wet( 湿淋淋的，湿得可拧出水来的 )， biting-cold/freezing-cold ( 冷得刺骨的，冰冷的 )? Adverb/Prep + adjectiveever-victorious ( 战无不胜的 )， over-cautious, all-round ( 全面的 )， far-reaching ( 深远的，广泛的 )， evergreen (tree), wide-awake ( 机警的 )， over-sensitive, over-anxious, under-ripe ( 不成

23、熟的 )， too-rapid? noun +V+ingpeace-loving, time/space/energy/labor-saving, time-consuming, summer-flowering(夏季开花学习资料学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考的 ), ocean-going ( 远 洋 的 ) ， fault-finding, record-breaking, heart-breaking, hair-raising,side-splitting ( 令人捧腹的 )， thirst-quenching ( 解渴的 )， man-eating? noun + V+edheart-

24、felt( 衷心的 ), air-born（空降的， 空运的） , home-made, travel-worn（旅行得疲乏的） , hen-pecked, book-filled, poverty-stricken, weather-beaten, thunder-struck, suntanned? adjective/adverb + V+ingfresh-frozen( 速 冻 的 ), easy-going( 随 和 的 ), familiar-sounding ( 听 起 来 熟 悉 的 ) ， hard-working, ever-lasting ( 永恒的 )? adjecti

25、ve/adverb + V+ednewly-developed, well-balanced, far-fetched ( 牵强附会的 )， half-baked( 烤得半生不熟的，肤浅的 ), hard-won ( 来之不易的 ) ，quick-frozen ( 速冻的 ), new-laid (eggs), so-called, fresh-caught,newly-built, well-informed,well-organized? noun + Noun+edhot-tempered( 急性子的 )，chicken-hearted ( 胆怯的，软弱的 )，honey-mouthed

26、, paper-backed (平装本的 )， eagle-eyed(目光尖锐地 )? adjective/adv. + Noun+edshort-sighted, tender-hearted, sweet-hearted(性情温和的 ), green-fingered( 擅长园艺的 )，open-handed, single-handed, bald-headed, empty-headed, hot-headed, kind-hearted, light-hearted, whole/half-hearted, absent-minded, narrow/broad-minded, do

27、uble-faced, straight-faced, blue-eyed,muddle-minded/headed (糊里糊涂 ) , commercially-minded,heavy-tongued (笨嘴笨舌的) ，middle-aged,cold-blooded, strong-bodied, rosy-cheeked, apple-cheeked, close/tight-fisted( 吝啬的) ， bare-footed, white-haired, high-heeled, ill-intentioned, weak-kneed (易屈服的 )，long-legged,clo

28、se/tight-lipped ( 嘴 紧 的 ), ill-mannered,thick/thin-skinned( 脸 皮 厚 / 薄 ) ， high-spirited,iron-willed,quick/short/slow/bad-tempered,glib-tongued (油嘴滑舌的 )， loose-tongued(嘴不严的)? adjective + Nounlong-distance, full-length（未删节的），white-collar, red-letter( 喜庆的 ), ，full-time, first-rate, high-speed, high-lev

29、el, low-frequency, left-hand, real-time( 实时的 )， long-range, deep-sea (fish)? Verb + Nounbreak-neck ( 危险的 )， telltale( 搬弄是非的 )， cut-rate (减价的，次等的)? Phrases or sentencesat-risk （处境危险的）,in-your-face （明目张胆的）,devil-may-care( 不顾一切的),dog-eat-dog （ 狗 咬 狗 的 ） , round-the-clock,on-the-spot,cards-on-the-table,

30、 matter-of-fact,never-to-be-forgotten, once-in-a-life-time, off-the-cuff (临时想起的意见)opinion, back-up ( 备用 )a stand-up collar ( 竖领 ), a walk-in closet ( 走入式大壁橱 )，a see-through shirt（透明的衬衫）take-home pay， cross-border raid ，a keep-fit class （保健班）verb compoundsThe common way to form a compound verb is by

31、means of back-formation. The back-formation is a process of word formation by which a word is created by dropping the supposed or imagined affixesHousekeeping housekeep, test-drive( 试 车 ) ， machine-gun, nickname, spotlight, honeymoon, outline, speed-read, soft-land, vacuum-clean, mass-produce, sight

32、-see, proof-read, tape-record, chain-smoke, ghost-write, air-condition, baby-sit, window-shop, spoon-feed,学习资料学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考hen-peck,snowball,middle-road( 走 中 间 道 路 ),chain-react,face-harden( 使 表 面 硬 化 ),wire-pull( 幕 后 操 纵 ) ， daydream, skyrocket,sleepwalk,highlight,safeguard, whitewash,sweet-talk，

33、job-hopA compound verb can also be formed by means of analogy1.chain-drink: from chain-smoke2.bottle-feed: feed from a bottle. from breast-feed:? feed from a mothers breastA compound verb can also be formed by means of verb phrasesoverwork, withhold( 扣留 ), cross-question(盘问 )，upbuild ( 建立 ), uplift,

34、 uproot, fast-talk( 花言巧语地企图说服 )，off-load( 卸货 )， outeat(吃得比 多 )， outgo, outgrow , ill-treat, overhear, overtake, undergo, underline, undermine, undertake,Affixation or DerivationIt is a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix,or combining form, to an a

35、lready existing word.A combining form is a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek,such as auto-（ from GK autos self） .据统计下列14 个词根和 20 个词缀出现在词典里10， 000 多个英语单词中词前缀词根Preceptpre- (before)capere (take, seize)detainde- (away, from)tenere (hold, have)intermittentinter - (between

36、)mittre (send)offerob- (against)ferre (bear, carry)Insistin- (into)stare (stand)monographmono- (alone, one)graph (write)epilogueepi (upon)egein (say, study)词前缀词根aspectad- (to, toward)spicere (see)uncomplicatedun- (not); com- (together)plicare (fold)nonextendednon- (not); ex- (out of)tendere (stretch

37、)reproductionre- (back, again); pro - (forward)ducere (lead)indisposedin- (not); dis- (apart from)ponere (put, place)学习资料学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考oversufficientover- (above); sub- (under)facere (make, do)mistranscribescribere (write)mis- (wrong); trans - (across)Number-related prefixes from Latinmeaningprefixe

38、xamplesuni-oneuniformduo-twoduet ( 二重唱 /奏）tri-threetrio ( 三人组）quad-, quart-fourquadruplets (四胞胎）quint-fivequintupletssextsixsexet (六人组）septsevenseptember (7th month, Roman calendar)oct-eightoctobernonaninenonagenarian (90-99 岁的人）Number-related prefixes from Latindeca-tendecadecent-hundredcentigrade

39、( 一百度的）multi-manymultiplyprim-, prin-firstprimarysecundsecondsecondaryambiboth ( 双）ambivalent ( 两种价值观的，有矛盾心理的）equi-equalequidistant ( 等距离的）omni-allomnipotence (全能）semi-, semhalfsemester (half a year 学期）demi-halfdemitasse (half a cup for serving coffee ( 一小杯清咖啡）学习资料学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考Number-related prefix

40、es from GreekprefixmeaningexamplesMono-onemonologueduo-, di-twodialoguetri-threetriangletetra-fourtetrameter (四音步诗）penta-fivepentameter， pentagonhexa-sixhexagonhepta-sevenheptagondeka-, dec-tendecathlonhemi-halfhemispherepan-allpandemic ( 大流行病）I.PrefixationThe definition of prefixationPrefixation is

41、 the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixesNon-class-changing prefixes: natural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair-unfairClass-changin

42、g prefixes: force-enforce, danger-endanger, form-deform, little-belittle, war-postwar, college-intercollegeThe classification of prefixesIn some reference books, prefixes (and suffixes) are classified according to their source, butthis does not seem to help from a practical point of view. It seems m

43、ore helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories:The most productive prefixesPrefixes which are negativea-, dis-, in-, non-, un-Prefixes which are reversative or privativede-, dis-, un-Prefixes which are pejorativemal-, mis-, pseudo-Pr

44、efixes which are of degree or sizearch-,extra-,hyper-, macro-, mini-,out-, over-,sub-, super, sur-, ultra-, under-学习资料学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考Prefixes which are of attitudeanti-, co-, contra- counter-, pro-Prefixes which are locativeextra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, super-, tele-, trans-,Prefixes which are of ti

45、me and orderex-, fore-, pre-, post-, re-Prefixes which are of numbersemi-, uni-, mono-, bi-, di-, tri-, multi-, poly-Prefixes which are of a miscellaneous Auto-, neo- pan-, proto-, vice-category1.Negative prefixa-/an-amoral, asexual, atheism, anacid, anarchy,dis-dishonest, discontent, disobey, disag

46、reein-Incomplete, inconsistent, incorrect, invulnerable, illogical, illegal, impolite, immoral, imbalance, irrational, irregularnon-nonviolent, non-cooperation, nonautomatic, nonadjustable, nonalcoholicun-uninformative, unexpected, unease, unrest2.Reversative or privative prefix含“消除 ”意思de-defrost,de

47、regulation, degeneration, denationalize ， dehydratedepollute, devalue, decentralizeun-undo, unpack, untie, unwrap, unmaskdis-disconnect, dishearten, disinterested( 公正的，无私的), disambigulate学习资料学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考3.Pejorative prefixmis-misguide, misapplication, misbehavior, mischoice,mal-maladjustment,maldi

48、gestion,malfunction,maldevelopment,maltreat, malodorous, malnutritionpseudo-pseudonym, pseudoscience, pseudoclassic, pseudo-friend, pseudodemocratic,4) Prefixes of degree or sizehyper-hyperactive, hypercritical, hyperaggressive, hypercautiousultra-ultramodern, ultrasecret, ultraclean, ultrasonic, ul

49、traconservativemini-minibus, minicamera, miniskirtout-outdo, outgrown, outliveover-overwork, overestimate, overemphasize, overabundance, overburdenunder-underdeveloped, underpopulation, undergraduatesuper-supermarket, superpower, superstarsub-subadult, subtitle, subbreed, subatom5) Prefixes of orien

50、tation and attitudeco-Co-author, co-star, co-prosperity, cooperationcounter-Counterexample, counterclaim, counteractive, counterattack, counterculture, counterpartanti-anti-abortion, anti-art, antiwar, antibacterial, antisocial, anticancer, antibody学习资料学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考pro-pro-American, pro-American亲美的 , pro-Communist,pro-student, proslavery6) Locative prefixesfore-forearm, foreheadinter-international, intergovernmental, interdisciplinary