管理会计讲义

1、 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Managerial Accounting and Cost ConceptsChapter 2McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 2Work of Management PlanningControllingDirecting and MotivatingMcGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 3PlanningIdentifyalternatives.Select alternative that does the best job of furtheringorganizations objecti

2、ves.Develop budgets to guideprogress toward theselected alternative.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 4Directing and Motivating Directing and motivating involves managing day-to-day activities to keep the organization running smoothly.Employee work assignments.Routine problem solving.Conflict resolution.Effect

3、ive communications.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 5ControllingThe control function ensuresthat plans are being followed. Feedback in the form of performance reportsthat compare actual results with the budgetare an essential part of the control function.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 6Planning and Control CycleDecis

4、ionMakingFormulating long-and short-term plans (Planning)Measuringperformance (Controlling)Implementing plans (Directing and Motivating)Comparing actualto planned performance (Controlling)BeginMcGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 7Learning Objective 1McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 8Comparison of Financial and Managerial

5、AccountingFinancial AccountingManagerial Accounting1. UsersExternal persons whoManagers who plan formake financial decisionsand control an organization2. Time focusHistorical perspectiveFuture emphasis3. VerifiabilityEmphasis onEmphasis on relevance versus relevanceverifiabilityfor planning and cont

6、rol4. Precision versusEmphasis on Emphasis on timelinessprecisiontimeliness5. SubjectPrimary focus is onFocuses on segments the whole organizationof an organization6. GAAP Must follow GAAPNeed not follow GAAPand prescribed formatsor any prescribed format7. RequirementMandatory forNotexternal reports

7、MandatoryMcGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 9Learning Objective 2McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 10DirectMaterialsDirectLaborManufacturingOverheadManufacturing CostsMcGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 11Direct Materials Raw materials that become an integral part of the product and that can be conveniently traced directly to it.Examp

8、le: A radio installed in an automobileMcGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 12Direct LaborThose labor costs that can be easily traced to individual units of product.Example: Wages paid to automobile assembly workersMcGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 13Manufacturing costs that cannot be traced directly to specific units produc

9、ed.Manufacturing OverheadExamples: Indirect materials and indirect laborWages paid to employees who are not directly involved in production work. Examples: maintenance workers, janitors and security guards.Materials used to support the production process. Examples: lubricants and cleaning supplies u

10、sed in the automobile assembly plant.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 14Nonmanufacturing CostsSelling CostsCosts necessary to secure the order and deliver the product.Administrative CostsAll executive, organizational, and clerical costs.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 15Learning Objective 3McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 16Pro

11、duct Costs Versus Period Costs Product costs Product costs include include direct materials, direct materials, direct labor, and direct labor, and manufacturing manufacturing overheadoverhead. .Period costsPeriod costs include all include all selling costs and selling costs and administrative costs.

12、administrative costs. InventoryCost of Good SoldBalanceSheetIncomeStatementSaleExpenseIncomeStatementMcGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 17Quick Check Which of the following costs would be considered a period rather than a product cost in a manufacturing company?A. Manufacturing equipment depreciation.B. Propert

13、y taxes on corporate headquarters.C. Direct materials costs.D. Electrical costs to light the production facility.E. Sales commissions.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 18Quick Check Which of the following costs would be considered a period rather than a product cost in a manufacturing company?A. Manufacturing

14、equipment depreciation.B. Property taxes on corporate headquarters.C. Direct materials costs.D. Electrical costs to light the production facility.E. Sales commissions.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 19Classifications of CostsDirectMaterialDirectLaborManufacturingOverheadPrimeCostConversionCostManufacturing c

15、osts are oftenclassified as follows:Comparing Merchandising and Manufacturing CompaniesMerchandisers . . Merchandisers . . . .Buy finished Buy finished goods.goods.Sell finished Sell finished goods. goods. Manufacturers . . Manufacturers . . . .Buy raw materials.Buy raw materials.Produce and sell Pr

16、oduce and sell finished goods.finished goods.MegaLoMartMcGraw-Hill/IrwinMcGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 21Balance Sheet Merchandiser Current assetsuCashuReceivablesuMerchandise Inventory Manufacturer Current AssetsuCashuReceivablesuInventories Raw Materials Work in Process Finished GoodsMcGraw-Hill/IrwinSlid

17、e 22 Merchandiser Current assetsuCashuReceivablesuMerchandise Inventory Manufacturer Current AssetsuCashuReceivablesuInventories Raw Materials Work in Process Finished GoodsBalance SheetPartially complete products some material, labor, or overhead has been added. Completed products awaiting sale. Ma

18、terials waiting to be processed.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 23Learning Objective 4McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 24The Income Statement Cost of goods sold for manufacturers differs only slightly from cost of goods sold for merchandisers.Merchandising CompanyCost of goods sold: Beg. merchandise inventory14,200$ +

19、 Purchases 234,150 Goods available for sale248,350$ - Ending merchandise inventory(12,100) = Cost of goods sold236,250$ McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 25Basic Equation for Inventory AccountsBeginningbalanceAdditionsto inventory+=EndingbalanceWithdrawalsfrominventory+McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 26Quick Check If y

20、our inventory balance at the beginning of the month was $1,000, you bought $100 during the month, and sold $300 during the month, what would be the balance at the end of the month?A. $1,000.B. $ 800.C. $1,200.D. $ 200.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 27Quick Check If your inventory balance at the beginning of

21、 the month was $1,000, you bought $100 during the month, and sold $300 during the month, what would be the balance at the end of the month?A. $1,000.B. $ 800.C. $1,200.D. $ 200.$1,000 + $100 = $1,100$1,100 - $300 = $800McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 28Learning Objective 5McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 29Schedule of

22、 Cost of Goods ManufacturedCalculates the cost of raw material, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead used in production.Calculates the manufacturing costs associated with goods that were finished during the period.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 30ManufacturingWorkRaw MaterialsCostsIn ProcessBeginning ra

23、wDirect materials materials inventory+ Raw materials purchased= Raw materials available for use in production Ending raw materials inventory= Raw materials used in productionAs items are removed from raw materials inventory and placed into the production process, they arecalled direct materials. Pro

24、duct Cost FlowsMcGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 31ManufacturingWorkRaw MaterialsCostsIn ProcessBeginning rawDirect materials materials inventory+ Direct labor+ Raw materials+ Mfg. overhead purchased= Total manufacturing= Raw materials costs available for use in production Ending raw materials inventory= Raw m

25、aterials used in productionConversion costs are costs incurred to convert the direct material into a finished product.Product Cost FlowsMcGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 32ManufacturingWorkRaw MaterialsCostsIn ProcessBeginning rawDirect materialsBeginning work in materials inventory+ Direct labor process inven

26、tory+ Raw materials+ Mfg. overhead+ Total manufacturing purchased= Total manufacturing costs= Raw materials costs= Total work in available for use process for the in production period Ending raw materials inventory= Raw materials used in productionProduct Cost FlowsAll manufacturing costs incurred d

27、uring the period are added to the beginning balance of work in process. McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 33ManufacturingWorkRaw MaterialsCostsIn ProcessBeginning rawDirect materialsBeginning work in materials inventory+ Direct labor process inventory+ Raw materials+ Mfg. overhead+ Total manufacturing purchase

28、d= Total manufacturing costs= Raw materials costs= Total work in available for use process for the in production period Ending raw materials Ending work in inventory process inventory= Raw materials used= Cost of goods in production manufacturedProduct Cost FlowsCosts associated with the goods that

29、are completed during the period are transferred to finished goods inventory.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 34WorkIn ProcessFinished GoodsBeginning work inBeginning finished process inventory goods inventory+ Manufacturing costs+ Cost of goods for the period manufactured= Total work in process= Cost of goods

30、 for the period available for sale Ending work in- Ending finished process inventory goods inventory= Cost of goodsCost of goods manufactured soldProduct Cost FlowsMcGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 35Manufacturing Cost FlowsFinishedGoodsCost of GoodsSoldSelling andAdministrativePeriod CostsSelling andAdministr

31、ativeManufacturingOverhead Work in ProcessDirect Labor Balance Sheet Costs Inventories Income StatementExpensesMaterial PurchasesRaw MaterialsMcGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 36Quick Check Beginning raw materials inventory was $32,000. During the month, $276,000 of raw material was purchased. A count at the e

32、nd of the month revealed that $28,000 of raw material was still present. What is the cost of direct material used?A.$276,000B.$272,000C.$280,000D.$ 2,000 McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 37Quick Check Beginning raw materials inventory was $32,000. During the month, $276,000 of raw material was purchased. A co

33、unt at the end of the month revealed that $28,000 of raw material was still present. What is the cost of direct material used?A.$276,000B.$272,000C.$280,000D.$ 2,000 McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 38Quick Check Direct materials used in production totaled $280,000. Direct labor was $375,000 and factory overh

34、ead was $180,000. What were total manufacturing costs incurred for the month?A.$555,000B.$835,000C.$655,000D.Cannot be determined.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 39 Direct materials used in production totaled $280,000. Direct labor was $375,000 and factory overhead was $180,000. What were total manufacturing

35、 costs incurred for the month?A.$555,000B.$835,000C.$655,000D.Cannot be determined.Quick Check McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 40Quick Check Beginning work in process was $125,000. Manufacturing costs incurred for the month were $835,000. There were $200,000 of partially finished goods remaining in work in p

36、rocess inventory at the end of the month. What was the cost of goods manufactured during the month?A.$1,160,000B.$ 910,000C.$ 760,000D.Cannot be determined. McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 41 Beginning work in process was $125,000. Manufacturing costs incurred for the month were $835,000. There were $200,000

37、 of partially finished goods remaining in work in process inventory at the end of the month. What was the cost of goods manufactured during the month?A.$1,160,000B.$ 910,000C.$ 760,000D.Cannot be determined. Quick Check Beginning work in process inventory125,000$ + Mfg. costs incurred for the period

38、835,000 = Total work in process during the period960,000$ Ending work in process inventory200,000 = Cost of goods manufactured760,000$ McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 42Quick Check Beginning finished goods inventory was $130,000. The cost of goods manufactured for the month was $760,000. And the ending finis

39、hed goods inventory was $150,000. What was the cost of goods sold for the month?A. $ 20,000.B. $740,000.C. $780,000.D. $760,000.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 43Quick Check Beginning finished goods inventory was $130,000. The cost of goods manufactured for the month was $760,000. And the ending finished goo

40、ds inventory was $150,000. What was the cost of goods sold for the month?A. $ 20,000.B. $740,000.C. $780,000.D. $760,000.$130,000 + $760,000 = $890,000$890,000 - $150,000 = $740,000McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 44Learning Objective 6McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 45Cost Classifications for Predicting Cost Behavior

41、 How a cost will react to changes in the level of activity within the relevant range.Total variable costsvariable costs change when activity changes.Total fixed costsfixed costs remain unchanged when activity changes.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 46Variable Cost Your total texting bill is based on how many

42、 texts you send.Number of Texts SentTotal Texting BillMcGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 47Variable Cost Per UnitNumber of Texts SentCost Per Text Sent The cost per text sent is constant at 5 cents per text.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 48Fixed Cost Your monthly contract fee for your cell phone is fixed for the number

43、 of monthly minutes in your contract. The monthly contract fee does not change based on the number of calls you make.Number of Minutes UsedWithin Monthly PlanMonthly Cell Phone Contract Fee McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 49Fixed Cost Per UnitNumber of Minutes UsedWithin Monthly PlanMonthly Cell Phone Contra

44、ct FeeWithin the monthly contract allotment, the average fixed cost per cell phone call made decreases as more calls are made.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 50Cost Classifications for Predicting Cost BehaviorBehavior of Cost (within the relevant range)CostIn TotalPer UnitVariableTotal variable cost changesV

45、ariable cost per unit remainsas activity level changes.the same over wide rangesof activity.FixedTotal fixed cost remainsAverage fixed cost per unit goesthe same even when thedown as activity level goes up. activity level changes.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 51Quick Check Which of the following costs woul

46、d be variable with respect to the number of cones sold at a Baskins & Robbins shop? (There may be more than one correct answer.)A. The cost of lighting the store.B. The wages of the store manager.C. The cost of ice cream.D. The cost of napkins for customers.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 52Quick Check W

47、hich of the following costs would be variable with respect to the number of cones sold at a Baskins & Robbins shop? (There may be more than one correct answer.)A. The cost of lighting the store.B. The wages of the store manager.C. The cost of ice cream.D. The cost of napkins for customers.McGraw

48、-Hill/IrwinSlide 53Learning Objective 7Assigning Costs to Cost ObjectsDirect costsDirect costsCosts that can beCosts that can beeasily and easily and conveniently traced conveniently traced to a unit of to a unit of product or other product or other cost object.cost object.Examples: direct Examples:

49、 direct material and direct material and direct laborlaborIndirect costsIndirect costsCosts that cannot Costs that cannot be easily and be easily and conveniently traced conveniently traced to a unit of to a unit of product or other product or other cost object. cost object. Example: Example: manufa

50、cturing manufacturing overheadoverheadMcGraw-Hill/IrwinMcGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 55Learning Objective 8McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 56Every decision involves a choice between at least two alternatives.Only those costs and benefits that differ between alternatives are relevant in a decision. All other costs a

51、nd benefits can and should be ignored.Cost Classifications for Decision MakingMcGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 57Differential Cost and RevenueCosts and revenues that differ among alternatives. Example: You have a job paying $1,500 per month in your hometown. You have a job offer in a neighboring city that pay

52、s $2,000 per month. The commuting cost to the city is $300 per month. Differential revenue is: $2,000 $1,500 = $500Differential cost is: $300McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 58Opportunity Cost The potential benefit that is given up when one alternative is selected over another.Example: If you werenot attendin

53、g college,you could be earning$15,000 per year. Your opportunity costof attending college for one year is $15,000.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 59Sunk Costs Sunk costs have already been incurred and cannot be changed now or in the future. These costs should be ignored when making decisions. Example: You bo

54、ught an automobile that cost $10,000 two years ago. The $10,000 cost is sunk because whether you drive it, park it, trade it, or sell it, you cannot change the $10,000 cost.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 60Quick Check Suppose you are trying to decide whether to drive or take the train to Portland to attend

55、a concert. You have ample cash to do either, but you dont want to waste money needlessly. Is the cost of the train ticket relevant in this decision? In other words, should the cost of the train ticket affect the decision of whether you drive or take the train to Portland?A. Yes, the cost of the trai

56、n ticket is relevant.B. No, the cost of the train ticket is not relevant.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 61Quick Check Suppose you are trying to decide whether to drive or take the train to Portland to attend a concert. You have ample cash to do either, but you dont want to waste money needlessly. Is the cos

57、t of the train ticket relevant in this decision? In other words, should the cost of the train ticket affect the decision of whether you drive or take the train to Portland?A. Yes, the cost of the train ticket is relevant.B. No, the cost of the train ticket is not relevant.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 62Qu

58、ick Check Suppose you are trying to decide whether to drive or take the train to Portland to attend a concert. You have ample cash to do either, but you dont want to waste money needlessly. Is the annual cost of licensing your car relevant in this decision?A. Yes, the licensing cost is relevant.B. N

59、o, the licensing cost is not relevant.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 63Quick Check Suppose you are trying to decide whether to drive or take the train to Portland to attend a concert. You have ample cash to do either, but you dont want to waste money needlessly. Is the annual cost of licensing your car rele

60、vant in this decision?A. Yes, the licensing cost is relevant.B. No, the licensing cost is not relevant.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 64Quick Check Suppose that your car could be sold now for $5,000. Is this a sunk cost?A. Yes, it is a sunk cost.B. No, it is not a sunk cost.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSlide 65Quick Check Supp