女性主义论文

1、Title:AnAnalysisofATaleofTwoCitiesfromFeminismPerspective摘要：本文主要采用MaryWollstonecraft的女性主义研究方法分析查尔斯狄更斯的名著双城记。在双城记中，女性在父权制社会中一直处于被歧视被边缘化的位置，在欧洲大陆只能被认为是屋里的天使”，而不能参与男性从事的政治，教育等工作。并且，男性可以随意发声，而女性则处于沉默状态，正如她们在现实生活中的状态一样。法国大革命爆发之后，人们开始追求自由与平等的权利关系，也为女权运动提供了契机。关键词：双城记；女性主义；边缘化；平等Abstract:Thispaperwillfurthe

2、rexploreCharlesDickensAfiaseeofiTceDCitiesfromMaryWollstonecraftfensinismperspective.InthebookATaleofTwoCities,womenarealwaysinthesubordinateandmarginalizedpositioninthepatriarchalsociety,andtheyarealsodeemedasthe“angelinthehouseinEuropeancontinent,sthattheycannotgooutandparticipatetheareaslikepolit

3、icsoreducation.Moreover,menareinthedominateposition,whilewomenaremostlysilent,whichreflectstheirsocialstatusatthattime.AfterFrenchRevolution,peoplebegantofightforthefreedomandequalpowerrelations,whichhasalsoprovidedfabulousopportunitiesforfeminismmovement.KeyWords:ATaleofTwoCities;Feminism;Marginali

4、zation;Equality.TableofContentsAbstract摘要TableofContentsAcknowledgement1. Introduction2. LiteratureReview3. TheDominantPositionofMen3.1 TheKindImageofManette3.2 TheLoyaltyofCharlesDarnay3.3 TheTalentedimageofSydneyCarton4. TheMarginalizationofWomeninPatriarchalSociety4.1 TheSilenceofAllWomenintheSto

5、ry4.2 TheRealityof“AngelintheHouse”5. ThePositiveandNegativeImagesoWomen5.1 Lucy'sPerfectImageBasedonMen'sDesire5.2 MadameDefarge'sEvilImage5.3 IrrationalityandEmotionalityofAllWomen6. ConclusionReferenceAcknowledgementIwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetothosewhohavehelpedmefinishthisthesisa

6、ndhelpedmemakeitbetter.Tobeginwith,IwouldliketoextendmysinceregratitudetoProfessorxxwhoisalsomysupervisorformythesisforhispatientinstructionandconstructivesuggestions.Professorxxwasverysupportiveofmyownideasonthethesisattheveryfirststageandsharedplentyofusefulmaterialstometoenrichthecontentsanddeepe

7、nthesubjectofthisthesis.WhenIgotproblemswiththethesis,hewasrathergeneroustoprovidemewithvaluableadvice.Withhispatientinstructionandrevisionofmyeachdraft,thethesishasbeenimprovedalot.Besides,Ialsowanttoexpressmythankstomyclassmatesfortheirgenerousshareofvaluablematerialsandtheircontinuousencouragemen

8、t.TheirsupportandconstantdiscussionwithmehaveinspiredmegreatlywhileIwasfacingdifficultieswritingthisthesis.Text1. IntroductionATaleofTwoCitiesisoneofCharlesDickens'masterpieces,anditmainlysetsthe'sfamiliesidwthadhtheel,FrenchRevolutionasthebackground.Inthestory,thecityofLondonandParisareconn

9、ected,andthemaincharactersaretheManetteroyaltiesare,howcruellytheroyaltiestreatthepeoplehaveallbeenrevealed,whichhasclearlypresentedpeoplesgrudgetowardstheroyalties.AsrevealedinATaleofTwoCities,attheauthor'stimewhenvariousideologicaltrendssprangup,peoplewereexperiencingfear,joy,orsurpriseintheso

10、cialchange.Atthesametime,thecontradictionsamongBritishclassesweredeepening,whichhasdevelopedintotheirreconcilablestage.Accompaniedbytheriseoftheindustrialrevolution,thecontradictionbetweentheworkingclassandthebourgeoisstrugglehasbecomethethemeoftheerainBritishsociety.Duringthisperiod,thecapitalistsa

11、reextractingmoreprofitsthroughthecruelexploitationofdomesticworkers,sotheworkersareleadingadifficultlife,andthetreatmentisdifficulttomatchwiththepay.Consequently,moredistressoflifehasfinallyresultedinthemovementsamongthesAsTitualaetiofnTinwoCitiesisworkingclass.ATaleofTwoCitieshasperfectlydemonstrat

12、edthehistoricalmoments.Apartfromtherevolutionitpresents,womenalsodemonstrated.Asamatteroffact,feminismmovementaimsatfightingagainstthediscriminationtowardswomen,soastoguaranteewomensdeservedsocialstatusandrights,andeventuallyrealizethetargetoftotallyequalrelationsbetweenmenandwomen.Inpatriarchalsoci

13、ety,fightingforwomensliberationreferstotheformulationofimprovingtheproductivityinthesociety,theolddoctrinesthatmayprosecutewomensuchasfee-bindingorcastrationmustbecompletelyforbidden,andgraduallytheequalityonpolitics,culture,societyandfamilieswillberealized.Thoughmostcountrieshavehistoriesofannounci

14、ngequality,theequalitydoesnotinvolverespectsandfreedomofwomen,whichhaseventuallyledtothefiercefeminismmovements.JustJudithButlermentioned,itishightimeforculturestudytofocusongenderequality,(Butler15)andATaleofTwoCitiesjustshowsthesubordinatepositionandmiserablelifeofwomeninthesociety,sothefollowingp

15、artswillanalyzethismasterpieceformfeminismperspective.regulationsandlawstoguaranteewomen'sequalityinrace,gen:aerty(When2. LiteratureReviewAsagiantwriterinBritishliterature,CharlesDickensisawriterwhoisrathergoodatwritinglongstories,andhisworkhasattractedplentyofresearchesfromgreatexpertsalloverth

16、eworld.AsaremarkablebookwrittenbyCharlesDickens,ATaleofTwoCitieshasalsoreceivednumerouscriticsfromprofessionalsinliteraturefield.Usually,theexpertsmatfocusonthethemeofthenovel,suchashumanismandfeminism,andsomeexpertsInZangChangeandGuoYueqin'study,theymainlyfocusonthestudyofdifferentimagesandcult

17、uralcharacteristicsthatreflectedinthestoryofATaleofTwoCities.InWuMin'sessay,shemainlyfocusesonthestudyofhumanismandtherelatedspiritsinFrenchRevolutioninATaleofTwoCities.InBaiYang'sessay,healsoexploresthethemeofhumanismthatinvolvedineachcharacterinthestoryofATaleofTwoCities.InQuiXiping,WangTa

18、ohua,andHeSufang'sessay,theymainlyresearchontheprogress,limitationandthesignificancetomodernsocietyofhumanisminATaleofTwoCities.InWangZimo'sessay,hemainlyexploresthedifferentattitudestowardsrevolutionandthereasonsthatcausedtheirdifferentresponsesforallcharactersinATaleofTwoCities.InFuShouxia

19、ng'essay,heprovidesadetailedanalysisonthedemonstrationofromanticrealityinthestoryofATaleofTwoCities.ApartfromthesimilarthemesofhumanismthatreflectedinthestoryandthespiritsthatrelatedtotheFrenchRevolution,alotofexpertsalsonoticeaboutthewomenimagesinthestory.SincethestoryhappensduringtheperiodofFr

20、enchRevolution,humanismandequalitymustbeanimportantthemeinthestory.InMaWeiyu'sessay,hepointsothenegativeimagesshapedinthestoryandcriticizesthediscriminationtowardswomen.InLvZhenhua'sessayesharedadetailedanalysisonwomensubordinatepositionrevealedinthestory.Clearly,scholarshavealreadyprovideda

21、bundantresourcesonanalyzingthestoriesfromdifferentperspective,andthispaperwilladoptMaryWollstonecraftfeminismmethodstodiscoverwomenspositioninthepatriarchalsociety.3. TheDominantPositionofMenInVictorianage,womenaredeemedas“AngelintheHouse”,sotheyarelimitedtostayathomeanddohousework,whilemanaregrante

22、dwithhonortoparticipateinpolitics,laws,education,arts,musicandsoon.Therefore,menarealwaysinthedominantpositioninhistory.Itisalsoratherobviousinthenovelthatthemeninthenovelareshapedaseitherkindorbrave,andtheyaredefinitelythemaincharactersinthestory,sowomenaretotallyneglected.3.1 TheKindImageofManette

23、Therearevariouskindsofcharactersinthisstory,whileDoctorManettebelongstothegroupthathaveextremelykindhearttowardseveryoneandeverythingintheword.Asamatteroffact,DoctorManetteisconsideredtobealittlebittooperfectandideal,soitcanbeclearthathemustbethemodelfortheentiresociety.Asthemaincharacterofthestory,

24、DoctorManetteshowsthecharacteristicsofbeinghonestandnoble.Inordertofightfrojustice,hegatheredhisnervestorevealtheroyaltiestotheimperialcourt.However,DoctorManetteisnotthatpowerfulastheroyalbrothers,soheendedupbeingcaughtinprison.Perhapsotherpeoplemaybecomeirritatedanddesperate,butDoctorManetteshowsh

25、isloveandtolerancetoallothercriminalsintheprison,whichisratherunbelievableandastonishingtoreaders.Besides,undertheinfluenceofDoctorManette,hisdaughteralsopresentedextremekindnessandtolerancetopeople,whichhasshownDoctorManette'sgreatimpact.Inordertopresentthepositiveimageofmeninthenovel,DoctorMan

26、etteisshapedasamercifulgod,andheisjusttherepresentativeofnumerousprofoundmeninthesociety.PerhapsCharlesDickenswasjustlikeothermeninthesocietyatthattime,sohehopedmencouldallbeasperfectasDoctorManette.DoctorManettesseemstobegrebuthisextremeperfectnessandkindnessaretoounrealistic.3.2 TheLoyaltyofCharle

27、sDarnayComparedwithDoctorManette,CharlesDarnayshouldbeevenmoreperfect,andCharlesDickensjusthaveusedthetoneofcomplimenttocreatethischaracters.AlthoughCharlesDarnaywasborninaroyalfamilywhichhasconductednumerouscrimes,heshouldhavethepureheartandhasneverbeenaffectedbytheotherfamilymembers.CharlesDarnayh

28、atedthecrimeshisfamilieshavecommitted,andheconfessedtohisauntthat,theirfamilieshavemadetoomanymistakesthathavehurtgreatmanypeople.Apartfromthecondemnationfromlanguage,CharlesDarnayalsotookaction,suchasgivinguphisposition,property.Eventually,CharlesDarnaychangedhisnameandcametoLondontobeateacher.Heha

29、dpropertythatcanprovidehimwithawealthylife,buthechosetogivethemupandrelyonhimself,whichwasratherbelievableforpeople.InCharlesDarnayide(slogy,therealvalueofmenisnotreflectedonpower,socialstatusandproperty,butitshouldbereflectedontherealizationofindividual'svaluesaswellasthesocialvalues.Theroyalfa

30、miliesarethetargetsfortheFrenchRevolutiontofightagainst,butCharlesDarnayjustshowedhisbravery,noblepursuitinfrontofreaders.CharlesDarnay'sexperiencehascontainedCharlesDickens'desireoftheroyalstogiveuptheirprivileges,andCharlesDarnayesxcellenttraitsinthestoryarealsotheimportantpersonalitiesinm

31、enthatCharlesDickenswantstoemphasize.3.3 TheTalentedimageofSydneyCartonDoctorManetteandCharlesDarnaymaybetooperfecttobetrueforreaders,buttheimageofSydneyCartonhasrichpersonalities.Hehascontradictorypersonality,butheistalentedandkind,sothiskindofpersonalityisalsoanotherkindofdemonstrationoftheexcelle

32、ntfeaturesofmen.SydneyCartonisnotseriousasothercharacters,andhecannotchangehisweaknesseseventhoughheknowsratherclearlyaboutit.Whenheissufferingfrommiseriesanddisappointment,hechoosestorelyonwine.Allthesemaymakehimbelikeaimperfectperson,butitisstillthefundamentalemotionsforhumanbeings.Whenhefallsinlo

33、vewithLucy,hechoosestostayawayfromtherelationshipbecauseheisclearlyawareofthefactthatheisnotabletobringhappinesstoLucy.ConsideringtheresponsiblebehaviorofSydneyCartonintherelationship,hisnoblespiritisquitegreat.Intheend,inordertomaintainthehappinessfortheentirefamilyofLucy,SydneyCartoneventuallychoo

34、sestosubstituteDarnaytobeexecuted.Atthattime,SydneyCarton'sgreatspiritofbenefitingothershavebeenbestrevealed.4. TheMarginalizationofWomeninPatriarchalSocietyTheprevailingtraditiontoconsidermenassuperiortowomeninpatriarchalsocietyisoneoftherealisticrootsofwomen'ssufferings.Inmen'straditio

35、nalmind,womennotequaltoman,sotheyshouldjuststayathomeanddohouseworkandarealwaysreadytomakemenfeelcontent.JustasMaryWollstonecraftpointedout,“asorRousseau'remarks,thathey(littlegirls)arenaturally,thatis,fromtheirbirth,independentofeducation,afondnessfordolls,dressing,andtalking,theyaresopuerileas

36、nottomeritaseriousrefutation.”(Wollstonecraft162)Clearly,womenhavealreadybeenprejudicedbythesociety,sotheyeventuallybecomewhatthesocietyexpectthemtobe.4.1 TheSilenceofAllWomenintheStoryWhenmenareinthedominantpositioninpatriarchalsociety,thenwomenwilldefinitelyhavetobeinthesubordinateposition.Inthest

37、ory,allmenareshapedasresponsible,braveandtalented,andtheyarethemaincharacterstopushthestoryline,sowomenwillhavetobesilentallthetime.Intheentirestory,womendonotplayrathersignificantrole,andtheyarejustwatchingthemencharacterstofightandmakeefforts.Similarly,inthesocietyatthattime,womenwerejustexpectedt

38、ostayathome,sotheyarecompletelysilentfromallaspectsofsociallife.Theyarenotabletojointhepolitics,vote,orreceiveeducation,sotheyarejustmarginalizedbythemainstreamculture.AlthoughwomenarealsothekeyparticipantsinFrenchRevolution,menseffortsareonlybeseenbyreaders,whilewomenwerejustsilent,whichwasjustther

39、eflectionofwomen'ssubordinatepositioninthesociety.Forinstance,severalwomencharactersappearedinthestory,suchasLucy,MadameDefarge,buttheyseemedtobeunworthyofbeingmentionedinthestory.Whenmostcountriesareworkinghardtofightforequalrightsforhumanbeings,theyfailtotakewomensrightsintoaccount,whichhasdir

40、ectlyresultedinwomensmarginalizationinthesociety,prejudiceandneglectingofwomensrights.Therefore,onlymenhavetherightstomaketheirvoiceherd,butwomenhavetokeepsilentinthestory.4.2 TheRealityof“AngelintheHouse”InVictorianage,womenareexpectedtostayathomeanddealwithwiththehouseworkandchildcaring,becausewom

41、enarealwaysseenasweak,fragile,sensitiveandemotional.Suchkindofprejudiceanddiscriminationjustresultedinthemoreseveremarginalizationofwomeninthesociety,JustasMaryWollstonecraftmentioned,“thatagift,condemnedtositforhourstogetherlisteningtotheidlechatofweaknurse,ortoattendathermother'toilet,willende

42、avortojointheconversation,is,indeed,verynatural;andthatshewillimitatehermotheroraunts,andamuseherselfbyadorningherlifelessdoll,astheydoindressingher,poorinnocentbabe!isundoubtedlyamostnaturalconsequence.Formenofthegreatestabilitieshaveseldomhadsufficientstrengthtoriseabovethesurroundingatmosphere.”(

43、Wollstonecraft162)Thoserigorousrequirementsforwomenhavejustreflectedtheprejudiceandunfairrulesforwomentoobey.InthestoryofATaleofTwoCities,nearlyallwomeninthesubordinateposition,andtheyarerestrictedtohousework.Whenallthemencharactersarepresentingtheirbraveryandtalentsinthelegendaryrevolution,womenare

44、stillkeptinthe“houstheyarenotabletoparticipateinthegreatcauseofEurope.Asmentionedabove,themainreasonthatcausedsuchsituationoriginatedfrommen'prejudiceoverwomen.Whenwomenarelabeledasweakoremotional,theyarepreventedtojointheseriousactivitiesinthesociety,suchaspolitics,education,orarts.Althoughmena

45、reshapedasheroesinthestory,womensstatusshouldbeneglected.Theiralienationfromtherevolutionisnotbecauseoftheirtimidity,butbecauseoftheexclusionofwomenfromsocialactivities.Therefore,womenappearedtobe“AngelintheHouse"inthestoryandpresrnnteusinegativeimages.5. ThePositiveandNegativeImagesofWomenAlth

46、oughmenareinthedominantpositioninthestoryofATaleofTwoCities,therearestillseveralwomencharactersappearinginthestory.Someofthemareshapedaspositiveimages,butmostofthemareshapedasnegativeimages.Nomatterthepositiveornegativeimagesofwomen,theyarejustcreatedtosatisfymen'sexpectationofwh<sDesirewomen

47、shouldbe.5.1 Lucy'sPerfectImageBasedonMenAmongthevariousimagesofwomeninthestory,Lucyisliketheangel,andsheistheonlywomanthatattractsCharlesDickens'attentiontogivecompliments.Asamatteroffact,Lucyinthestoryhaswoneveryone'sadmiration.CharlesdCartonhaveallfalleninlovewithLucy,andthenotoriousr

48、oyaltyalsowantstomarryher.WhenherfatherDoctorManettestillhaveclearconsciousness,hetrieshisbesttotakecareofherandgivesherallhislove.Thereasondoesnotlieinherluck,butinherimagethatmeetswithmensdesireinpatriarchalsociety.Tobeginwith,Lucypossessesallthefeaturesthatmendesireinpatriarchalsociety.Forinstanc

49、e,Lucyisbeautiful,chaste,obedient,soshecansuccessfullyplaytheroleofadaughter,motherandwifeasthemendesired.Tohisfather,sheisquitefilial,andsheeventakesgoodcareofhimwhenheisill.Toherhusbandandchildren,sheisalsocontributingeverythingtothefamilies.Besides,Lucyputsthefamilyastheentireworldofhers,sosheisc

50、ompletelykeptinthehouse.Formen,theyconsiderthemselveshavethesuperiorityinstrengthandwisdom,sotheyareproudtooccupythepublicarea,suchaspolitics,educationorarts,whilewomenissupposedtostayathomeanddothemostmdeialjobsinmenseyes.Therefore,Lucyissuchkindofwomanthatsatisfiestheexpectationfromthepatriarchals

51、ociety,sosheisshapedasaperfectfigureintheentirestory.5.2 MadameDefarge'sEvilImageIfLucyisconsideredtobeangel,thenMadameDefargeisshapedasevil.Inthemale-dominatedsociety,womenarenotsupposedtointerferewiththefieldsthatmendominate,andtheyarejustexpectedtostayathomeanddohousework.AsforMadameDefarge,s

52、hehasratherstrongpersonality,andshewouldliketobehavelikemen,sosheisshapedasacruelwoman.(Ma32)JustasChesney-Lindandotherscholarspointedout,womenarealwayssufferedfromgenderinequalityinthecriminaljusticesystem.(Chesneyetal.510)Inmensstandards,MadameDefargedoesnotpositionwellasthepatriarchalsocietydesir

53、eshertobe.Forinstance,MadameDefargeismoreresolutethanherhusband,andsheisneversubmissivetoherhusbandasotherwomen,sosheisjusttheoppositesideofLucy,whomeetsthestandardsofthesociety.Therefore,whenMadameDefargetriestobetheleaderofthefamilytodecideeverything,sheisshapedasanevilfigure.Justasthenoveldescrib

54、es,Similarly,duringtwoorthreehoursofbrawl,andthewinnowingofmanybushelsofwords,MadameDefarge'sfrequentexpressionsofimpatienceweretakenup,withmarvellousquickness,atadistance:themorereadily.”(Dickens66).AfterthebreakoutofFrenchRevolution,MadameDefargetakesanactivepartintherevolutionsuchastherevenge

55、,whichissupposedtobemen'sjobs,sosheisshapeasrathercruelanddisgustingforreaders.5.3 IrrationalityandEmotionalityofAllWomenthestoryareactuallynotthatexcellentoridealasmeninthestory.(Lv26)Allthosekindandpoorwomenhavegonethroughmuchmiseriesthatcausedbytheprejudiceanddiscriminationfrommenaroundthem,sotheunfairnessandpainfrommenareactuallythelongest,deepest,andmostdirectintheirlives.NomatterLucy'sobedience,orMadameDefarge'sevilypersownoamlmliteninIndeed,womenaremoreinclinedtobeirrationa