新编英语教程7译文

1、TEXT 1Unit OneENGLISH AND AMERICAN CONCEPTS OF SPACEEdward T. HallTEXT1It has been said that the English and the Americans are two greatpeople separated by one language.T he differences for which languagegets blamed may not be due so much to words as to communications on other levels beginning with

2、English intonation (which soundsaffected to many Americans) and continuinto eo-linked ways ofhandlintime, space, and materials. If there ever were two cultures in which differences of the proxemic details are marked it is in the educated (public school) English and the middle-class Americans. One of

3、 the basic reasons for this wide disparity is that in the United States we use space as a way of classifying people and activities, whereas in England it is the social system that determines who you are. In the United States, your address is an important cue to status (this applies not only to onebu

4、t to the business address as well). The Joneses from Brooklyn and Miami are not as “in” as the Joneses from Newport and Palm Beach2. Greenwich and Cape Cod are worlds apart from Newark and Miami 3.Businesses located on Madison and Park avenues have more tone than those on Seventh and Eighth avenue4s

5、. A corner office is more prestigiousthan one next to the elevator or at the end of a long hall. The Englishman, however, is born and brought up in a social system. He is still Lord 5-no matter where you find him, even if it is behind the counter in a fishmonger stsa ll. In addition to class distinc

6、tions, there are differences between the English and ourselves in how space iasl lotted.2The middle-class American growing up in the United States feels he has a right to have his own room, or at least part of a room. My American6subjects, when asked to draw an ideal room or office, invariably drew

7、itfor themselves and no one else. When asked to draw their present room or office, they drew only their own part of a shared room and then drew aline down the middle. Both male and female subjects identified the kitchen and the master bedroom7 as belonging to the mother or the wife, whereasFatheresr

8、ritory was a study or den, if one was available; otherwise, itwas “ the shop, ” “ the bas8 eomr seonmt, eti” mes only a workbench or the garage. American women who want to be alone can go to the bedroom and close the door. The closed door is the sign meaning Do not disturb“” orI m angry. ”An Ameraic

9、vaani liasb le if his door is open at home or at his office. He is expected not to shut himself off but to maintain himself in astate of constant readiness to answer the demands of others. Closed doors are for conferences, private conversations, and business, work that requires concentration, study,

10、 resting, sleeping, dressing, and sex.3The middle-and upper-class Englishman, on the other hand, is brought up in a nursery shared with brothers and sisters. The oldest occupies a room by himself which he vacateswhen he leaves for boarding school, possibly even at the age of nine or ten. The differe

11、nce between a room of one so wn and early conditioning to shared space, while seeming inconsequential, has an important effect on the Englishman astt itude toward his own space. He may never have a permanent “ roomo f his own” and seldom expects one or feels he is entitled to one. Even Members of Pa

12、rliament9 have no offices and oftenc onduct their business on the terrace overlooking the Thames10. As a consequenc,e the English are puzzled by the American need for a secure place in which to work, an office. Americans working in England may become annoyed if they are not provided with what they c

13、onsider appropriate enclosed work space .In regard to the need for walls as a screen for the ego, this places theAmericans somewhere between the Germans and the Engli.s h4The contrasting English and American patterns have some remarkable implications, particularly if we assume that man, like other a

14、nimals, has a built-in need to shut himself off from others from time to time. An English student in one of my seminars typified what happens when hidden patterns clash. He was quite obviously experiencing strain in his relationships with Americans. Nothing seemed to go right and it was quite clear

15、from his remarks that we did not know how to behave. An analysis of his complaints showed that a major source of irritation was thatno American seemed to be able to pick up thes ubtleclues that there weretimes when he didnt want his thoiungthrutsd ed on. As he stated it,walking around the apartment

16、and it seems that whenever i want to be alone my roommate starts talking to me. Pretty soon he s askthe matter? and wants to know if I m angry. By then ida sma ya ngr something. ”5It took some time but finally we were able to identify most of the contrasting features of the American and British prob

17、lems that were in conflict in this case. When the American wants to be alone he goes into a room and shuts the door-he depends on architectural features for screening. For an American to refuse to talk to someone else present in the same room, tog ive them the “ silent treatment, ultim” at eisf othr

18、me of rejection and a sure sign of great displeasure. The English, on the other hand, lacking rooms of their own since childhood, never developed the practice of using space as a refuge from others. They have in effect internalized a set of barriers, which they erect and which others are supposed to

19、 recognize. Therefore, the more the Englishman shuts himself off when he is with an American the more likely the American is to break in to assure himself that all is well. Tension lasts until the two get to know each other. The Important point is that the spatial and architectural needs of each are

20、 not the same at all.人们说英国人和美国人是被同一种语言分离开的两个伟大的民族。英美民族之间的差异使得英语本身受到很多指责，然而，这些差异也许不应该过分归咎于语言，而应该更多的归因于其他层面上的交流：从使很多美国人感到做作的英式语音语调到以自我为中心的处理时间、空间和物品的不同方法。如果说这世上有两种文化间的空间关系学的具体内容迥然不同，那就是在有教养（私立学校）的英国人和中产阶级的美国人之间了。造成这种巨大差异的一个基本原因是在美国人们借助空间大小来对人或事加以分类，而在英国决定你身分的却是社会等级制度。在美国，你的住址可以很好的暗示你的身分（这不仅适用于你的家庭住址，也

21、适用于你的商业地址）。住在纽波特和棕榈滩的人要比布鲁克林和迈阿密的人高贵时髦得多。格林尼治和科德角与纽华克和迈阿密简直毫无类似之处。座落在麦迪逊大道和花园大道的公司要比那些座落在第七大道和第八大道的公司更有情调。街角办公室要比电梯旁或者长廊尽头的办公室更受尊敬。而英国人是在社会等级制度下出生和成长的。无论你在哪里看到他，他仍然是贵族，即便是在鱼贩摊位的柜台后面。除了阶级差异，英国人和我们美国人在如何分配空间上也存在差异。在美国长大的中产阶级美国人觉得自己有权拥有自己的房间，或者至少房间的一部分。当我让我的美国研究对象画出自己理想的房间或办公室时，他们毫无例外的只画了自己的空间，而没有画其他人的

22、地方。当我要求他们画出他们现有的房间或办公室时，他们只画出他们共享房间里自己的那部分，然后在中间画一条分隔线。无论是男性还是女性研究对象，都把厨房和主卧划归母亲或妻子的名下，而父亲的领地则是书房或休息室，如果有的话；要不然就是工场，地下室，或者有时仅仅是一张工作台或者是车库。美国女性如果想独处，可以走进卧室、关上门。 关闭的门是“不要打扰”或 “我很生气”的标志。如果一个美国人家里或办公室的房门是开着的，则说明他现在有空。在这样的暗示下，人们不会认为他想把自己关闭起来，而会认为他正处于一种随时响应他人的准备就绪的状态中。关闭的门是用于会议、私人会谈、生意往来、需要集中精力的工作、学习、休息、睡

23、觉、穿衣服和性的。相比之下，中产阶级和上流阶级的英国人从小是在和兄弟姐妹共享的儿童室里长大的。最大的孩子一般独占一个房间，直到他9 岁 10 岁左右去上寄宿学校时再空出来。拥有自己的房间和很早就习惯于共享房间之间的差异似乎并无重大意义，但这却对英国人对待自己空间的态度有着重大的影响。一个英国人可能从来都不曾有过永久的属于自己的房间，他也很少会去企盼或者认为自己应该有权拥有这样的房间。即使是下议院的议员也没有自己的办公室，他们通常在俯瞰泰晤士河的阳台上处理事务。所以英国人会对美国人需要一个安稳的地方去工作（即办公室）这样的需求感到困惑不解。在英国工作的美国人如果没有得到他们认为适当的封闭的工作空

24、间，也许会非常生气。就出于保护自我的目的而将墙壁作为屏蔽物的需求而言，美国人应该位列德国人和英国人之间。英国人和美国人的行为特点之间的显著差别有着极其重要的意义，尤其是在我们假设人和其他动物一样，有时也有一种内在的封闭自己的需求的情况下。我的研讨班的一个学生生动的刻画了当这种看不见的行为特点之间产生冲突时可能发生的情状。很显然他在和美国人交往中承受了很大的压力。仿佛没有什么是正常的，而且从他的评论里可以清楚地了解到他认为我们美国人不知道如何举止得体。通过分析他的抱怨，我们发现他烦闷的一个根源是似乎没有哪个美国人能够辨别出这样的细微的暗示：即有时他不想让别人扰乱他的思绪。正如他自己所说的：“我在

25、公寓里漫步，好像每次当我想独处的时候我的室友就会和我搭话。很快他就在问你怎么了？而且想知道我是否生气了。这时我真的生气了，然后就会冲他说些什么。”尽管需要花费一些时间，但最终我们还是能够分辨出在这个事例的冲突中，美国人和英国人各自所遇到的不同的麻烦，以及这些特征之间的明显差别。当美国人想独处时，他会进到自己的房间里并且关上门 他借助于建筑物来屏蔽他人。对美国人来说，拒绝同在场的人谈话，对其采取“冷处理 ”，是最极端的拒绝形式，同时也是非常不高兴的明显的表示。而另一方面，英国人由于从小就没有自己的房间，从来没有利用空间作为躲避他人的避难所的习惯。他们实际上在潜意识里设立了一系列的屏障，他们认为这

26、些屏障其他人应该能够理解或辨别。因此，当英国人和美国人在一起时，他越不想和这个美国人说话，这个美国人就越可能找他说话，因为他想确保一切正常。这种冲突会一直持续下去，直到这两个人开始互相了解彼此。重要的是双方对空间和建筑的需求并不一样。Unit TwoTEXT 1TOURISTSNancy Mitford1The most intensive study i ever made of tourists was at Torcello, where it is impossible to avoid them. Torcello is a minute island in the Venetian

27、 lagoon: here, among vineyards and wild flowers, some thirty cottages surround a great cathedral which was being built when William the Conqueror came to England. A canal and a path lead from the lagoon to the village; the vineyards are intersected by canals; red and yellow sails glide slowly throug

28、h the vines. Bells from the campanile ring out reproaches three time a day ( “ cloches, cloches, divins reprochesjoined by a chorus from the surrounding islands 2. There is an inn where i lived one summer, writing my book and observing the tourists. Torcello which used to bel onely as a cloud has re

29、cently become an outing from Ven.i ce Many more visitors than it can comfortably hold pour into it, off the regular steamers, off chartered motor-boats, and off yachts, all day they amble up the towpath, looking for what? The cathedral is decorated with early mosaics-scenes from hell, much restored,

30、 and a great sad,a ustere Madonna4; Byzantine art5 is an acquired taste and probably not one in ten of the visitors has acquired i.t They wander into the church and look round aimlessly. They come out on to the village green 6 and photograph each other in a stone armchair, said to be the throne of A

31、ttila 7. They relentlesslytear at the wild roses which one has seen in bud and longed to see in bloom and which, for a day have scented the whole island. As soon as they are picked the roses fade and are thrown into the canal. The Americans visit the inn to eat or drink something. The English declar

32、e thatthey can t afford to do this. They take food which they habvreought with them into the vineyard and i am sorry to say leave the devil of a mess behind them8. Every Thursday Germans come up the towpath, marching as to war9, with a Leader10. There is a standing order for fifty luncheons at the i

33、nn; while they eat the Leader lectures them through a megaphone. After luncheon they march into the cathedral and undergo another lecture. They, at least, know what they are seeing. Then they march back to their boat. They are tidy; they leave no litter.2More interesting, however, than the behaviour

34、 of the tourists is that of the islanders. As they are obliged, whether they like it or not, to live in public during the whole summer, they very naturally try to extract some financial benefit from this state of affairs. The Italian is a born actor;between the first boat from Venice, at 11 a.m. and

35、 the last on which the ordinary tourist leaves at 6 p.m., the island is turned into a stage with all the natives playing a part. Young men from Burano, the next island, dress up as gondoliers and ferry tourists from the steamer to the village in sandolos11. One of them brings a dreadful little broth

36、er called Eric who pesters everybody to buy the dead bodies of sea-horses, painted gold.12“ Buonafo rtuna ”, he chants. I got very fond of Eric. Sweet-faced old women sit at the cottage doors selling postcards and trinkets and apparently making point de Venis elace13. They have really got it, on sal

37、e or return , from relations in Burano, where it is made by young girls. Old women, with toil-worn hands, cannot do such fine work. It is supposed that the tourists are more likely to buy if they think they see the lace being made, but hardly any of them seem to appreciate its marvellous quality. Ba

38、bies toddle about offering four-leafed clovers14 and hoping for a tip. More cries of “ Buona fortuTnhae. pri” est organizes holy procession1s5 to coincide with the arrival of the steame.rAnd so the play goes on. The tourists are almost incredibly mean, they hardly leave anything on the island except

39、 empty cigarette boxes and flappingD aily Mails16.The lace is expensive, but they might buy a few postcards or shell necklaces and give the children some pennies; they seem to have hearts of stone.3As soon as the last boat has gone, down comes the curtain. The “ gondolierssh”ed their white linen jac

40、kets and silly straw hats and go back to Burano, taking Eric, highly dissatisfied with his earnings and saying if this goes on he will die of hunger. The sweet old women let the smiles fade from their faces, put away their lace-making pillows, and turn to ordinary activities of village life such as

41、drowning kittens. The father of the clover babies creeps about on his knees finding four-leafed clovers for the next day. The evening reproaches ring out, the moon comes up, the flapping Daily Mails blow into the lagoon. Torcello is itself again.The most intensive（ 强烈的 ） study I ever made of tourist

42、s was at Torcello, where it is impossible to avoid them. Torcello is a minute island in the Venetian lagoon （泻湖） ;here among vineyards and wild flowers, some thirty cottages surround a great cathedral（大教堂）which was being built when William the Conqueror came toEngland.我所做过的关于游客的最透彻的研究是在Torcello 完成的，

43、在那里你根本没法避开他们。Torcello 是威尼斯泻湖上一个很小的岛屿：这里的葡萄园和野花间散布了大概三十间村舍，环绕着建立于征服者威廉到达英国时期的一座大教堂。A canal and a path lead from the lagoon to the village; the vineyards are intersected （分隔的）by canals ;red and yellow sails （帆船）glide slowly through the vines.Bells from the campanile （钟塔）ring out reproaches three time

44、a day （"cloches,cloches, divins reproaches"）joined by a chorus from the surrounding islands.一座运河和一条小道将泻湖和村庄连结起来；运河蜿蜒而过将葡萄园隔开；红色和黄色的船帆缓慢地穿梭于葡萄藤之间。钟楼每天三次鸣响谴责曲，届时周 围岛屿的钟声也会响起，组成一曲大合唱。There is an inn （hotel ） where I lived one summer, writing my book and observing the tourists .Torcello which

45、used to be lonely as a cloud has recently become an outing from Venice. Many more visitors than it can comfortably hold pour into it, off the regular steamers, off chartered motor-boats, and off yachts, all day they amble up the towpath, looking for what?我曾花费一年夏天的时间住在一间小旅馆写作，同时观察形形色色的游客。曾经孤独如一片浮云的To

46、rcello 最近成为从威尼斯出发的短途旅游热点。游客之多远远超出了Torcello 的正常接待能力：他们跳下定期汽轮、跳下租借的摩托艇、跳下豪华游艇，蜂拥而至；他们整天都在运河边的小路上漫步，到底在寻找什么？The cathedral is decorated（装饰） with early mosaics-scenes from hell, much restored,and a great sad， austere（严峻的）Madonna; Byzantine art is an acquired taste andprobably not one in ten of the visito

47、rs has acquired it.大教堂由早期的马赛克装饰，很好的重现了地狱般风格，其间还有一尊巨大的神情悲伤而严峻的圣母像；拜占庭艺术品味需要后天培养，而真正能够欣赏的 游客可能还不到十分之一。They wander into the church and look round aimlessly. They come out on to the village green and photograph each other in a stone armchair said to be the throne （王 座 ）of Attila. They relentlessly tear

48、at the wild roses which one has seen in bud and longed to see in bloom and which, for a day have scented the whole island.他们步入教堂，漫无目的地四处张望。他们走进村庄的绿地中，坐在据说是匈奴王阿提拉坐过的一张石椅上互相拍照。他们无情地将野玫瑰摘走，很多人曾经见过这些玫瑰含苞时的样子，并且渴望着看到它们盛开时的景象，而且它们曾经在一天内就让整个小岛遍布花香。As soon as they are picked the roses fade and are thrown in

49、to the canal .The Americans visit the inn to eat or drink something. The English declare that they can't afford to do this .They take food which they have brought with them into the vineyard and I am sorry to say leave the devil of a mess behind them.一经摘取，这些玫瑰很快凋零，随后就被丢弃至运河内。美国人到餐馆里吃喝。英国人声称他们负担不

50、起这样的花费，他们将自带的食物拿到葡萄园里，我很遗憾地说他们留下一片狼藉。Every Thursday Germans come up the towpath, marching as to war, with a Leader .There is a standing order for fifty luncheons at the inn; while they eat the Leader lectures them through a megaphone .每周四德国人沿运河边的小路上来，跟着导游，就像奔赴战场一样。在餐馆里他们总会要50 桌正餐；在他们吃饭时，他们的导游通过扩音器向他

51、们演讲。After luncheon they march into the cathedral and undergo another lecture. They, at least, know what they are seeing .Then they march back to their boat. They are tidy; they leave no litter.午餐后他们长驱直入到教堂内，再听取导游的另一次讲座。至少他们知道他们在看什么。随后他们整齐划一地退回到他们的船上。他们很整洁；不留任何垃 圾。More interesting, however, than the

52、behavior of the tourists is that of the islanders. As they are obliged, whether they like it or not, to live in public during the whole summer, they very naturally try to extract some financial benefit from this state of affairs.然而岛上居民的行为比游客更有趣。由于他们被迫整个夏天都生活在公众视野之下，无论他们喜爱与否，他们很自然的想从这样的状况中极力获取一些经济 利益

53、 .The Italian is a born actor; between the first boat from Venice, at 11a.m. and the last on which the ordinary tourist leaves at 6p.m.,the island is turned into a stage with all the natives playing a part.意大利人是天生的演员；上午11 点从威尼斯开来第一班船，下午6 点普通的游客会乘最后一班船离开，在此期间，整个小岛变成一个所有本地人都参与进来的一个大舞台。Young men from B

54、urano, the next island, dress up as gondoliers and ferry tourists from the steamer to the village in sandolos. One of them brings a dreadful little brother called Erin who pesters everybody to buy the dead bodies of sea-horses, painted gold.隔壁的布拉诺岛年轻人装扮成刚朵拉船（ Gondola） 的船夫， 用桑德拉船（ Sandolo）将游客从汽轮摆渡到岛上

55、的村子来。其中一人带着他名叫艾瑞克的令很多人很讨厌的弟弟，他纠缠所有人让他们买漆成金黄色的海马的死尸。"Buona fortuna", he chants. I got very fond of Eric. Sweet-faced old women sit at the cottage doors selling postcards and trinkets and apparently making point de Venise lace.他嘴里不断重复着意大利语的“祝您好运”。我很喜欢艾瑞克。面色和蔼的上了年纪的女人们坐在村舍的门口卖明信片和小装饰品，而且很显然她们

56、也在做针绣缎带。They have really got it, on sale or return, from relations in Burano, where it is made by young girls. Old women , with toil-worn hands, cannot do such fine work.而实际上，她们是通过关系从布拉诺岛批发或回收过来的，那里的年轻姑娘们制作了这些缎带。上了年纪的女人是无法用她们饱经风霜的手做出如此精细的 活计的。It is supposed that the tourists are more likely to buy i

57、f they think they see the lace being made, but hardly any of them seem to appreciate its marvelous quality. Babies toddle about offering four-leafed clovers and hoping for a tip.一般认为游客看到这些缎带是现做的话会更愿意购买，但实际上似乎很少有人欣赏缎带的不同凡响的质地。极小的小孩子们步伐蹒跚的四处走动，将有四片 叶子的三叶草递到人们面前，希望能够得到一些小费。More cries of "Buona for

58、tuna ".The priest organizes holy processions to coincide with the arrival of the steamer. And so the play goes on.这时会有更多的意大利语的“祝您好运”四下响起。在汽轮到来的同时，神父开始组织神圣的宗教游行。这出戏就这样继续下来。The tourists are almost incredibly mean, they hardly leave anything on the island except empty cigarette boxes and flapping Daily Mails .The lace is expensive, but they might buy a few postcards or shell necklaces and give the children some pennies; they seem to have hearts of stone.游客们几乎都吝啬的让人难以置信，除了空的烟盒和窸窣作响的每日邮报，他们几乎什么都不留下。缎带很昂贵，但是他们也许会买一些明信片或