心理学与生活（双语）：4chapter ten intelligence 2

1、What is assessment Psychological assessment is the use of specified testing procedures to evaluate the abilities, behaviors, and personal qualities of people.Intelligence智力Definitions of intelligence :Intelligence is a very general mental capability that involves the ability to reason,plan, solve pr

2、oblems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, and learn from experience.智力与能力是指成功地解决某种问题（或完成任务）且表现出良好适应性的个性心理特征。Origins of Intelligence TestingAlfred Binet developed an objective test that could classify and identify developmentally disabled children.He designed age-appropriate test items.His

3、test computed average scores for normal children at different ages. Mental age (MA)心理年龄measure of an individuals level of mental developmentChronological age生理年龄 the number of years since birhIQ Tests :Intelligence quotientThe IQ was a numerical, standardized measure of intelligence.The Stanford-Bin

4、et Intelligence ScaleWechsler ScalesThe Stanford-Binet Intelligence ScaleIt provided a base for the concept of intelligence quotient (IQ)Intelligence quotient (IQ) mental age (MA) chronological age (CA).X 100IQ score =Interpeting IQ scoresMental Retardation（智力延迟）.Must meet 3 criteria:Significantly s

5、ub-average intellectual functioning Limitations in adaptive skills (such as communication, self care, social skills, health and safety, work).Onset prior to age 18.Theories of intelligenceOutline Theories of intelligence Psychometric Theories of Intelligence智力的心理测量学理论Sternbergs triarchic theory of i

6、ntelligence斯腾伯格的智力三因素理论 Gardners multiple intelligence and emotional intelligence加德纳的多元智力理论与情绪智力 Psychometric Theories of Intelligence智力的心理测量学理论Psychometrics is the field of psychology that spelializes in mental testing in any of its facets, including personality assessment, intelligence evaluation,

7、 and aptitude measurement.Based on a statistical technique called factor analysis. The goal of factor analysis is to identify the basic psychological dimensions of the concept being investigated.Theories of IntelligenceIs intelligence one ability or many?Factor theorySpearmans “g” or two-factor theo

8、ryRaymond Cattells crystallized intelligence& fluid intelligenceGuilfords intellect modelFactor theoryCharles Spearman proposed two-factor theory of intelligence consisting of General intelligence (g); broad ability Specific intelligence (s); ability in a specific areaGSDSASCSESBFactor theoryRay

9、mond Cattell determined general intelligence could be broken into two relatively independent components.fluid intelligence液态智力, the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems.crystallized intelligence晶态智力, the knowledge the individual has already acquired and the ability to access that

10、knowledge.Factor theoryJ. P. Guilford(吉尔福特的智力结构论) developed the structure of intellect model specifying three features of intellectual tasks:content, or type of information;product, or form in which information is presented;operation, or type of mental activity performed.Sternbergs triarchic theory

11、of intelligence斯腾伯格的智力三因素理论Robert Sternberg proposed an intelligence with three types: componential, experimental, and contextualThe Triarchic Theory of Intelligence componential intelligence is what we generally think of as academic ability. experimental intelligence is ability to cope with novel s

12、ituations and to profit from experience. contextual intelligence is ability to enable people to adapt to the demands of their environment. Founder of Multiple Intelligence TheoryTheories of IntelligenceTheory of Multiple IntelligencesHoward Gardner proposed that intelligence is comprised of differen

13、t kinds of intelligences. According to Gardner, there are several intelligences, not one, each based in a different area of the brain. Language ability and logic are familiar aspects of intelligence. But Gardner also refers to bodily talents, musical ability, spatialrelations skills, and two kinds o

14、f personal intelligencesensitivity to ones own feelings (intrapersonal sensitivity) and sensitivity to the feelings of others (interpersonal sensitivity) as intelligences. Gardners critics ask whether such special talents are truly “intelligences” or specific talents.The theory of emtional intelligenceEmotional intelligence (EQ) is related to interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences. EQ is reflected in four abili