外研版初一(下)英语语法

1、初一(下)语法M1.代词包括人称代词、物主代词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词、反身代词、it用法.其中人称代词的用法是重中之重,它包括主格和宾格,人称代词主格在句子充当主语；人称代词的宾格在句中充当动词、介词的宾语或表语.第人称第二人称第三人称主格Iweyouyouheshethey宾格meusyouyouhimherthem如：-Whoisthatboy?-HeisTom.物主代词的用法(表示所属关系,包括形容词性物主代词的用法和名词性物主代词的用法):1 .形容词性物主代词在句子中作定语修饰名词,不单独使用.2 .名词性物主代词常用来代替前面已提及的名词,相当于形容词性物主代词+名词.3

2、.名词性物主代词可用在of后面作宾语,相当于"of名词所有格,表示带有局部概念或者有一定的感情色彩.物主代词A人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词myouryouryourherhisitstheir名词性物主代词mineoursyoursyourshershisitstheirs如：-Whosebagisthat?-Itismine.M2.情态动词的特征：(1)有一定的词义但不能单独作谓语,必须和行为动词或系动词连用,构成谓语.(2)无人称和数的变化(haveto例外,其第三人称单数形式为hasto).如：Wemuststayhere.后接动词原形,即不带to的不定式.如|:Hem

3、ayloseherway.(4)具有助动词的作用,可用来构成否认句、疑问句及用于简明答语.如：-CanyousinganEnglishsong?-Yes,Ican.情态动词can的用法：情态动词can后面跟动词原形.它可以表示水平,译为能,会；可以表示疑心、推测,译为可能；表示请求、允许,译为何以".本单元主语集中讲述can的肯定、否认和疑问形式.表示水平,译为能,会.如：Canyouplaybasketball?表示疑心、推测,译为可能,常用于否认句和疑问句中.如：Lucycan'beintheroom.表示请求、允许,译为可以“,相当于may.如：Youcangonow.

4、含有情态动词can的肯定句变否认句时,直接在它后面加not;肯定句变一般疑问句时,把can提前即可.见下表：启7E句主语+can+动词原形.否认句主语can'+动词原形.一般疑问句Can+主语+动词原形.?肯定答复Yes,主语+can.否认答复No,主语+cant.如：Mysistercansing.Mysistercan'sing.- -Canyoursistersing?- -Yes,shecan.- -No,shecan't.M3.一般将来时：begongto+动词原形一、“belongto+动词原形表示方案、打算做某事,表示已决定的、很可能发生的事,或有某种迹象

5、说明要发生的事.如：Whatareyougoingtodonextweek?下周日你打算干什么Lookatthedarkclouds.Thereisgongtobeastorm.看那乌云,暴风雨就要来临了.注意：在下面几种情况下只可用shallwill表示将来,而不可用begoingto结构.表示有礼貌地询问对方是否愿意或表示客气地邀请或命令时.如：Willyoupleaselendmeyourbike?请你把自行车借给我用一下好吗表示意愿时.如：I'Checkthisletterforyou,ifyouwant.你要愿意,我会给你查查这封信的.表示单纯的将来,与人的主管愿望和判断无关

6、时.如：Thesunwillriseathalfpastsixtomorrowmorning.明天早上太阳将在6:30升起.二、begoingto在句中一般用在其他动词之前.be包才amisare.根据be的句法要求,可以推断出begoingtodosth的否认形式和疑问形式,见下表：必士目/E否认一般疑问答复I'mgoingtovisitBeijing.I'mnotgoingtovisitBeijing.AreyougoingtovisitBeijing?Yes,Iam.No,I'mot.Youaregoingtotheparktomorrow.Youarenotgo

7、ingtotheparktomorrow.Areyougoingtotheparktomorrow?Yes,youare.No,I'mot.HeSheisgoingtobuysomeclothes.HeSheisnotgoingtobuysomeclothes.Isheshegoingtobuysomeclothes?Yes,hesheis.No,hesheisn't.Itisgoingtorain.Itisnotgoingtorain.Isitgoingtorain?Yes,itis.No,itisn't.Wearegoingtohaveapicnic.Weareno

8、tgoingtohaveapicnic.Arewegoingtohaveapicnic?Yes,weare.No,wearen't.Theyaregoingtohaveaparty.Theyarenotgoingtohaveaparty.Aretheygoingtohaveaparty?Yes,theyare.No,theyaren't.其特殊疑问句形式是由特殊疑问词+一般疑问句构成.如:-Whataretheygoingtodothisevening?-Theyaregoingtoseeafilm.-Whereishegoingtohavehisbirthdayparty?-

9、Athome.M4.一般将来时：will+do表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,其结构是will+动词原形,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow,next.,inafewdays,in+一段时间,in+将来的年份等.如：Willyoubebackintwodays?你将在两天之后回来吗TheywillleaveforShanghainextweek.他们下周将去上海.当主语是I或we时,疑问句中一般使用shall,表示征求对方意见.如Whereshallwemeettomorrow?明天我们在哪里见面will表示的是一般将来时,本身没有人称和数的变化.下面将will的句式总结如下:必士

10、否认一般疑问答复Iwillhavemanybooks.Iwillnot(won't)havemanybooks.WillIhavemanybooks?Yes,Iwill.No,Iwon't.Youwillwriteabook.Youwillnot(won't)writeabook.Willyouwriteabook?Yes,youwill.No,youwon't.HeShewillflykites.HeShewillnot(won't)flykites.Willhesheflykites?Yes,heshewill.No,heshewon't.I

11、twillhappen.Itwillnot(won't)happen.Willithappen?Yes,itwill.No,itwon't.Wewillwin.Wewillnot(won't)win.Willwewin?Yes,wewill.No,wewon't.Theywillcleantheroom.TheywillnotWilltheycleantheYes,theywill.(won't)cleantheroom.room?No,theywon't.Therewillbeaparty.Therewillnot(won't)beap

12、arty.Willtherebeaparty?Yes,therewill.No,therewon't.即：肯定句是：主语+will+动词原形否认句是：主语+willnot(won't)+动词原形一般疑问句是：Will+主语+动词原形M5.特殊疑问句的用法疑问句主要包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句.单词意思用法when什么时间问时间who谁问人whose谁的问主人where在哪里问地点which哪一个问选择why为什么问原因what什么何东西whattime什么时间问时间whatcolor什么颜色问颜色whatabout怎么样问意见whatday星期几问星期wh

13、atdate什么日期问具体日期whatfor为何目的问目的how怎么样问情况howold多大问年龄howmany多少问数量howmuch多少问价钱howabout怎么样问意见howfar多远问路程WhatcanIdoforyou?我能为你做什么Whatcolordoeshelike?他喜欢什么颜色Howmucharethey?他们多少钱M6.常用介词的根本用法表示时间的常用介词at多用于具体钟点前,如：atseven,attentonine;也可用于固定搭配中,如：atnoon,atnight.In表示一段时间,用于年、月、季节、或泛指的一天的上午、下午、晚上等前.如：inthemorning

14、,insummer,in2021;还可用于表示从现在起,多长时间以后或多久之后的短语中.On主语用在星期几、具体某一天的早、中、晚或节日前.如：onJune1st,onMondayoafter表示以过去为起点的某一段时间之后,用于过去时.如：Theyfinishedtheworkaftertwoyears.after还可与时间点连用表示将来某个时间之后.如：I'ringyouupaftertwoo'clock.until与否认词连用,译为直到.才,其前的谓语动词多用瞬间性动词；until用在肯定句中,译为直到.为止,其前的谓语动词需用延续性动词.如：Ididn'leav

15、euntilmymothercamehome.before和after表示时间,分别译为在.之前和在.之后.如：Pleasebringyourhomeworkbeforeteno'clock.表示地点的介词1.表示方位的in,on,toin表示在某一地区之内；to表示在某一地区之外；on表示与某地的毗邻关系.如：ChinaistothewestofJapan.over,above,on的用法over有芷上方“越过覆盖在上面之意.above指在上方,不一定表示正上方.on指在上面,表示两物体接触.at,in,on的用法at与较小的地点连用.如：athomein与较大的地点连用.如：int

16、heworldon表示在一个平面上.如：onthefarminfrontof,inthefrontof,beforeinfrontof表示在.的前部范围外.如：Thefrontof表示在.的前部范围内.如：Hestoodinthefrontoftheclassroom.before所表示的位置关系和infrontof相同,表示在.前面.如：Hesitsbeforeme.across,throughacross和through都表示穿过“.across着重指从一条直线或一物体外表的一边到另一边,表示游渡、乘船过海或

17、过河时用across;through含有从.中间穿过之意.如：Hecanswimacrosstheriver.Shehadtopushherwaythroughthecrowedtogettoherson.ontheleftright在左边右边nexttoooooo东:看opposite在.的对面onthecorner在拐角处between.and在.和.之间问路与指路常见的相关表达方式有很多,例如：Whereis?HowcanIget/goto?Canyoutellmethewayto?Canyoushowmethewayto?Isthereanearhere?Takethebusunder

18、ground.GoalongandturnleftrightGoacrossontheleftright.opposite如：-Excuseme,canyoutellmethewaytoWangfujingDajie?-Certainly.GoacrossDongChang'aJiie,goalongthestreetandturnleftatthethirdstreetontheleft.M7.一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态、过去的特征、过去的行为等.和一般过去时连用的时间状语有：last.yesterday.agointhepasttheotherdayattha

19、ttimejustnowin1990等.如:Iwasbornin2000.Hewenttothemuseumyesterday.Weclimbedthemountainlastweek.be动词在一般过去时中的变化：am和is在一般过去日中变为was;are在一般过去日中变为were.带有was或were的句子,其肯定、否认、疑问和答复方式的变化如下:必士否认一般疑问句答复IwasborninChina.Iwasnot(wasn't)borinChinaWasIborninChina?Yes,Iwas.No,Iwasn't.YouwerebusylastYouwerenot(w

20、eren't)bulsystWereyoubusylastYes,youwere.week.week.week?No,youweren't.HeShewasborninHeShewasnotbornin1990.WashesheborninYes,heshewas.1990.1990?No,heshewasn't.ItwasasmallschoolItwasnot(wasn'tasmallWasitasmallschoolYes,itwas.yearsago.schoolyearsago.yearsago?No,itwasn't.Weweregoodfr

21、iendsthen.Wewerenot(weren't)gofriendsthen.odWerewegoodfriendsthen?Yes,wewere.No,weweren't.Theywereinthecityin2000.Theywerenot(weren't)thnecityin2000.Weretheyinthecityin2000?Yes,theywere.No,theyweren't.M8.一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态、过去的特征、过去的行为等.和一般过去时连用的时间状语有：last.yesterday.agointhepast

22、theotherdayatthattimejustnowin1990等.如:Iwasbornin2000.Hewenttothemuseumyesterday.Weclimbedthemountainlastweek.规那么动词过去式的变化规那么变化规那么原形过去式一般动词词尾加-edwalklookwalkedlooked以元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写辅stopstepstoppedstepped音字母再加-ed以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,hurrymarryhurriedmarriedy变为i,再力口-ed般过去时的肯定、否认、疑问和答复方式的变化如下:必士目/E否认一般

23、疑问句答复Istartedschoolatfive.Ididn'(didn't)staschoolatfive.DidIstartschoolatfive?Yes,Idid.No,Ididn't.Youtookawalkthismorning.Youdidn'(didn'tkeawalkthismorning.Didyoutakeawalkthismorning?Yes,youdid.No,youdidn't.HeShemovedtoHeShedidn'(didn'rt)ovetoDidheshemovetoYes,heshedi

24、d.London.London.London?No,heshedidn't.Itrainedheavily.Itdidn'(didn't)raheavily.Diditrainheavily?Yes,itdid.No,itdidn't.Weplayedfootballyesterday.Wedidn'(didn'ptayfootballyesterday.Didweplayfootballyesterday?Yes,wedid.No,wedidn't.Theyplayedbasketballlastweek.Theydidn'(d

25、idn't)playbasketballlastweek.Didtheyplaybasketballlastweek?Yes,theydid.No,theydidn't.M9.在前两个模块中我们主要学习了一般过去时的判定,be动词的用法和规那么动词过去式的变化规那么,本讲主要学习不规那么动词的一般过去时用法.不规那么动词过去式构成方式独特,因此需要特殊记忆.以以下举一些常用的不规那么动词及其过去式.be-waswereleave-leftbuy-boughtmeet-metcome-cameread-readdo-didsee-sawget-gotspend-spentgo-w

26、entswim-swamhave-hadwrite-wrotetake-tooksend-sentbring-broughtput-put除了过去式的变化规那么不向以外,不规那么动词在肯定句、否认句、疑问句等各种句型中的使用与规那么动词相同.下面我们以spend,come,go,take,see,swim为例具体说明：必士否认一般疑问句答复Ispenttwodayshere.Ididn'(didn't)spertwodaysDidyouspendtwodaysYes,Idid.here.here?No,Ididn't.YoucamehereYoudidn'(di

27、dn'ComehereDidyoucomehereYes,youdid.yesterday.yesterday.yesterday?No,youdidn't.HeShewenttoworkHeShedidn'(didn'gotoDidheshegotoworkbyYes,heshedid.bybus.workbybus.bus?No,heshedidn't.IttooktwohourstogoItdidn'(didn't)takwohoursDidittaketwohourstoYes,itdid.there.togothere.goth

28、ere?No,itdidn't.WesawthefamousWedidn'didn'tseetheDidweseethefamousYes,wedid.filmstar.famousfilmstar.filmstar?No,wedidn't.Theyswaminthesea.Theydidn'(didn't)swiminDidtheyswimintheYes,theydid.thesea.sea?No,theydidn't.M10.在前两个模块中我们主要学习了一般过去时的判定,一般过去时的肯定、否认、一般疑问句及其答复.本单元主要学习一般过去特殊疑问句的用法.我们看下面的例句：- -Whendidhedie?- -Hediedin1900.- -Howlongdidtherainlast?- -Itlastedfourhours.- -Whydidhecomebacklate?-Becausehewantedtofinishedthework.综上,我们发现一般过去时的特殊疑问句的用法与一般现在时的特殊疑问句在结构上没有太大的差异,只是使用的助动词不同而已.M11.祈使句用来表达叮嘱、劝告、希望、禁止、请求或命令等.祈使句的特点：祈使句一般没有主语,说话的对象都是第二人称你或你们",