《英语国家概况》六个国家立法机构执法机构司法机构

1、英语国家概况六个国家立法机构、执法机构和司法机构立法机构 英国arliament(maximum 5 years duration) Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651). 美国：Congress Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal governme

2、nt to a Congress composed of two chambers,a Senate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435). 爱尔兰：All the legislati

3、ve power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats) Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann) 加拿大：All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(10

4、4) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name. 澳大利亚：The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature. It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parli

5、ament:the House of Representatives and the Senate. 新西兰：New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years) 执法机构 英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always s

6、its in the House of Commons.And his residence is No.10 Downing Street in London. The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prim

7、e Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet. 美国：The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Ad

8、visers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305) 爱尔兰：The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other m

9、embers of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail. 加拿大：Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General,who is appoi

10、nted on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In practice,the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet,who also sit in the federal parliament. The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government". 澳大利

11、亚：In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的) The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members

12、of the ministry. 新西兰：The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she and about 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet. 司法机构 英国: Criminal Courts in England and Wales including:Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown Courts Sc

13、otland:1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district court Northern Ireland:magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown Court Civil Courts in England and Wales are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases. Scotland:th

14、e civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session. Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil law court.Appeals from country courts are d

15、ealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal. 美国：The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution. The judicial system has evovlved into the pre

16、sent structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction. 爱尔兰：Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats. The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power i

17、n all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusice and six other jusices) 加拿大：Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an

18、 exception since its system is based on the French civil law. The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction. 澳大利亚：The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices. The