考研英语长难句练习180句

1、定语从句（上）一、 定语从句的概念什么是定语从句？例：A rich pers on is not the one who has the most, but is the one who n eeds the least.用来修饰前面的名词或者代词的具有完整的主谓结构的句子就叫着定语从句。有两个必备的基本元素。一个是 先行词；一个是关系词。1名词或代词做先行词。例：He laughs best who laughs last.2. 短语做先行词。Many of life ' s problwhich were solved by asking family members, frien

2、ds or colleagues are bey ond the capability of the exte nded family to resolve.3. 用句子做先行词。The Greeks assumed that the structure of Ianguage had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse Ian guages could be.I am a stude nt which you

3、 all know.当先行词与关系词被割裂时是如何表现的。女口： Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, amongother thin gs, that you might - surprise! - fall off.找先行词的方法。反证法。把它带进去。哪一个是通顺的，哪一个就是先行词。1. 翻译定语从句。2. 结合先行词的结构特点和位置特征在关系词之前寻找与定语从句的意思的有逻辑关系相符合的词。定语从句（下）二、定语从句里面的关系代词的用法。1. 常用的关系代词：which, that, who, wh

4、om 。 Whom现在用的很少。前面有介词只能用which，不能用that。2. 关系代词在考试中的特殊情况。What :1）它是子母同体。相当于一个关系代词以及一个先行词。What前面不应该在出现先行词。如果前面已经偶一个关系词，就不能用 what来引导。例如： You can have everything what you like. what=all that,所以这儿不能用 what.All-is a con ti nu ous suppl ying of the basic n ecessities of lifeA. what is the needB. the things n

5、 eedC. for our needsD. that is need2）what单独使用，后面不加名词。例如： She is not what she used to be.3）what后面加名词例如： What money I have has been given to you.1997 年考题： he knows about it is out of date and in accurateA.What littleB.So muchC.How muchD.So littleas1.like2.作为3.whe n4. 弓I导定语从句。即可引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。

6、弓I导限制性定语从句一般式固定用法。女口 asas, suchasas引导非限制性定语从句例如：I was a boy which you know, which 可以用 as替换。As is so ofte n poin ted out kno wledge is a two edge weap on which can be used equally for good or evil.as引导限制性定语从句考试中往往考固定搭配。例如： Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.than作为关系代词可以引导定语从句More fa

7、milies con sist of one pare nt households or two worki ng pare nts; con seque ntly, childre n are likely to have less supervisi on at homewas com mon in the traditi onal family structure .A. than B.that C.which D.as特点：1）than作为关系代词引导词在从句中一般必须做主语或者作宾语。2）than前面的主句必须要有比较级3）比较级所修饰的名词就是than指代的对象三、关系副词When

8、引导的定语从句。1）先行词必须是表示时间的名词。Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers ' misfortunes.2）如何区分when引导的定语从句和状语从句。用句子表示状语就是状语从句。例如：When I go to school, I willwork hard.从两方面区分：When引导的定语从句前一定有表示时间的名词；When引导的状语语从句前没有有表示时间的名词。从翻译的角度看如

9、果是引导的定语从句可以不翻译。如果是状语从句就必须翻译成当时候。When=on whichWherewhere=in whichwhere引导的从句先行词必须是表示地点的名词。例如：I was born in Beiji ng where the Olympic games will be held.先行词表示地点，不一定用where来引导。例如：I have never been to Beijing ,but it 'the place _.A. where I 'dlike to visitB. i n which I 'd like to visitC. I m

10、ost want to visitD. thar I want to visit it most名词从句讲五个问题：一、名词从句的本质。1. 概念：就是把一个完整的句子当一个名词来使用。那么从句就具备了名词所具备的所有性质。主语、宾语、表 语、同位语。2. 引导名词从句常用的连词。有三类：1） that; 2）whether,if; 3）when,where ,how 等连接副词或 what,who,whose等连接代词。That引导的名词性从句不能做任何句子成分。what 一定在从句中充当主语或者宾语。Which和whose后面必须接名词。例如：Concerns were raised _w

11、itn ess might be en couraged to exaggerate their stories in court to en sure guilty verdicts.A. whatB.whe nC.which D.that3）多重的名词从句现象。例如：I realized that what I said was not exactly what meant to say.考题： Prof. Lee ' s book will show youcan be used in other con texts.A that you have observedB that

12、how you have observedC how that you have observedD how what you have observed二、名词从句中的主语从句主语从句有如下几种表示方式：1. 用which, that放在句首引导主语从句。例如：That the seas are being overfished has bee n known for years.3. 用 it is +ved+that 例如：It is believed that you are good boy.3. 用whether引导主语从句。例如：Whether the eyes are the

13、win dows of the soul is debatable.三、宾语从句需要掌握的几点：及物动词后面的宾语从句。2005年例句：Do you remember all those years whe n scie ntists argued that smok ing would kill us?四、表语从句就是一句话做另一个句子的表语。就是把从句放在系动词的后面。1997年例句：A report con siste ntly brought back by visits to the US is how frien dly, cautious and hopeful most Ame

14、rica ns were to them.五、同位语从句就是用来补充说明同位语的名词成分的句子。结构是：名词+that+从句。同位语从句与宾语从句和定语从句的区别：引导宾语从句和定语从句的的that, which可以省略，而引导同位语从句的that不能省略。定语从句中的 that必须在从句中扮演主语或者宾语。同位语从句的that不扮演任何成分。例如：There is a popular say ing that family in stability causes social in stability.that 不做句子成分。状语从句（上）第三讲状语从句（上）一、状语从句的本质。就是用一个句

15、子来作另外一个句子的状语。状语从句的分类：时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、结果状语、目的状语、条件状语、让步状语、比较状语、 方式状语。2005年例句Stran gely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not ano ther,=_ others are sen sitive to thesmells of both flowers.A. whe n B. since C. forD. whereas难点：I.When常考的句型：Hardly when; when it comes that; when

16、it comes to ;1991 年例句：to speak whe n the audie nee in terrupted him.A. Hardly had he begu n B. No sooner hardly had he begu nC. Not un til he begi n D. Scarcely had he beg in1998年例句：Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially trueit comes toclassroom tests.A

17、. before B. as C since D. whe n2. 地点状语从句Where 引导地点状语一般总是放在主句的后面。例如：A driver should slower dow n where there are schools.3. 原因状语从句Si nee从起；因为比较特殊的连词：in that 因为的意思。例句： The girl is like her mother in that she also has very delicate feeling.Now that 因为；given that4. 目的状语从句lest唯恐，害怕；for fear当心，害怕引导的是虚拟语气。

18、谓语是 should +动词原形。should常省略。5. 结果状语从句有两种引导法sothat; so that; suchthat; such that2001 年例句：Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked toithas all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.A. as B. which C. that D. what把sothat; so that; suchthat

19、; such that中的so或such放在句首形成倒装句。例如：So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagi ne it 'speed.to the extent (that)表示结果to some extent表示在之内。在某种程度上6. 条件状语从句用unless;if引导难点：only if ; if onlyonly if是"只有”的意思；if only是"只要”意思。2000年例句：He can continue to support himself and his fami

20、lye produces a surplus.A. on ly ifB. much as Cong before D. ever since要记住： supposing (that)；provided (that);on condition that例如： He will surely finished job on timehe has left to do it in his own way.A.i n that B.i n case C.as far as D.so long as状语从句(下)7. 让步状语从句although; though; even if; even though

21、1997 年例句： _ its economy con ti nues to recover, the US is in creas in gly beco ming a n ati on of part timers and temporary workers.A. Eve n thoughB. Now thatC. If onlyD. Provided that2004 年例句： All these con diti ons tend to in crease the probability of a child committi ng a crim inal act, a direct

22、causal relatio nship has not yet bee n established.A. providedB. sinceC. althoughD. suppos ing表示让步转折的介词：in spite of; despite 例如： _what he achieved in medicine he remained modest.A. Despite B. Although C. If D. WhereasHowever; nevertheless; nonetheless1998 年例句： This view; _,is gen erally thought to b

23、e wrong.A. howeverB. mea nwhileC. therefore D. more overWhile当时候；然而，但是重点：与as有关的让步状语从句由as引导的倒装句adj.,adv.,分词，名词，短语 +as+主语+谓语。例如： Child as he is, he can remember a lot of things.as或so+adj+as+主谓结构例如： As much as John hates to do it, he must stay at home and study tonight.8. 比较状语从句 重点讲倍数为题1. 倍数 + 比较级 A is

24、 three times bigger than B.2. 倍数 +asas 结构。A is three times as big as B.3. 倍数 + 名词结构 A is Three times the size of B.No more than 特点：1. No more than=not any more than2. 从功能上看往往表示两个事物之间的类比关系。3. 从意义上看是和一样。Not so much as结构上有两种 1. Not A so much as B.2. not so much as B.与其说 A，不如说 B。例如：It was n ' t so m

25、uch that I disliked herthat I just was n' t in terested in the whole bus in ess.A. ratherB. soC. than D. as并列句、并列句并列句的结构要从后面往前找。例如：l like apples from Japan and banan as.and可以连接两个并列的词语、短语、句子成分、从句以及句子。1. 有and就肯定有并列。有并列就一定要弄清楚并列的成分。2. and有并列。但并列在考研中有几十种情况。要根据每一种不同的并列进行不同的处理。3. 有and的并列就要从and的后面往前找，而

26、不是从前面往后找。、定语后置She is a beautiful girl.一个形容词定语就相当于一个of引导的名词作后置定语。上句可写成She is a girl of beauty.插入语插入语能够从句子中拿出来而不影响整个句子主谓结构的部分就是插入语。插入语与同谓语的区别：插入语往往是插在主谓之间。例如： I am an ugly man.可换成 I am a man who is ugly.还可换成 I , who is a man , am ugly.1. 从命题角度来看插入语的两个逗号就相当于两个括号。表示对插入语前面的解释和说明。2. 从长难句的处理角度来看。插入语扮演的角色就是

27、可以作为整体提出来放到一边最后处理，就是直 接把插入语翻译后放在括号里。分词现象主要有四种考法。（略）插入语语法应用上考研中不一定专门考语法。主要是应用语法知识进行阅读、完型、写作等等。关键就是运用语法处理长难句。例如： She ,who is her mother ' s daughter ,is a girl of beauty which is envied by lily who is of ugliness which we all know.剥洋葱似的分析句子的方法和步骤：1. 以句号为单元判断这个句子中有几个洋葱。1） 看句号句子中有没有 and和or。还要看它们连接的是

28、不是句子。如果是词和短语那么and前后就不是独立的洋葱。只有当两个句子并列的时候才是连个洋葱。例如：I like apples and banan as. 其中的apples andbananas是宾语并列。再如：I am 22 and Jim is 23.这时就是两个洋葱。2） 看句号里有没有 but.有but也不一定就是两个洋葱。例如： But I am a boy.3）看句号里有没有特殊的标点符号。冒号“：”从命题的角度看如果问题出在冒号的前面，答案一般出现在冒号的后面。如果问题出在冒号的 后面，答案大多数情况下出现在冒号的前面。从长难句解读角度看冒号前后是独立的。破折号“一”考研英语中

29、破折号“一”等于冒号“：”功能是一样的。分号“；”分号前后独立各自成为一个洋葱。2. 对每一个洋葱分别剥皮。每一个洋葱的第一层皮就是这个句子的核心内容。此后从第二层开始，每一层 皮就表示一个语法现象。3. 把每一层皮分别翻译成中文。4. 在剥皮处设问。用设问的方式把每一层皮连接在一起。这就是化整为零，再从零到整。语法应用下综合运用以前所奖的语法知识。继续讲解利用剥洋葱的方法在考研的长难句中的应用。1994年真题第一篇文章。Passage IThe America n econo mic system is orga ni zed around a basically private-e nte

30、rprise, market- orie nted economy in which con sumers largely determ ine what shall be produced by spe nding their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private bus in essme n , strivi ng to make profits , produce these goods and services in competiti on with oth

31、er bus in essme n; and the profit motive , operati ng un der competitive pressures , largely determ ines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the America n eoono mic system it is the dema nd of in dividual con sumers , coupled with the desire of bus in essme n to maximize profits and

32、the desire of in dividuals to maximize their in comes, that together determ ine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An importa nt factor in a market-orie nted economy is the mecha nism by which con sumer dema nds can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the Amer

33、ican economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in resp onse to relative dema nds of con sumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the dema nd , the price will be bid up and some con sumers will

34、be elimi nated from the market. If, on the other hand, produci ng more of a commodity results in reduci ng its cost, this will tend to in crease the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more con sumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mec

35、hanism in the American economic system .The importa nt factor in a private-e nterprise economy is that in dividuals are allowed to own productive resources （private progeny) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources