建筑学外文翻译—基于历史回顾聚落、城和乡村街区的依存关系

1、HISTORICALREVIEWOFTHEINTERDEPENDENCEOFSETTLEMENTSANDURBANANDRURALBLOCKSLjiljanaVukajlovAbstract.Duetotheemergenceofanewwayofshapingsettlementspace,processwhenthebasiccharacteristicsofthetraditionallyformedblocksarelost,anideaaboutsearchingtheroleoftheurbanandruralblockinformingthestructureandtheiden

2、tityofasettlementisinitiated.1Thebasicaimoftheresearchistoprovethattheblockhasalwaysbeenanintegralpart,andsometimeseveninseparablepartofasettlementstructure,itsrecognizableelementandasignificantplaceofneighboring,andthatduetothisitisimportanttopreserveitsvaluesinfutureinterventionsinsettlements.Inor

3、dertounderstandthecauseforthedisappearanceofthetraditionalblock,itscharacteristicshavebeenresearchedinthesettlementsfromthepastandtheinterdependencebetweentheformsofsettlementsandtheblockshasbeenestablished.Keywords:Settlements,urbanblock,ruralblock,interdependence,morphology1. IntroductionBlockexis

4、tedinmostofthesettlementsbuiltindifferenthistoricalperiodsonallcontinents.Ithadspecialsignificanceintheancientworld,becauseitrepresentedamoduleinplanningandorganizingsettlements,alsointheRenaissance,whenitwasaninseparablepartoftowns.Duringallhistoricalperiodsblockrepresentedalsothecommunityofthepeop

5、lewhoweremutuallyconnectedwithintheblock,indifferentways(intermsofreligion,race,class).Duringthe20lhcentury,oneofwhosecharacteristicsarebrokenconnectionswiththepastinallareasoflifeandnegationoftradition,therewasachangeofattitudetowardsformingandshapingspace,andatthesametimetowardsthebasicelementsoft

6、hesettlementstructure.Becauseofthat,thebasiccharacteristicsoftheblockwerechanged.Itsdisappearancewasobservedaswell.Attheendofthe20,hcenturyblocksinolderpartsofsettlementswereradicallyreconstructed,duetothistheidentityoftheseareaswaschanged.Thephysicaltransformationsofablockalsocausednewsocialconditi

7、onsandcontactsamongpeople.Neighboringunitsstartedtodisappear,andpeoplebecamemoreandmorealienatedfromeachother.Blockis,anareaofinhabitedterritory,determinedforbuilding,oralreadybuilt,limitedbystreets,square,park,riverbank,etc.n1orsomeotherareas.Mostcommonlyitisagroupofbuildings,houses,oracombinationo

8、fboth,andtherearecasesthatthewholeblockisonehouse(unitblock)2.Ithasbeenproventhatthehistoryofmankindisconnectedtotheappearanceanddevelopmentofsettlements,andthereforedataonsettlementscanbetracedbacktotheappearanceofthefirstorganizedhumancommunities.Byresearchingsettlementsfromtheearliesttimes,untiln

9、owadays,thedevelopmentoftheruralandurbanblockcanbefollowedaswell.Blockasanelementofsettlementstructureexistedinallperiods,ancienttimes,MiddleAges,andmodernage.Someofitscharacteristicswhichhavesurvivedduringseveralthousandsofyears,remainedevennowadays,andareofgreatimportancefordeterminingnotonlythesi

10、gnificanceofblockforformingthestructureandidentityofsettlements,butalsoforthefutureinterventionswithinblocksandsettlements.2. ReviewofFormingofBlockthroughShapesSignificantfortheHistoryofSettlementsThefirsthabitatswherepeoplesatisfiedonlytheirbasicexistentialneedsareforerunnersofruralsettlements3.Th

11、eruralsettlementswereformedonnaturallysuitablelocationswithfavorableclimaticconditions,nearwaterandfertilesoil,oronnaturalelevations,evenoninaccessibleandhiddenplacesfarawayfromroads.Smallersettlementswereformedofonlyfewbuildings,freelylocatedandgroupedinspace.InprehistoricsettlementsGlastonburyinEn

12、gland(Fig.1)orSkaraBraeinScotland(Fig.2)blocksdidnotevenexist.Blockregularityofthestructureexistedasearlyasintheprehistoricperiod/Thestructuralregularityofthesettlementsonwoodenpilesabovemarshlandwastheconsequenceofthestructuralsystemofplatformsonwhichthosesettlementswerecreated,aswellasaconsequence

13、ofefficiencyinusingitssurfacearea(Fig.3)4.Nowadays,therearealsosimilarsettlementsonwoodenpiles,suchasZanvie,avillageinBenininAfrica(Fig.4).Theconcentrationandefficiencyofusinglandhavealwaysbeenthebasiccharacteristicsofvillagesettlements.Urbansettlementswereformedlaterthatruralones,asaconsequenceofre

14、ligiousneeds,appearanceofhandicrafts,surplusofproductsandtheneedforexchangeofgoods.Thatiswhytheyweremostfrequentlyformedinplacesofspecialspiritualenergy,nearroads,attheirintersections,attheriverbanksorseashores.ChatalHuyuk(QatalHuyiik)isasettlementconsideredtobethefirsttown(Fig.5).3Itwasformed6,500B

15、CintodaysTurkey,soonaftertheappearanceofagriculture.Mostprobablytherewere6,000inhabitants.Itisthebestexampleofasettlementinwhichpeopleexchangedfruitsfromthesurroundingareaforgoodsfromotherareas5.Thehouseswerebuiltofbricksandearth,andwereplacednexttoeachother.Therewerenodoors,buttheentrancewasthrough

16、anopeningontheroof,becauseitwassaferthatway(Fig.6).Throughthoseonlyopeningssmokewentout.Therewerenowallssurroundingthesettlement.Sincethebuildingswerepositionednexttoeachother,flatroofswereusedasstreets.Insidethebuildingsthewallswerepainted,andpeoplesleptonplatforms.Thedeadwereburiedinsidethebuildin

17、gsaswell.SomeruralsettlementseventuallydevelopedintourbansettlementssuchasUr.Townsettlementsoftenwereveryspecificanduniqueinvariousaspects,thatiswhyitismoredifficulttocomparethemthanvillagesettlements.However,byconsideringsettlementsfromdifferentperspectives,takingintoconsiderationthehistoricalmomen

18、toftheircreation,processofdevelopment,thecauseoftheirdeclineanddisappearance,aswellastheirpeopleneeds,itispossibletounderstandtheirrelevanceandthecharacteristicsofalloftheirelements.3. MorphologicalDependenceofSettlementsandBlocksBysystematizationofsettlementsaccordingtotheshapeofthebaseofthesettlem

19、entsandblocks(Table1)greatdiversitywasnoted,andasimpledivision,notonlyofthesettlementsbutalsooftheblocks,intwobasiccategories,regularandirregularwasmade.Theshapeofthebaseofthesettlementistheconsequenceofmanyfactors,andinthispaperthesignificanceofphysicalshapeofablock,oneofthemostimportantelementofth

20、esettlementstructure,isspeciallyemphasized.Regularshapesofsettlementbasesarealwaystheconsequenceofregularlyorganizedstreetnetv/orksandshapesofblocks,andirregularshapesofsettlementsareeitherconsequenceofirregularshapesofblocksortheyareconditionedbynaturalspecificcharacteristics(movedrelief,presenceof

21、curvedwatersurface,biggerterraininclineandthesimilar).Regularityoftheshapesofthesettlements1baseandblocksisaconsequenceofthewaythesettlementswerecreated.Thosesettlementsthatwereformedascompleteinaveryshortperiod,weremostfrequentlybuiltfromtheouterborders,wallstowardsthecentre,inwhichprocessblocksofr

22、egularshapesweremostcommonlyformed,andthesettlementswhichwerecontinuallyformed,duringalongerperiodoftime,werespreadingfromthecentertowardstheoutskirtsofthesettlements,andtheblocksweremostfrequentlyofirregularshape.Therearesettlementswhichwereformedwithinregularlypositionedwalls,andtheblocksareofregu

23、larshapes.Therearealsosettlementswhichwerecreatedbymultiplicationofregularlyshapedblocks;thereforetheregularbasesofthesettlementswereformed.Thus,itcanbeconcludedthattheregularityofblockswastheconsequenceofthesettlementorganization,butalsotheregularityofblocksinfluencedtheregularityoftheshapeoftheset

24、tlements*bases.Thesquareblockshape(Fig.8)isnotedinRomanmilitaryfortifications,castra,whosebasesareofregularshapes,suchasinTimgadinAfrica(Fig.7)orinKorsabad(Table1).Alloftheblocksareofthesameshapeandsize.WithintheWorkerssettlement(Fig.9),ofasquarebase,whichwasbuiltnearAk-hetaton(Akhetatonaround1350BC

25、,todayTelelAmarn),elongatedrectangularblockswereformedonlyforstaffbuildersresidential(Fig.10).RectangularshapeofsettlementsandblocksexistedalsoinBabylon(2,500BC),Ka-hun(2,500BC),Mompazje(Figures11and12),Elblong(1237),Brasilia(I960)(Figures27and28)andManchester(79).ThespecificcharacteristicsofMompazj

26、ethattherectangularblock(Fig.12),whoseshapeoriginatedintheshapeandsizeofthebuildinglot,wasusedasamoduleinformingofthesettlement(Fig.11).Trapezoidal,hexagonor''L''(Fig.14)shapesofblocksaretheconsequenceofformingregularstar-like,nonago-nalshapeofthebaseofPalmanovaandcharacteristicshape

27、ddefensesystem(1593)(Fig.13).ThespecificshapesofblocksinPalmanovawerenecessaryelementsforformingstreetsandsquares,andatthesametimeinseparablepartofthetowncompleteness.Irregularshapeofthesettlementhasnotalwaysbeentheconsequenceofblockirregularity,butalsoitdependedonthespecificnaturalsurroundings.Thus

28、,forexample,Milet(479BC)(Fig.15),whichisorganizedwiththeregularblocks(Fig.16),hasirregularshapeofthebaseduetojaggedshore.ThesimilarexamplesarealsoPriene(300BC),Dubrovnik(7Ihcentury)(Figures17and18)andNewYork(1625)(Figures19and20).Althoughthenaturalconditionsgreatlyinfluencedthelocationofsettlementsa

29、nditsdesign,theinfluenceofrulersmustnotbeneglected.Already,severalrulersinBabyloncontinuouslybuiltandeditacityonthebanksoftheEuphrates.NebuchadnezzarhadbuiltIshtariangate,rebuilttheEtamenantempleandbuiltSemiramis,hanginggardens(oneoftheSevenWondersoftheWorld)6.Oneofthemostsignificantfactorsofforming

30、,organizinganddevelopingtownsettlementswastraffic.Thedevelopmentoftrafficcaused,rreduction"ofdistancesbetweensettlements,thusthesettlementsbecamemorecloselyconnected,butalsoitinfluencedthespreadingofexistingsettlements,thustheybecamelargerandlarger(eg.NewYork).Somenewsettlements(e.g.Brasilia)we

31、rebuiltoverlargeareas,whichcouldbeeasilytravelledowingtocomplexanddevelopedtrafficsystems.Specificshapesandsizesofblockswereformedastheconsequenceoftrafficnetworks.Irregularshapesofblocksexistinirregularlyshapedsettlements,andtheywereformedastheconsequenceofirregularstreetnetworks,forexampleinAthens

32、(702)(Figures21and22),SanGimignano(12thcentury),Avignon(12,11century)(Figures23and24),Carcassonne(13,hcentuiy),Orvietto(13,hcentury),Welwyn(1920)(Figures25and26)andRedbarn(1929).4. ConclusionOnthebasisonthecomparativeanalysisofthestructureandidentityofsettlementsandtheirblocksfromdifferenthistorical

33、periods,andbyobservingthewaysoftheircreation,severalconclusionsweredrawn.Althoughthereisagreatdiversityofthebaseshapesofthesettlementsandblocks,settlementsandblockscanbedividedintotwocategories:regularandirregular(Table1).Thesignificantinterdependenceoftheshapeofsettlementbaseandblockswithinthemisno

34、ticeable.Regularityoftheshapeofsettlementbaseismostfrequentlyconsequenceoftheregularityofblocks,but,insomecases,regularityofblocksisconditionedbytheorganizationofthesettlementswithintheirgeometricborders.Irregularshapeofsettlementsismostfrequentlyconsequenceoftheblockirregularityorspecificnaturalsur

35、rounding.Ithasbeennoticedandthattheshapesofthesettlementbasesdependonthewayofcreationanddevelopmentofthesettlement.Insomesettlements,blockhadafunctionofamodule.Whenitwas,settlementwereformingbymultiplyingblocks,andlatercontinuedwithitsdevelopment,buildingnewblocks.Ithasbeennotedthattherectangularsha

36、peoftheblockisthemostrepresentedinthesettlementsandthatwasalwaysthemostefficientforlandexploitation.Rectangularblockshapecamefromtheresultofmultiplicationplotsrectangularshape,andsometimeswastheresultoforganizingorthogonalstreetnetwork.Blockshapesaremostlyaconsequenceofthestreetnetworkcharacteristic

37、s.Trapezoidal,hexagonalornLnblockshapesusuallyformedduetotheresultofaneedforsquaresandstreetsorasconsequenceofformingspecificshapesofsettlementbase(eg,idealcities).Urbandispositionsofblocksinthesettlementwereextremelyimportantfortheorganizationandimplementationofcertainfunctions.Itobservedthatthecen

38、tralblocksarespecificandmoresignificantthanotherblocks.Mostofthemarenon-residential,unlikemostofotherunitswhosepurposeisresidential.Urbanstructureofsettlementshasalwaysemphasizedhierarchicalorganizationofthesocietyandcausedcertainwayofliving.Theblocksareallocatedoftheenvironmentalconditionsinthesett

39、lement,dependingonthelocationandtheirpurpose.Realizingthedifferenceinthewaysofbuildingblocks,itwasconcludedthatthefreewayofbuildingtheformationofenvironmentallycorrectarea,butlesssecure.Marginalwayconstruction,onthecontrary,createslessfavorableenvironmentalconditions,butprovidesahigherdegreeofsecuri

40、ty.Freewaytobuildingmoreandledtoblockdestructionandthealienationamongthepeople.基于历史回顾聚落、城市和乡村街区的依存关系LjiljanaVukajlov摘要：由于聚落空间形状呈现出的新形式，当传统街区形式的基本特征已经消失时，一个关于寻找城市和乡村街区在聚落结构形式和特性中的角色定位的想法被建立并深入研究。研究的基本目标是证实街区一直以来都是一个整体，在某些时候甚至是一个聚落结构中不可分割的部分，也是聚落中具有辨识度的要素和邻里间一个具有象征意义的地方，尽管如此在聚落收到未来因素干扰时，街区对维持自身价值也非常重要

41、。为了理解传统街区消失的原因，研究了关于聚落形成的过去和聚落形式和已建成的街区之间的依存关系。关键词：聚落、城市街区、乡村街区、依存关系、形态1 .引言街区存在于大多数的聚落中，被建于不同的历史时期和所有的大陆。当它在城镇中是不可分割的部分时，它在古代世界也有特殊的意义，即使是在文艺复兴时期，因为它描绘了规划和聚落组织中的一个模块。就是在历史上的所有时期，街区描绘了社区中的人们通过不同的方式（如宗教、种族、阶级）彼此相互联系。20世纪期间，当很多特性中的一个特性在与所有地区在生活上的联系被破坏和否认传统时，对待空间形式和空间形状，同时还有聚落结构中的基本要素的态度将有所变化。因为这，街区的基本

42、特性改变了。它的消失也被观察到了。在20世纪末，街区为了分离聚落被疯狂的再建，正因如此，这些地区的标志性发生了改变。一个街区自身的转变也会造成新的社会条件和人与人之间新的联系。邻里单元开始消失，人们之间的关系变得越来越疏远。街区是“一个居住领域、已定的建筑或建成的建筑，被街道、广场、公园、河岸等限制的范围”或一些其他地区。大多数情况下是一个组团的建筑，房子，或是两者结合，也有一些例子是整个街区只有一个房子（单元街区）。人类的历史和聚落的出现、发展已被证实是有联系的，因此聚落的数据可以追溯到历史上第一次有组织的人类群体活动的出现。通过从最早时期到现在的聚落的研究，也可以找到乡村和城市街区的发展轨

43、迹。在所有时期街区都作为一个要素存在于聚落结构中，包括古代、中世纪和现代。一些经过几千年还能存留的街区特性到现在依然得到保留，它们不仅对决定聚落结构形式和特性有非常重要的意义，而且对街区和聚落的未来发展非常重要。2 .通过聚落历史的形状象征意义回顾街区的形式第一个仅能满足人们生存基本需求的栖息地是乡村聚落的前身。乡村聚落形成于自然中有适合气候条件的合适地点，靠近水和肥沃的土地，或者在海拔不可接受和远离道路的隐蔽的地方。更小聚落的形成只有很少的几个建筑，散落的布局和空间组团。在史前的聚落，英国的Glastonbury或苏格兰的SkaraBrae街区甚至都没有出现。街区早在史前时期就整齐的出现在结

44、构中。沼泽上的聚落整齐的木桩结构是那些聚落在木桩平台的结构系统中能已被建成的结果，也是地区使用外观有效性的结果。现在还有类似的建在木桩上的聚落，比如在非洲贝宁的一个村子Zanvie。使用土地的集中和有效性一直都是村落的基本特征。城市聚落比乡村聚落形成的时间稍晚，它是宗教需要和手工业的出现后有了产品的剩余和有货物交换需求的结果。这就是为什么它们都是被经常性的建造在有特殊精神能量，靠近马路和交叉路口，在河边或海岸等地方。ChatalHuyuk（?atalHyuk）是一个被认为是第一个城镇的聚落。它形成于公元前6500年位于今天的土耳其，在农业出现后不久就形成了。很可能当时就有6000聚集居民。这是

45、有周围地区的人们来交换水果和从其他地区来交换货物的最好聚落例子。这些房子是用砖和泥土建造的，他们都紧挨在一起。他们都没有门，都是通过一个开放的屋顶进入，这样的方式更安全。烟也只能从这些开口跑出来。整个聚落也没有围墙包围。自从建筑的位置紧挨着其他建筑，标志性的屋顶就成为了街道。在建筑内的墙体都上了漆，人们睡在平台上。即使是死了的人也是埋在建筑里。一些乡村聚落甚至发展在城市聚落中，比如Ur.Town聚集区在各种方面都很特别和独一无二，这就是为什么更难将他们与乡村聚落相比较。然而，从各个不同的角度去考虑各种聚落，包括考虑他们的建立的历史时刻，进一步的发展，造成他们衰落和遗失的原因，还有人们的需求，这

46、就更容易去理解他们所有元素的相关性和特性。3 .聚落和街区在形态上的依存关系根据聚落和街区的基础形状的多样性注意到了聚集区的系统化，经过简单的分割，不仅在聚落中，而且在街区中都是由规则和不规则这两个基本类型构成。聚落的基础形状的形成是很多因素作用的结果，在这文章中探讨的街区的自身形状的意义和聚落结构中最重要的一个元素都是被特别强调。聚落基本布局的规则形状总是规律组织街道网络和街区形状的结果，聚落的不规则形状则是街区不规则形状或是他们被自然特殊性质（松软和渗水的地表，较大的坡度等类似条件）限制的结果。聚落和街区规则的形状是聚落被创造的一个方式的结果。这些聚落都是在一个很短的时期内形成，都是被经常性的从外围的边界、围墙向中心建造的，形成了最常见的规则的街区和形成连续性的聚落，经过很长的一段时间后，聚落才是从中心向外发散，并频繁的出现了不规则的街区形状。有很多聚落都是在位置整齐的围墙中形成的，街区的形状也是规整的。也有很多聚落是通过多个规则的街区创建的。因此，聚落的基本规律形成了。所以，可以总结为街区的规整是聚落组织的结果，但也是规整的街区影响着聚落的规整形状。方块的形状是罗马防御工事的标志，Castra的基地是规整的形状，就像是非洲的Timgad或Korsabad。所有的块都是一样形状和尺寸。在一个被建造在Akhetaton（Akhetaton大约公