自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理

1、自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理English Lexicology(独语词汇学) 1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, #hs'deveJstructures,娉爵2.English Lexicology is correlated linguistic disciplines as morpholc 咂他制

2、啜“leetcmo嬲嘉一 Chapter 1-Basic concepts of words and vocabulary一乙乙、,1.Word,(加的定义)江A form of a language that meaning and syntactic free form of a 1an京aunit of meaninword is a minimal freehas a given sound andfunction. (1)a minimallauage (2)a sound unity (3)a(4)a form that can function概n««e2.S

3、ound and meaning (巴首与虎、乂 arbitrary, nologicar relationship b sound which stands for a thin the 由形式，拥有固定的声音和:almost etween the看候是美素3.Sound and form （读音和形式）：不统一的四个 原因(1) the English alphabet was adopted fromthe Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other 内因是因为英语字 母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母

4、没有独立的字母代表每个读音,因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音(4; The borrowings 嵋 an 霸n骷f en段哪富野吾部嘴八lish,The speech of the time was ' e faithfully ， .inof English is animperfect fken form 。央语的书写To副ocm楠3)discipline.aryf the words in a language Oparticular historical periodBy use fre voc酬麟sM龄ft分会a盥崛触.、口q臃猫bascwod奇唧nonb端co耨

5、noion野ntentwo器&functional w0rds可F献型n螂ewo悯0rrowedw0rds可以根 6. The basic word stock (基本词汇) :is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of thelanguage. Though it constitute a small(2) the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the year

6、s另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距 离。在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了 显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。important智制翱即yM嬲聘斐tinWSIgtg 到好库容改变。、dictionary学箕在拼身终结 刊 Old°Eng,j-勺口语represented .very-muclmor 爆舞骋s/y. 一古代央 一The written form(percentage of the EVo®>t7. Thefi11res of the Basic Word曰tStock（基本 i 1）All-Nation important ）al

7、_character / important ） 2）Stability （方j id；、。；，、/Jq3）Productivity （多广在 are monosyllabic woidsXL4 5）Collocability （可 8.、nonbasic,-voca 别argon 法<. ArchaismsC互语） 语）Neologisms expressions, or w mean臃（em®筋昼酗 relativest ,酿备ePoossemoo 那超or 哪雕e rormeansomsg冬韵雅 leologismis。新同-created words or9. 一 Te

8、rminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine、in mathematics、in music、 in education.包括特定学科的技术术语和学术 领域 一Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themse

9、lves用于特定的词汇，通过特定艺术，科 学，商业和专业领域的成员在彼此之间交流一 Slang belongs to the sub-standard language ,a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informalones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot俚语粗话属于低等 语言，处在标准通用语言，（包括每人用的非正 式词汇）和团体内部语言包括cant（任何下等团体的

10、行话）jargons,argot10. slang is colourful, blunt, expressive and impressive俚语生动，直率，印象深刻而且感人11. Certain words are labeled 'slang' not because their appearance or pronunciation but because of their usage特定词被标示为俚语“不是因为 他们的写法和发音，而是因为他们的用法12. Content words/notional words 实词Content words denote clear

11、 notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals 表示清楚的概念，因为被认为是概念词。 括名词，动词。形容词，副词和数词13. functional words/empty words 虚词are also called empty i is to express the reiat内容词他们包of theirown. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chi

12、ef function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions,PreFunctional words do not have notions赭昉简和冠词属14.Content words, which constitute the main body of the English vocabulary, are nume

13、rous, and the number is ever growing whereas functional words, which make up a very small number of the vocabulary, remain stable. However, functional words do far more work of expressions品 Neutral in style 风格中忸乙、stand at the cor 的移心日formt1) ：W0rdS - 0f _ AngiO-SaxoK Origin are small in instream0 th

14、e basic wordanguage处在语言17. Denizens are words borrowed early in the, well assimilatednto.t',现4past and now :翻uage英曾化lishAliens are borrowed words which have retained 八:；要野琳na魄spe"ing杂词化Translation-loans are words and expressions material in the English nrigihich have retained ” dspelling ,冠

15、化formed from the exisanguage but modelled gm ano嗨1删age.但整16. Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words ''Semantic-loans. Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But theirmeanings are borrowed. 借义词这类词不是参 考形式借来，但是他们的意义是借来的。Chapter 2 the dev

16、elopment of the EnglishVocabulary第二章 英语词汇的发展I.The English是央匡、uais not the language he(British Isles, 哭he Indo-European Language Family( ER欧语少)The Eight GrouuThnguages (8、幺)The Bato-slavic Group (遁罗的-斯拉夫语 该):Prussian, Lithuanian Polish, Czech： 一.feMR瞬嗣亚静牖小ps破雌-European Family 0farian,(Sloveni(2) The

17、Indo-Iranian Grou. 、.,能再翻gafeH醯Roma?波斯 (3)The Armenian Group (亚美尼亚语族)：Armenian(4)The Albanian Group (阿尔巴尼亚语族)： Albanian.The Western set: (5)The Hellenic Group 6)The Italian Group _atink.anguages(French,Italian、.nJanletc.,Romance、 、一日®!se7）The餐罐京瓯+c（嗡雪篦）爱尔Scotch，嬲出els噂awetc $(8)The Germanic Grou

18、p (日German. Dutch,English,Scandinavian(Norweg 工etc.濯EnglishDph鳏对3.A -historical overviewVoc网暨蜀稚剧跚鼠iJand SwBWi曼语族）and，屿露舞刁、口 17 J百:诺言概率；噎Eng11sh1aw?麟(2) The second major language known in England was the Latin of the Roman Legions. In55114驶e濯English/ocabularyIslef獴h ontribution tqlhe 子对斐语词汇有很(450-115

19、0) (vocabulary 50,000 too-Saxonin-speaking Roman missionaries under came to spread, ChristiangynBrOn 窕丁6oOheaviusers of中English did not borrow asis(3) The common practice was to create new 耀微牺那g题跚ew潍据nd耽(4) manyocandinayian, words came into the English language许多斯斌的劭维亚词汇进入了(5) it was a com肾 endingsi

20、thfeMerd,English (1150-1500):retaines much orman conquest started朝噢制gshf启? situation of threech fewerernJo,w 、 国家-1 In the early period olanguages(Latin,French,English)existing 舞翻!露爵a温"徵朋es卷e懒嗯到olland(4) Middle nflections 中 f we say tha： full endings ending(1 resarty glish ,known ashhe R enaiss

21、ance many newx wordstaken by scinto Englis幅型隔慵狮(2) Latinate flavour of Modern English 现代英语的拉丁风格(3) In the mid-seventeenth century)English 郴J篇他对m瓢那踪睛曝English has evolved language(Old English) tolang "from a synthetic the present analytic74) Since the beginning of 20 th century , more 螂酬就腾tedby翻幽

22、解稿想卿融ngua颦由合成语言（古代英语）进化为现代分 旧1=17. Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary three main sources :总体来说)有三条新词的主 要来源(1) the rapid development of modern science and technology (45 % )现代科学和技术的迅 猛发展(2) social, economic and political changes (11 % )社会，经济和政治的变化(3 ) the influence of other cultures and languag

23、es ( 24 % )其它文化和语言的影响 8.Modes of Vocabulary Development 词?匚发展 的样式(1) Creations: Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements.仓 U造是指新词的 构成通过使用现有的材料，也就是说，词根，词 缀和其他元素。 Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meani

24、ng to meet the new need.意 义改变意味着一个老的形式获取新含义以便去 应对新的需要。(3) Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times.借词曾经在词汇的发展中扮演了至关重 要的角色，特别是在早期。(4) Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignifi

25、cant.恢复的古词或者废弃的词也对英语词汇的成长做出了贡献。尽管收效甚微。糜t霜3W。解啸叫I.The minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes.the morpheme is ' the smallest functioning unitin the composition of words'.最小的意义单位叫做 词素”。词素是 词语组成 中最小的功能单位2 .Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units know

26、n as在话语中被认知通过分开的 语素工actual spoken , minimalmorphs.词素是抽象的单位，单位，这单位叫做'They arecarriers of meaning'.它们实际上是能发音的最小的意义载体。The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone.语素是一个音素发音的词素。3 .Morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence .they a

27、re called monomorphemic words.语素与词相同，由于它们能代表含义而且能够在 句子中自由起作用。这种词叫做单一语素词4 .Morphemes which are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word.Such alternative morphs are known asallomorphs.一些词素被按照语素在其中排列而认识， 那些替换的语素被称为“语素变体”。5.the morpheme of plurality |-s 复数词素（一 s）: tpk 后面（-s）

28、、dbgl 后面（-z）、iz 是在 sz J, 3, tj, C13之后the past tense 过去形式 simple present 一般现 在 时 possessive 所有格 comparative or superlative degrees 比较级和最高级6. （1） Free Morphemes （自由词素）：have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by i

29、tself. are '' '' x''ependent , of o to踊惠eeL二co（2） Bound Morphemes S'leme is one that cannot:A bound（which re藉碎“蓄舞are bound to other morphemesBound m ''0emeshjeflyfby itself. to formod，n7.-ist "-的实践者"；-al表示"-的，关于的"，-ize表示使成为；-ation表示： 动作"，过

30、' 程”，-ic与一有关的揶ishB嚅空o即s髓n（i）a bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 一个裾连黄*艮是罚单承担臬血意攵的部V粘连形式不行不与其佛第且A来相成单他是In English, bound roots are either Lat

31、in orGreek. Although they are limited in number, their productive power is amazing. 在英语中） 粘连词根或者是拉丁语或者是希腊语。尽管它们 数量有限，它们的生产力惊人。它们诞生了成千 上万的派生词，在现代英语中。（2）Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.词缀是附属在单词上或者单词元素上以修改词 语意义和功能的结构。9. Affixes can be put into

32、 two groups: 根据词缀 的功能，我们可以把它们分为 曲折词缀”和 派 生词缀1）Inflectional affixes （ 屈折词缀）:affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical 辨wn表arelationships , infare2"繇赠野affixes are affixes add 爨辑挪w搬ds寇（派生词缀）OderivationalPrefixes come before the word and the suffixesafter the word前缀出现在词前）后缀出现在词 后

33、。10. A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.词根是一个词的基础形式不能在没有 丧失定义的前提下继续分解.In terms of derivational and inflectional morphology, a ' root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been re

34、moved'. 根据派 生和屈折语形学，个词根是词语中去除所有 屈折词缀和派生词缀都去除剩下的部分。11. A stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 词干可以被定 义为任何词缀都能够添加的形式。Chapter 4 Word-Formation II（ 构词法）1 .The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation 现代 英语中词汇的扩张只要依靠构词法2 .构词法分类：af

35、fixation （30%-40%） 词缀法（30 %-40 % )compounding (28%-30%) 复合法(28 % -30 % ) conversion (26%) 转化法(26 % ) shortening (8%-10%) 缩略法 (8 % -10 % )blending and other means (1%-5%) 拼缀法 和其他方法(1 %-5% )3. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to s

36、tems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives. 词缀 法通常被认为是通过添加词形或者派生词缀到 词干以构成新词的方法。这个过程也被称作派生”，因为通过这种方式创造的新词是从旧词派 生而来。通过这种方式造出的词叫做派生词”。4. affixation falls into two subclasses prefixatio

37、n and suffixation. 加词缀法可以分成两类：前加词缀 和后加词缀。(1) Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. 前缀法通过给词手加TH/曾簪*构或蒯3由前缀通常不改变词干的词类但 改变匕的息思。The majority of prefixes are characterized bytheir non

38、-class-changing nature. Their chief,主要功能是改变词 Suffixation isa噱跚festems.它利 的息义。the formation of new wordsby adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to. change atical function、of ste

39、ms工S醒矍作屏理嘘三骷褊rammapthe 哼r we shall group suffixes on a grammaticalbasis into、noun ;djective后缀的类别 Deverbal动词派生Denominal名 词派生需要记5. Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.复合词也叫组合词，是通过连接两 个以上词干构成新词的方

40、式。通过这样的方式构 成的词叫复合词。三个特征：（1） Phonetic features （exceptions:sociolinguistics ? psycho-analysis）读音特点。在 复合词中词语中银通常出现在第一个基本音上， 然而在名词短语中第二个基本音通常加重，如果 只有一个重音的话。如果有两个重音，复合词第 一个重音在第一个基本音。第二个重音如果有， 在第二个基本音上，自由词组正相反。(2) Semantic features 语意特征： a lot of compounds are transparent 许多复合词是意义 明确的(3) Grammatical feat

41、ures 法特征 一个复合词倾向于在句子中扮演一个独立的语 法角色，例如，动词，名词，或者形容词。6 .Compounding can take place within any of the word classes, but the productive ones are nouns and adjectives followed by verbs to a much lesser extent复合适用于任何词类，但是最具生 产力的是名词和形容词后跟动词，这样程度更 小。7 .Formation of compounds 复合词组成(1) Noun compounds (名词)名词性复合词

42、(2) Adjective compounds (形容词)各 11 种需 了解2.形容词性复合词(3 ) Verb compounds ( conversion or backformation ) 动词复合词动词复合词不如其他两种常见。有限的动词是通 过反转或逆序法来造词。8.conversion （zero-derivation 零派生）反转 Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 转换法是通过转换词类到另一词类的构成新词 方法 Since the

43、 words do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. 由于词 没有改变形态但是改变了功能，这个过程被称为 功能转换”。 Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an aff

44、ix. Hence the name zero-derivation反转通常被认为是一个派生的过 程，一个词条被改变或者反转成为新词类，没有添加词缀。因此叫做零派生”。 Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs. 通过反转产生的主要是名词)形容词和动词。 conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the lexical item involved but with it the different range of m

45、eaning that it originally carried转换不仅是词条语法功能的转换，而且因为转换出现不同的语 意范围，和原来承载的不同。9. In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain changes which affect pronunciation or spelling or stress distribution. The most common changes are:(1) Voiceless to voiced consonant (2) Initial to end stress在某些情况下，反转被增加一

46、定的变化，这些变 化会影响读音或者拼写或者重音的分布。最常见 的变化是：+例子(1)不发音的辅音变成发音的辅音。(2)开始重音到结束重音。10. Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words. 混合词 是组合两个词的一部分或者一个词加上另一词 的一部分来构词的方法。通过这种方式构造的词 称作 混合词

47、”或拼级词。+例子123head + tail head + head head + word头十尾工整词4) word + tail整词+尾11. Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called clipping另一种造词的常见方式是缩短一 个长词，用减去原词一部分，使用剩下部分的方 法。这叫删减。+例子1) Front clipping 前删2) B

48、ack clipping 后删3) Front and back clipping 前后删4) Phrase clipping 删短语12. Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms,

49、depending on the pronunciation of the words. 首字母缩略法是构成新词的过程，通过连接社会 和政治组织或者特别名词短语和技术术语的首 字母。通过这种方式建成的词叫做首字母缩略法 和首字母拼音法，依赖词语的发音。13. Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. In caseslikeA.D. (Anno Domini = in the year after the birth of Jesus Christ),B.C. (Before Christ) and C.O.D. (cash on d

50、elivery)缩略词是字母挨个发音的词14. Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word, for example radar (radio detecting and ranging), and WAVES (Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service), etc首字母缩写词是从首字 母构成，但是发音是正常词15. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process

51、of suffixation. As we know, suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases, and back-formation is therefore the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.逆构法被认为 是后缀法的相反过程。如我们所知，后缀法是通 过加后缀到基础的构词方式，逆构法因此就是通 过消除假想的后缀的方法来构词的方式。16. Words created through back-format

52、ion are mostly verbs. There are only a few that can be used as nouns or as both nouns and verbs 通过 逆构法构成的词大多数是动词，只有少数可以 被当成名词使用，或者同时当作名词和动词。Chapter 5 Word MeaningI.Words are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired reference词语只是符号，许多只当它们获得参 考的时候才有意义。1 .Reference（所指）:It is

53、 the relationship between language and the world. The reference of a word is arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.参考是语言和世界 之间的联系。其是任意且约定俗成的。尽管参考 是一种抽象，然而在背景的帮助下，它能指示特 定的事物。The connection is a result of generalizatio

54、n and abstraction。它是一般化和抽象化的结果。2 .Concept （概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition（认识）,reflecting the objective world in the human mind.。 概念） 是在语言之外，是人类认识的结果，反映人心中的客观世界。3 .Meaning and concept 意义和概念:They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but be

55、long to different categories. 它们都是直接和参照物联系，而且是词的概念但 是属于不同的种类。Meaning so is restricted tolanguage use意义仅限于语言的使用。language.4 .Sense:It denotes the relationship inside the'The sense of an expression is its placein a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.语感”表示语言内部的关系

56、。裳达的感觉是它在一套语意关系中 的位置，和其他表达相对而言。5 .Sense and Reference Unlike reference, 'sense' denotes the relationships inside the language. 'The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. ' (ibid) Since the sense of an expression is not a thing, it is often difficult to say what sort of identity it is. It is also an abstraction. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference）.不像参考，语感”表示语言内部的关 系。裳达的感觉是它在一套语意关系中的位置， 和其他表达相对而言。由于表达的感觉不是具