学案定语从句DOC

1、定语从句（要点透析）、定义及相关术语1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的那个名词或代词称为先行词。3.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that, as等；关系副词：where, whe n, why等。关系词常有 三个作用：引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中充当一定成分。Harry Po tter is the most in teresti ng novel that I have read.(that I have re

2、ad是定语从句；novel是先行词；that是关系代词，代替先行词novel，在从句中作have read的宾语。）关系词指代人或物定语从句中充当的成分关系代词that人或物主语、宾语、表语或状语which物或主句内容主语、宾语或定语who人主语或宾语whom人宾语whose(= of whom= of which)人或物定语as物或主句内容主语或宾语关系副词when(=适当介词+ which)时间状语where(=适当介词+ which)地点状语why(for which)原因状语4.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意

3、思往往不明确，翻译成先行词的定语，“”的,，”。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，通常翻译成主 句的并列句。关系代词 that和关系副词 why不能引导非限制性定语从句。His brother who is now a lawyer always en courages him to go to college.他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。（ 他还有其他的哥哥 ）His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥，现在是律

4、师，总是鼓励他上大学。（ 他只有一个哥哥 ）二、关系代词的使用1. 关系代词若在限制性定语从句中作宾语并且前面无介词时，关系代词可省略，其他情况 不可省。She is the woman (whom / that/who) I wanted to see yesterday.(whom / that/who指人，在限制性定语从句中作 wanted to see 的宾语，可以省略 ）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which /that 指物，在限制性定语从句中作are carryi

5、ng 的宾语，可以省略 ）Obamawon the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 2009, which we hadn't expected.(which指前面主句内容，在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，但不能省略Your parents are the ones to whom you can turn when you are in trouble.(whom有介词 to ，虽然作宾语，但不能省略 ） 2. 定语从句中的主谓一致1）关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。I, who amyour close fri

6、end, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.2）one of 复数名词 关系代词 复数动词；而 the only one of 复数名词 关 系代词 单数动词3）非限制性定语从句中，由关系代词as或which代替整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。He has passed the exam, which makes us surprised.Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.4）关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，谓语动词单

7、复数要看关系代词的指代。To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 30 years ago, now has become true.疑难点击】1指物时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用that 的情况：1)当先行词为 everything, anything, nothing, the one, none, all, much, few, any, little 等不定代词时，只用 that 。All that can be done has been done.2) 当先行词被 the only, the very

8、, all, much, few, any, little, no 修饰时，只用 that 。This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.3）当先行词是序数词、 形容词最高级或者先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级修饰时， 只用 that 。The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.疑难点击】4）先行词既有人又有物时，只用that 。Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?5）当主

9、句的主语是疑问词who或which时，为避免重复要用that。Who is the man that is standing there?6）有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which ，另一个宜用that 。that are related tothat 。They have set up a company, which deals with the things environment protection.7）当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时，只用Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be.2. 关系代词 a

10、s 和 which as 和 which 均可作关系代词用。它们既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从 句。（1） 在限制性定语从句中：as 作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句时，主要出现在下列几种习惯性搭配中，这时均不得 用 which 取代 as。the same,as 意为"和”相同的”I have bought the same bicycle as you have.我买了一辆和你的一样的自行车。such as与such,as 意为"像”这 （那）样的”The dictionary is not such as I expect.这一本并不是我所期望得到的词典

11、。I never heard such stories as he told.我从未听过他讲的那样的故事。as many/much,as 意为"禾R , 一样多”Here is plenty of hot water. You may use as much as you need.这儿有很多热水，你尽管用好了。as,as意为“和” 一样的，”There is never as brave a man as he.as 来取代它。从来没有像他那样勇敢的人。which 作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句时，一般不可简单地用We see the house the roof of which

12、 is red.我们能看到那所红顶的房子。(2) 在非限制性定语从句中： as和which都可以用来指代整个主句，在从句中充当主语、宾语和表语；两词通常可以 互换。但要注意： which 一般用于书面用语，而 as 通常用于口语体。The two brothers were satisfied with the decision, as/which was agreed beforehand.兄弟俩人对该决定很满意，这项决定是事先就商定好了。Jim found the farmhouse, as/which he had hoped he would.正如他事先所希望的那样，吉姆找到了那间农舍

13、。I was seasick, as/which some of the other passengers on board were.as 则不能。我有些晕船，船上其他一些乘客亦是如此。注意】 which 也可作介词的宾语引导非限制性定语从句，He lives in the house, the windows of which face to the south.他住在那所房子里，房子的窗户是朝南的。非限制性定语从句在意义上与主句近乎并列关系的，般用 which ；非限制性定语从句与主句相比较，表达说话人的看法或指出其内容的出处或根据，或者与上下文相联系的，一 般用 as。My broth

14、er was admitted into a university, which delighted us all.我哥哥被一所大学录取了，这件事使我们大家很高兴。It rained heavily, as we didn't expect.下这么大的雨，这是我们没料到的。which 引导的非as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句之前、之后或插入主句之中，而 限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun.=The earth, as is known to us all, turns aroun

15、d the sun.=The earth tur ns around the sun, as is known to us all.正如我们所知道的那样，地球绕着太阳转。I like English very much, which is a bridge to much knowledge.我非常喜欢英语，它是通向许多知识的一座桥梁。非限制性定语从句中的谓语是实义动词时，只能用which 作从句的主语；谓语是 say,imagine, expect, know, show, point, announce, suppose等动词的被动形式时，只能用as 作从句的主语，且多位于句首；谓语是 b

16、e adj.时，既可用 as 也可用 which 作从句的主语。I gave my son a toy for his birthday, which pleased him a lot.我给我儿子买了个玩具作为他的生日礼物，这使得他很高兴As is well known, light travels faster than sound.众所周知，光比声音传播快。We jumped for joy at the news, as/which was natural.很自然，我们听到了这个消息就高兴得跳了起来。当非限制性定语从句的谓语是复合结构，连接词在从句中作宾语时，只能用which 引导定语

17、从句。The Royal fleet was defeated by the Japanese, which most people thoughtunbelievable.皇家海军舰队被日本人打败了，大多数人认为是令人难以置信的。3“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom 指物时用 which，不能用that 。1) 某些带有介词的动词短语，介词可以提至关系代词之前，但是在一些固定搭配的短语动take care of,词中，由于动词和介词不可以分割，因此不能将介词置于关系代词之前，如等。look for, look after, care forT

18、his is the book (which / that) I am looking for.2) “介词关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词，有时数词或代词也可以放在“介词关系代词”之后。He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.=He loved his parents dee ply, of whom both are very kind to him.3）介词 which / whom to do 结构可

19、以改为：介词 which / whom 定语从句。I don't have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.=I don't have eno ugh money with which I can buy such an expen sive dress.4）在非限制性定语从句中， which 可作定语，指先行词 （短语或句子 ）所表示的信息，形成“介词 which 名词”结构，相当于 and in/at/during this/that名词。He was very ill, in which cas

20、e(=and in this case)we sent him to hos pital first.She lost her temper, at which point( = and at this point) I decided to go back home.Mike was a student at the university from 1998 to 2004, during which time(=andduring that time) he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students' Union

21、.三、关系副词的使用1. 以 the way 为先行词的定语从句通常由 in which 或 that 引导，而且通常可以省略。The way(in which / that)he answered the question was surprising.(in which / that在从句中充当状语 ）注意】 The way (which / that)he explained to us was quite simple.( which / that在从句中充当宾语。 ）2. 有时为了表达更清楚，可以在关系副词where / when 前加上介词 to, from 等。China is

22、the birth place of kites, fromwhere kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailandand India.疑难点击】一些特殊的先行词如： situation, point,case, activity ， scene 及 period, festival,that/which ，作状语时用occasion 等要注意具体情况具体分析，作主语、宾语和表语时用where/when 或介词 which 。四、关系代 / 副词的选择技巧1. 用还原法：将先行词放入定语从句中，找到它的原有位置，判断它作什么成分以及判断 先行词指人还是指物。疑难

23、点击】2. 一般说来，作主语、宾语或表语时， 用关系代词；作状语时， 用关系副词或介词 which；作定语时，用 whose。There is one point that we must insist on.( 定语从句可还原为： we must insist on the point，所以先行词 point 在定语从句中作宾语，故用 that/which 或省略。 )We're just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.( 定语从句可还原为： at the point

24、both sides will sit down together and talk,先行词 point 在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词用where/at which 。 )四、定语从句和其他句型之间的关系1. 区别 such,as,/(so,as,) 引导的定语从句和such/so,that, 引导的结果状语从句判断用 that 还是 as, 只要看到底是结果状语从句还是定语从句， 即看从句的结构是否完整。如果从句缺了主语或宾语就是定语从句；如果从句的结构完整，就是结果状语从句。He is such a good boy that everyone likes him. (不缺句子成分， t

25、hat 引导结果状语从句)He is such a good boy as everyone likes. (likes缺宾语，用 as 充当并引导定语从句 )充当The great white shark is so fierce a fish as eats most of the others. (as eats 的主语，并引导定语从句 )2. 区别非限制性定语从句与并列句He said nothing that made me angry. (限制性定语从句， that 是关系代词 )He said nothing, which made me angry. (非限制性定语从句 )He

26、 said nothing, and that made me angry. (并列句， that 是指示代词3. 定语从句与非谓语动词相结合The managers discussed the plan thatthey would like to see carriedout next year.(that they would like to see carried out next year是定语从句， that指代 the plan ，作 see 的宾语，用了 see sth. done 结构。 )4. 定语从句与名词性从句As is known to all, the moon t

27、ravels around the earth. (as引导非限制性定语从句 )It is known to all that the moon travels around the earth.(it作形式主语， that引导主语从句 )What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth. (what引导主语从句， that 引导表语从句 )That the moon travels around the earth is known to all.(that引导主语从句 )5. 定语从句与地点状语从句When you

28、 read the book, you'd better make a mark in the place where you have anyquestions.( 定语从句修饰 place)When you read the book, you'd better make a mark where you have any questions.(点状语从句 )Please put the book in the place where you got it. (定语从句修饰 place)Please put the book where you got it. (地点状语从

29、句 )6. 定语从句与强调句、状语从句It was this small village (that/which) we got to know each other.(定语从句 )It was in this small village that we got to know each other.(强调句 )It was 1914 when the war broke out.(时间状语从句 )It was in 1914 that the war broke out.(强调句 )It was 1914, when the war broke out.(非限制性定语从句 )疑难点击】定语从

30、句与同位语从句的区别：(1) 从词类上区别同位语从句前面的名词常是 idea, fact,news, hope, belief, suggestion, word, thought,doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等表示抽象意义的名词。而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或整个主句。Word came that he had gone abroad.据说他已经出国了。(同位语从句说明名词 word 的具体内容 )His mother did all she could to help him with his study.他妈妈尽最

31、大努力帮助他学习。( 定语从句，代词 all 作先行词 )疑难点击】(2) 从性质上区别 定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是从 句对前面抽象名词的进一步说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。I made a promise that if anyone set me free, I would make him very rich.我许诺如果谁让我自由，我就让他非常富有。（ 同位语从句，补充说明 promise）The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许

32、诺。（ 定语从句， that 从句作定语修饰 promise）how, whether, what 可以引导同疑难点击】（3） 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别。有些引导词如 位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。Today we have little idea what a hard life the Red Army was then leading.今天我们很难想象那时红军过的生活是多么艰苦。第 8 讲 定语从句（考点突破）() 1. I need to call my friend Davidcoat I walked off by mistake yesterday.（2010 福建厦门外

33、国语学校高三模拟）B. in thatA. in whoseC. with whichD. with her() 2. Is it the yearsyou worked in Africa as a doctorhave agreat effect on your literary works? （2011 四川成都市三校高三联考）A. that; whereB. that; thatC. when; whereD. when; that解析】1. A 关系代词 whose 指代 David's, 即 in David's coat ，“穿着 David 的外套”，故选A。2

34、. D 此处用了强调结构 It is/was 被强调部分 that/who/whom 句子的其他部分，在该结构中又加了定语从句，先行词 theyears 在从句 you worked 中作时间状语，因此选D。) 3. As was expected, onlyfive people turned up at the party,disappointed the hostess very much.(2010 河南商丘市高三模拟）A. whichB. thatC. whoD. where() 4. Wehope the measures to control prices,are taken b

35、y the government,will succeed. （2010北京市重点中学高三考前预测）A. asB. whenC. sinceD. after解析】3. A关系代词which 代替前面整个句子。4. A关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句指代先行词measures，在从句中作主语，因此选 A。) 5. BillGates has created a wonderful“window”people can surf theIn ternet freely.(2010重庆高三模拟)A. thatB. whichD. whenC. where() 6. There must be a ti

36、me in every man's life.(2010四川棠湖中学高三考前训练 ）A. that he is in low spiritsB. which he is in low spiritsC. when he is in low spiritsD. then he is in low spirits解析】5. C 根据句意“比尔盖茨创造了一个神奇的window（ 系统 ） ，人们可以通过这个系统, ”可知应用where 引导定语从句在句中作地点状语。6. C 先行词a time 在从句中作时间状语，用关系副词when,因此选C。() 7. He expressed his g

37、ratitude to his head teacher, withouthelp hewouldn't have made such great progress in his studies.(2010安徽合肥市高三质量检测）A. whoseB. hisC. whomD. which() 8. Could it be in the restaurant inyou had dinner with me yesterdayyou left behind your keys and wallet? （2011 甘肃天水市三中高三月考）A. which; whichB. which; t

38、hatC. that; whereD. where; where解析】7. A whose 引导定语从句，指代先行词 his head teacher 且在从句中充当 help 的定语。8. B 此句考查强调结构和定语从句的结合。in which 引导定语从句修饰 the restaurant 。( ) 9. I'll never forget the dayswe spent together in the countryside.( )14. It'shelpful to put children in a situationthey can see themselvesA

39、. whenC. whichIt was on the farmwe worked.(2011河南郑州四中高三第一次调考A. thereB. thatC. whereD. there解析】9. C先行词 the days 在定语从句中作宾语，spend the days ，因此选 C。(2010 辽宁锦州一中年高三测试)B. on whichD. in which( )10. Where did you get to know her?10. C调句，)11. A good ad often uses wordspeople attach positive meanings.(2011四川成都

40、市三校高三联考 )A. in whichB. to whichC. whichD. that()12. On the flight to Chongqing, the memory of my childhood,I was myfather's shadow, came flooding back. (2010重庆模拟 )A. asB. whenC. whileD. where解析】11. B attach,to,为固定搭配，介词to 前置，用关系代词which 。因此选 B。12. B when 引导定语从句修饰先行词my childhood, 相当于in which 在从句中作时

41、间状语。( )13. I refuse to accept the blame for somethingwas someone else's fault.A. whoB. thatC. asD. what根据句意“你在哪里认识她的？是在我们工作的农场里。”可知答句为省略了的强 即 It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know herdifferently.(2011云南曲靖一中高三月考 )A. thatB. whenC. whichD. where解析】13. B 考查定语从句关系词。定语从句先行词是something ，

42、且在定语从句中作主语，that 。于 something 是不定代词，只能用关系代词14. D 先行词 a situation 在定语从句中作地点状语，因此选D。()15. An official said the plan had also taken migrant workers into account,medical care would be provided even if they didn't have a stable job.(2010苏泰州 / 南通市高三第三次模拟 )A. for whomB. for whichC. with whomD. with whic

43、h()16. I wouldn't eat potatoes unless I'm really starving, incase youeat almost an ythi ng. (2010江苏宿迁市二模)A. whoseB. oneC. whatD. which解析】15. A 先行词migrant workers 在定语从句中作宾语，用在 provide sth. for sb.结构中，因此选 A。16. D 非限制性定语从句，意思为：在这种情况下，介词in 前置，用关系代词 which ，因此选 D。()17. Our goal is to build a harmo

44、nious societyall people are welleducated, workers well paid, patients well treated, elders well tended, and familieswell accommodated. (2010 江苏宜兴市高三模拟)A. whichB. thatC. in whichD. in that( )18. Wewill take the conditions into careful considerationyou have江苏六合高级中学高三冲刺attached to this contract. Thanks

45、. Wish our future cooperation pleasant.(2010模拟)A. afterB. whenC. whatD. which解析】17. C which指代先行词 a harmonious society, in which在定语从句中作地点状语，因此选 C。18. D which引导的定语从句，其先行词为 conditions ，且在从句中充当attached 的宾语。故选 D 项。()19. Barry hid himself behind the door, fromhe could hear the stepsof his father clearly.

46、(2010江苏淮安市高三5 月调研 )A. whichB. thatC. whenD. where()20. Thosenot only from books but also through practicewill succeed.A. learnB. whoC. thatD. who learn解析】19. D from where 即 from behind the door ，此处容易和答案 A 混淆， fromwhich 即 fromthe door ，和全句意思不符，因此选D。20. D 先行词是 those, 在从句中作主语，不能省略关系代词，谓语动词用复数形式。)21. Mr.