句子成分及基本句型

1、句子成分及基本句型【句子的成分】在英文中句子成分包括：主语 、 谓语 、 宾语 （直接宾语、间接宾语）、 表语 、 定语 和 状语 、宾语补足语等。（一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么 ”或“ 是谁 ”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首 。如：（ 1 ） Lucy is a beautiful nurse. （名词作主语）（ 2） He reads newspapers every day. （代词作主语）（ 3） Smoking is harmful to the health. （动名词作主语）（ 4） To swim in Kunming L

2、ake is a great pleasure.（不定式作主语）（ 5） What we should do is not yet decided. （主语从句作主语）（二）谓语说明主语“做什么 ”“ 是什么 ”或“ 怎么样 ”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。如： His parents are teachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语）We study hard. （行为动词作谓语）We don t finish reading the book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语）He can speak English. （情态动

3、词和行为动词一起作谓语）（三）宾语宾语是 动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。She is doing her homework now. （名词作宾语）She says（ that） she is ill.（宾语从句作动词宾语）We often help him. （代词作宾语）He likes to play basketball. （不定式作宾语）We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。（动名词短语作宾语）说明1：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之

4、后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外，动词不定式可作动词宾语；动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。说明2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，直接宾语指物 ， 间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间接宾语指人 。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如：give, show（给, 看） ，bring, pass, buy 等。如： （ 1 ） Our teacher tells us a story.（ 2） The sun gives u

5、s light.间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后， 在表示 “人” 的间接宾语之前会出现介词“ to” 或 “ for”。间接宾语前加“ to” 的有：give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return,write, throw, promise （答应）, refuse（拒绝）等。间接宾语加“for”的有：make, buy, do, get, play, order（命令）, sing, pay等（ 1 ） I give him a book. 改成：（ 3） He passes me the book. 改

6、成：（ 4） He writes me a letter. 改成：（ 5） He will buy me some books. 改成：（ 6） She is making me a cake. 改成：（四）宾语补足语在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为 宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、 介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。如： They make her happy.（形容词）I see her dance.（不定式）We ll help you to make the Olympics a success. （名词）Please l

7、et him in. （副词）We heard her singing a song.（分词短语）（五）表语表语说明主语“是什么 ”或者“ 怎么样 ”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于 名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。如： I am a teacher.（名词）He is always happy.（形容词）They are on the playground now. （介词短语）It gets cold.（形容词）Be 动词（ am ， is， are, was, were）表保持（keep, stay, remain）系动词表改变（get， become，tur

8、n）感官动词（feel ， sound（听起来）， seem/look（看起来）， taste（尝起来）， smell（闻起来）如： It sounds interesting. （ sound 为系动词，interesting 为表语）We should all remain careful. Remain （为系动词，careful 为表语）（六）定语定语是用来修饰名词或 代词 的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。单个词 作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。如： The black bike is mine.（形容词）What s your name

9、?（代词）They make paper flowers. （名词）说明 1：当定语修饰不定代词： nothing, anything, everything, something 等时，定语在不定代词后面。如： I tell him something interesting. （形容词interesting 作不定代词something 的后置定语）He has something to do. （ to do 为不定式作后置定语）说明2： 短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。如： The boys in the room are in Class Four. （ in the r

10、oom 是介词短语作the boys 的后置定语。）（七）状语修饰动词、形容词、 副词 。 一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、 目的、 方式、 程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末， 但有的可以放在句首、句中。如： He did it carefully. （副词）We often help him. （副词）Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday. （介词短语）3When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher. （从句作时间状语） He sits t

11、here.（副词地点状语）A. 主语+不及物动词（主谓）如： The sun rises. 太阳升起来。The car stopped. 小汽车停下来了。rise 和 stop 都是不及物动词，因此后边不必加宾语。B. 主语+及物动词+宾语（主谓宾）如： I love my country.He helps me.1 like action movies.I buy a book.C. 主语+系动词 +表语 （主系表）如：Her brother is a driver.We feel happy.（ feel 为系动词，表示感到, ）It gets dark.天黑了。 （ get 为系动词，表

12、示变得）Tom looks ill. Tom 看上去病了。（ look 为系动词，表示看上去，看起来）D. 主语+及物动词+双宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）（主谓+直宾+间宾）如： He gives Tom a present.（双宾语）他给汤姆一件礼物。Mother make a new dress for me. （双宾语）妈妈为我做了一件衣服。E. 主语 +及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（主 +谓 +宾 +宾补）如： They call her Mary. （宾补）他们叫她Mary。We make our classroom clean and tidy. （宾补）我们使我们的教室干净整齐。He

13、always makes us laugh.（宾补）他总使我们笑。一、典型例题写出划线部分的句子成分。1. Lilyis cleaningthe desknow.2. Her garden is the best in our town.3. Liu Ming is thirteen years old.4. I likethis bookvery much.5. The girl on the blue bike is Jane s sister.6. She didn t comtoe my party because she was ill.7. Wang Ping doeshis ho

14、meworkcarefully.8. We will go to the ChildrenoPnaclclaecae week.9. They are in the classroom.10. It sounds good.11. His name is Paul.12. We always go to school early.二、课后练习（一 ） 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brotherdoesn'tdohis homework.AB C D Peopleall over the world speak English.You must pay goodattention to y

15、ourpronunciation.A B C D How many new wordsdoyoulearn ?A B C D Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?ABC D（二 ） 挑出下列句中的表语 The old manisfeeling very tired.AB C D Why is he worriedaboutJim?A B C D The leaveshaveturnedyellow.A B C D Soon they all becomeinterested in the s

16、ubject.A B CD She isthe firstto learnabout it.A B C D（三 ） 挑出下列句中的定语 Theyuse Mr. with the familyname.A BC D Whatis your givenname?A B C D On the thirdlapareClass 1 and Class 3.A B C D I am afraidsomepeople forgot to sweep the floor.A B CD The mandownstairs was tryingto sleep.ABC D（四 ） 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 Sh

17、e likesthe childrento read newspapers and books in the reading-room.A BCD He asksherto take the boyout of school.A B CD She finditdifficultto do the work.A B CD They callmeLilysometimes.A B C D IsawMr. Wangget on the bus.A B C D（五 ） 挑出下列句中的状语 Thereisa big smileon her face.A B CD Every night he heard

18、the noiseupstairs.A B CD6 He beganto learnEnglishwhen he was eleven.A B CD The manon the motorbikeis travellingto fast.ABCD With the medicine box under her arm, MissLihurried off.AB C D（六 ） 划出句中的直接宾语（）和间接宾语（） Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to te

19、ach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Does he leave any message for me?典型例题答案. 写出划线部分的句子成分。I. 主， 谓， 宾， 状 2. 定， 状 3. 表4. 谓， 宾， 状 5. 定， 定6. 谓，状 7. 谓，宾，状8. 谓，状9. 表10. 表II. 定，表12. 状，状课后练习（三） D D B A B （四 ） D B D C B （五） C C A B B （六） C C C C D（七 ） D A D D A （八 ） us, 间接宾语a story, 直接宾语m

20、e, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语us, 间接宾语history, 直接宾语Tom, 间接宾语it, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语message, 直接宾语Passage 1On Sunday morning, Mr Baker takes Mike and Joan to a plane. He opens the door of the plane and lets the children in. Soon the plane begins to up. Joan looks out of the window,“ Ohlike birds in the sky!” She

21、says. She looks at the houses, but they are like toy hoiukseelso.o Mksout of the window, too. He sees some buses. They look like toy buses. The people on the ground look very, very small, too. Then the plane comes down and down, and stops on the ground. Mike and Joan are very happy.Passage 2Lily and

22、 Lucy are twins. They come from America. They came to China in 2004 because their parents came to China to work. Their father is an engineer, and their mother is a teacher. Lily and Lucy are 12 years old. They are in Grade 5, but they are in different classes. Lily is in Class 1 and Mary is in Class

23、 3. They walk to school every day. They have many friends in China. The girls and their friends often play together. They like hiking with their friends in summer and making snowmen with them in winter. They enjoy their life in China.Passage 3In a small village, there is a teacher, a doctor, a drive

24、r and a policeman. They are all good friends.What are their names? One is Mike, one is Jack, one is Tom and the other is John. Mike s,and Tom s children are classmates. John has not any children. He teaches his friends chschool. Mike has many hens and he gives the driver and the doctor eggs. Jack chsi ld goes to school to the doctor s house. The doctor s is behind Jack s.Passage 4Mr Black and Mrs. Black live at 15King Road. They have two children. One is seven and the other is nine. In the m