中南大高等教育自考试毕业论文(设计)封面

1、IntroductionTheOldManandtheSeawaspublishedin1952andwasoneofHemingway'smostsuccessfillnovelswhichwonHemingwayNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.ThenovelwritesaverysimplestorywhichchroniclestheadventureofSantiago,basedonatruestoryofaCubafisherman.Inthenovel,Hemingwaycreatesanimmortalartisticfigure,Sant

2、iago,arepresentativeofCodeHero.Santiagoisapoorfishermanwholivesaloneandhasfinallylostallwilltolive.Everydayisthesamedull,monotonousroutine,itisthespiritofCodeHerotosupporthimfightingandliving.ThechiefpointaboutSantiagoisthathebehavesperfectlyandhonorably,withgreatcourageandendurance.Ialsowanttopoint

3、outthatthenovelnotonlydescribesthefightbetweenhumanandnatureandfatebutalsoindicatedHemingway'sCodeHerogettingtoitssununit.Althouglitheoldmaninthenovelisweakandinthegrimfateofpressure,healsoshowsthespiritofCodeHero.Thispaperwillanalyzetheimageoftheoldman,revealthecharacteristicsofCodeHero,andadvo

4、catethespiritofnevergivingup.Chapter 1TheBackgroundInformation1.1 theAuthorfsGrowthBackgroundRegardedasagiantbothinAmericanliteratureandtheworldliterature,ErnestHemingwaywasbornonJuly21,1898,atOakPark,Illinois.Hisfather,asuccessfulphysicianenjoyedhuntingandfishing.Goingoutfrequentlywithhisfather,Hem

5、ingwaydevelopedawayoflifeandofdeath,andlearnedsuchvirtuesascourageandendurance,Hemingway'sstyleoflivingasanadultandthefactthatliisbooksaboundinsportstermsarepartlytraceabletohisearlylife.AsaboyHemingwaylikedboxingandfootballarewrotethemintolightverseandhumorousstories.Hehasonawholeahappyboyhood;

6、thoughhedidrunawayfromhometwiceandobservedoncethatthebesttrainingforawriterisanunhappyboyhood.Thoughhewaspoorvisionfromchildhood,hewasgoodatsport.Intheschoolhewasalsoanoutstandingstudent.Afterleavingschoolat17infestedwiththeprevailingfeveramongtheyoung”togetintothethickofit”andthesenseoftheneedtoexp

7、erienceorobseivewaratclosequartershetriedtoenlistinthearmy,butwasrejectedbecauseofhispoorsightwhichhadinjuredwhilelearningboxing.HewenttotheKansasCityStarandservedasitseagerandenergeticreporter.DuringWorldWarIheworkedasanambulancedriverinFranceandintheItalianinfantryandwaswoundedseverelyjustbeforehi

8、s19thbirthday.Later,hebecameinvolvedwiththeexpatriateliteraryandartisticcirclesurroundingGertrudeSteinwhenhewasworkinginParisasacorrespondentfortheTorontoStar,Hisworksduringthe1920sarerepresentativeof'theLostGeneration.DuringtheSpanishCivilWarandlatertheSecondWordWar,Hemingwayservedasacorrespond

9、entontheloyalistside.ThenhesettledinCubain1945.In1954,HemingwaywasawardedtheNobelPrizeofLiteratureforhis6masteiyoftheartofmodemnarration”.AfterhisexpulsionfromCubabytheCastroregime,hemovedtoIdaho.Hewasincreasinglyplaguedbyillhealthandmentalproblems,andinJuly,1961,hecommittedsuicidebyshootinghimself.

10、1.2 SocialBackgroundHemingway?slifewasactiveandadventurousbutfullofpains.HelivedintheperiodthattheWorldWarOnebrokeoutwhenmanyyoungvolunteerstookpartinthewarwhichalsocalled“awarendsallwars”.Butthecruelrealitymadethemawarethatmodernwarfarewasnotasgloriousastheythought.ActuallytheFirstandtheSecondWorld

11、WarshadaffectedHemingwayalot,forhehadoncejoinedthearmyandhadinjuredinItaly,sohesufferedmuchwhichwasbroughtaboutbythewardeeply.Hewasdisappointedwiththeworldatthattimeandbecameverypessimisticaboutthefateofthehumanbeings.Asayoungwriterandspokesmanofthe“TheLostGeneration,andinfluencedbythegreedyandheedl

12、esswayoflifeinAmerica,Hemingway'sworksallvividlyrecordedthelifeofthosephysicallyandmentallywoundedsoldiers,revealedthefiiistration,lonelinesswhen“Godisdead”.Soseekingtheunderstandingoflifeisthethemeofthecharacteroftheunyieldingman.1.3 NovePsBackgroundAsamouthpieceof“thelostgeneration,Hemingwaysu

13、fferedcoldshoulderandattackalmosttenyearsinthecommentaryfield.Inordertosavethedesperatesituation,Hemingwaywrotethenovel,theoldmanandthesea,whichisbasedonarealstory.Thestorygoesthatinthelate1940s,uponretimifromanearlymorningfishingtrip,Fuentes(Hemingway'sfriend)andHemingwaysawasmallboat10milesout

14、tosea.HemingwayaskedFuentestoapproachthevesseltoseeiftheyneededhelp.Insidetheboatwereanoldmanandaboy.Asthevesselsclosed,theoldmanbeganyellingatthemwithinsultsincludingtellingthemtogotohell,indicatingthattheyhadscaredawaythefish.FuentesandHemingwaylookedateachotherinsurprise.Justthesame,Hemingwayaske

15、dFuentestolowerthemsomefoodanddrinkswhiletheoldmanandboyglaredatthem.Withoutanotherwordexchanged,thetwoboatspartedways.AccordingtoFuentes,Hemingwaybeganimmediatelytowriteinhisnotebookandlateraskedhimtofindtheoldman.ButheneverwasabletofindthefishermanthathadmadesuchanimpressiononHemingway.Afewyearsaf

16、terTheOldManandtheSeawaspublished,residentsofCojimarbelievedthattheoldfishermanthatFuentesandHemingwayranintoatseawasahumblelocalfishermantheycalledelviejoMiguel;somedescribedhisphysicalappearanceasawirySpencerTracy.TheothercircumstancesthatmadeHemingwaywrotethenovelwasHemingway'swritingcapabili

17、tyhadbeenquestionedbypeopleatthattime.Underkindsofgossip,HemingwaydecidedtowriteTheOldManandtheSeawhichhadbeenconstructedinhismindformorethan10years.Atlast,thismasterpieceprovedhiswritingtalent.Chapter 2 theBriefPlotTlieoldmanandtheseaisoneofHemingway'senduringworks.Itisashortnovel,afableofakind

18、,aboutanoldCubanfishermanSantiagorwhoisdownonhisluck,andtriestofightagainsthisfate.InthestorySantiagohasgonefor84dayswithoutcatchingafish.Asaresult,Mandolin,alittleboy,whousedtosailwithhim,isforbiddenfromfishingwiththeoldmanbyhisparentsandforcedtocatchfishinanother“good-lucky"ship.Laterdespitet

19、heboyasksforfishingtogetheragain,buttheoldmaninsistsonfishingaloneandatlast,hesucceedsinhookingagiantmarlinwhichiseighteen-foot,thelargesthehaseverknownbefore.Butthefishisverypowerfulanddisobedient.Ittowstheoldmanandhisboatforalmost48hours,theoldmancoulddonothingbutbearingthewholeweightofthefishthro

20、ughthelineonhisback.Theoldman,withlittlefoodandsleep,hastobearalotofpainandatthesametimefightagainstthefish.Tohisgreatexcitement,hewasrewardedforhisstruggle.Onthethirddayatsea,hefinallycatchestheweakenedmarlintothesurfaceandhaipoonsit.Onhiswayhome,helashedmarlinalongsidehisboatbecauseitistoobigtobep

21、utintheboat.But,unfortunately,thesharksassaultedtheoldmanandthegiantmarlinindifferentdirectionsforfourtimes.Theoldmanfightstokillthesharkswithasmuchstrengthhecansummon,butonlytofindagiantskeletonofhismarlinleftafterhisdesperatedefense.Atlast,Santiago,havinglostwhathefoughtfor,reachestheshoreandstrug

22、glestohisshack.Hefallsintosoundsleep,dreamingofAfricaandthelionsagain.Chapter 3theCodeHeroandHisFeaturesintheOldManandtheSea3.1 GreatPhysicalPotentialandCouragefirstofall,theoldmanhasgreatphysicalpotentialandcourage.SantiagoinTheOldmanandtheSeawereallhurtinsomeway,yettheywerenotdefeated.However,ther

23、earesomedifferencesinthecharacterizationofSantiago.Heisactiveandchoosestobeinjured.Unliketheothershesuffersonlyphysicalharm,notmentalpain,andasaresultretainshisoptimismuntiltheendofthestory.SantiagoisfreefromthatselfpityandvainstmgglesthathauntedHemingway'sfbnnerheroes.Heacceptshisfatewithgreatt

24、ranquilityandhisinjuriesheregardsasinsignificantoccurrences.ThroughhisportrayalofSantiago,Hemingwaysuccessfullydemonstrateshowmancanchallengehimselfbyconfrontinghisfailures.3.2 EverlastingHopefortheFutureOnemaylosethebattleinlife,buthecanachieveamoralsignificanceafterhiscourage,braveryandabilitytoen

25、durehavebeentested.Becausehopedoesnotdie,powerisnotoff.Evenifthehopeisslim,wealsomusttryourbesttofightforit.Theauthorbelievesthat,soaboveandbeyondtheirphysicalstrength,theirdeterminationprovesevenmoresignificant.WithsuchwillpowertheheroesofHemingwayareabletoremaingracefulevenafterbeingdestroyed,andc

26、anstilldemonstratetheirdignityashumanbeings.Santiago'sphysicalpowerismuchreducedbythefactthatheisalreadyanoldmanwithallthatyouthfulstrengthwhiledawayandlongfaded.Hemingwaymorethancompensatedthatphysicalhandicapbyendowinghisherowithmentalstrengththatisbothdeterminedandfocused:"Thestrongphysi

27、calbeautycanonlybepleasingtosenses,butthestrongwillpowercanmoveoneinthedepthofhisheart."Thewillpowerformstheessentialstrengthoftheprotagonistsandenhancestheintensityoftheconflictsbetweencharacters.Atthebeginningofthenovel,theauthorportraystheimageofthemanWhowemaybeshowoursympathytoandthinkthatc

28、annotdoanything.Furthermore,Santiago'slifeisnotingoodcondition.Exceptaboyheoncetaughttofish,hehasfewfriends.Itseemsthatfewpeoplecarehim.Whatismore,heisfailureincatchingfish.Foraweather-beaten,poverty-strickenandlonelyoldmanlikeSantiago,themiserymightbebeyondanyone'sintolerance.Foramancantole

29、ratefailure,butcan'ttoleratecontinuousfailure.Toomuchfailurewillsuredefeatamanevenwithstrongwill.Forthisreason,wemayamveattheconclusionthatSantiagowillgiveupfishing.Buttooursurprise,thecolorofthecharacterisbrighterinthefollowing.Theoldmanfirmlyinsiststhathewillnotalwaysbeunfortunate,andshipsinto

30、thedeepseawithoutlookingback.Whatmakestheoldmanmakesuchadecisionunderthedifficultcondition?Throughtheman,theauthorpointsout-eventhoughlifeisharder,eventhewretchedstandpoint,“Butwhoknows?Maybetoday,eveiydayisanewday”.Thisisthehopefbrthefiiture,nevergiveuohopeforthefuture.Theauthorfurtherstrengthensth

31、echaracteroftheoldman一theCodeHero.Finally,hesawonesharkcameagainsttheheadofthisfish,andheknewallwasover.Heswungthetilleracrossthesharksheadwherethejawswerecauglitintheheavinessofthefish'sheadwhichwouldnottear.Heswungitonceandtwiceandagain.Hefeltitgoinandknowingitwassharphedroveitinagain.Theshark

32、letgoandrolledaway.Thatwasthelastsharkofthepackthatcame.Therewasnothingmoreforthemtoeat.Atlast,hesailedbackintoharborexhaustedly,withaskeletonofhisfishandabrokenskiff."She'sgood,hethought.Sheissoundandnotharmedinanywayexceptfbrthetiller.Thatiseasilyreplaced”.Allwhattheoldmanseesaregoodside.

33、Hefailed,however,"heisnot'defeateddespitethefactthathasbeen'beaten',ashehimselfadmits,byhisviolationofthesacredcode.Hepronouncesthatnothingbeathimreallyandthathisonlyfaultwasthathe'wentouttoofar'3.3 loyaltyAnotherimportantfeatureofthe“codeheroesisthekloyalty.Theyarenotwithou

34、tstrongpassionsandfaith,andsuchqualitymakestheircharacterlife21ikeandreliable,conveyingwarmthandlovetopeoplearound.However,suchqualityisimpliedratherthandisplayedinthe"codeheroes.Itisnotspokenofbutperfbnned,nottoldbutsuggested.Santiago'sloyaltyandpassiontothechildManolincanonlybefeltthrough

35、theirbehaviourandspecificactions,whilethecharactersthemselvesneversayawordaboutit.Suchaqualitycreatesanintegratedandoutstandingindividual.Yettheloyaltybreaksfromcommonpoliticalorreligiousbeliefsanddoesnotstemfromsomeabstractideologybutcomesfromasenseofbelonginganddependenceoncertainindividualgroups,

36、personalcirclesandfriendshipsorfromtheloveforsomespecificregions.3.4 DaringSpiritforFacingtheChallengeTlieprocessoftheoldman'sfishingisjustlikethehuman'swholelife.Everyoneintheworldlivesahardlifeandhastofacethevastandvastsea.Thegreedysharkswithshaiptooth,andalongwithhimselfisjustaboatandhiss

37、oulthatsupporthimliveintheworld.Facingwiththerespectedbutfearsomenature,thehumanbeingissoinsignificant.Howevertheauthorhasraisedsuchaquestion:bywhatthehumanbeingshouldhavetoliveinthework?Atthesametime,theauthoransweredthisquestionbyportrayingthewaythattheoldmanfacestheseaanddealswiththesharksalong.T

38、heoldman'sadmirablecourageisalsodemonstratedbytheopponent一theseaandthesharks.Theharderthefishandthesharksaretodefect,thetallertheoldman'simageis.3.5 HeroicBehaviorintheActualBattleDefinitelyamidgetspiritualcouldn'tbecomeanactualgiant.Ifapersonhasstrongwillbuthetakesnoactualaction,heissti

39、llamidget.Santiagodoesn'tonlyhavespiritualpower,healsoprovehispowerandstrengthbyhisaction.BydescribingtheprocessofhisfishingtheMarlinandfightingwiththesharks,Hemingwayshowsthedeath-defyingspiritintheactualbattle.Withhisexceedingself-confidencehegetsridofhisbadluckandcatchesthefishwhichislongerth

40、anhisskiff.Evenhislefthandcrampsandhisrighthandiscutbytheline,hejusttriedhisbesttoendure.Fromtheoldfisherman'spointofview,anypaindoesnotmattertoaman.HemakesresolutiontostaywiththeMarlinuntilheisdead.ThenSantiagomeetswithamoreterribledisaster.ThesharksspringontheMarlinandwanttotakehisprizeaway.Th

41、eoldfishennandoesn'tfoldhishandsandwaitfordestruction.Instead,hebravelydeterminestofiglitthemuntilhedies.Actuallytheoldman'sheadisclearandgoodnow.heisfullofresolutiontofightwiththemuntilthesharks.Butheknowsthatthereislittlehopeforhimtowinsinceheissowearyandsotired.Heknowsthefailureisinevitab

42、le.Butheshouldbehaveasamaninthebattlefield.Infacingsomanysharks,Santiagodoesn'tshowanyfear.Hepullshimselftogetherandfightsthesharksmorefiercely.3.6 LonelinessEnduranceintheLongFightingTheauthordoesn'ttellustheoriginsoftheoldman,nobodyknowswherehecomesfromnordoesnooneknowwhetherhehasrelatives

43、."Hewasanoldmanwhofishedalonginsskiff,“onlyachildcompanieswithhim.Butafter40days,thechildisalsogoingawayorderedbyhisparents.Theoldmanhastofacetheseaandthesharks.Butthesearenotthemostfearfulthing,thegreatestfearisloneliness.Thefeelingoflonelinessismorefearfulthanlonelinessitself.Theonlywaytheman

44、resolvesitistotalktohimself.Theauthorhasmanyportraysthattheoldmanistalkingtohimself.Iftheboywashere,theoldmanishappy.Whenheisalone,hejusttalkstohimselforsingsloudlytomakefun.Throughtalkingtohimself,heovercomestheloneliness,and“heknewnomanwaseveraloneonthesea.”3.7SpecializedSkillsTlie"codeheroes

45、“aieendowedwithcertainspecializedskills,suchasfishing,bullfighting,andhunting,etc.Suchskillsarenecessaryfortheinternalcourageandconstraintintheheroes.Inanothersense,apersonthatisgoodfornotliingislikelytobepresentedastweakoruseless,yettheHemingway'sheroesarefreefromsuchdeficienciesastheypossesspr

46、acticalskills.Chapter4TheAttitudeofHemingwaytowardsCodeHero"Between1940and1950whenhisnextnovel,AcrosstheRiverandintotheTreesappeared,Hemingwaywassalientfromaliteraturepointofview.AcrosstheRiverandintotheTreewassuchabadperformancethatcriticsallagreedthatHemingway'stalentwasdead.Butnotforlong

47、,TheOldManandtheSeahelpedtowardrestoringhisliterary,sothathewontheNoblePrizein1954.Andthenovelgreatlyshowedtheauthor'schangetowardsthecodehero.”（陈建华2002:78）TheoldmanSantiagofightswiththemarlinfirst,hedoesnotfeeldiscouraged.Thenadesperatestruggleensues,hefightswiththegiantsharks.HereinSantiagowec

48、anseeagaininthespiritofthenobleCodeHero,contendingwithaforceheknowsitisfutiletobattlewith.However,theoldmaneventuallycomestotherealizationthatingoingtofaroutalone,ubeyondallthepeopleintheworld,"(Hemingway2005:95)hehasmethisdoom,andhefeelsgoodtobeoneofthehumanandthenaturalworld.Theoldmanbeginsto

49、regardthefishasthebrotherofhumanbeings,hestartstoconsiderwhetheritisworthyoffightingforthefatejustbyhimself.menwillbecomeoldanddecayintheend,somenstilldoomtoyieldtothefate.Inthenovel,thechangeofHemingway'sattitudetowardsthelifeshowed:“Thefishismyfriendtoo,“hesaidaloud."Ihaveneverseenorheard

50、ofsuchafish.ButImustkillhim.Iamgladwedonothavetokillthestars.v“Idonotunderstandthesethings,hethought.Butitisgoodthatwedonothavetotrytokillthesunorthemoonorthestars.Itisenoughtoliveontheseaandkillourtrubrothers."(Hemingway2005:91-92)Throughtheseparagraphs,wecanseethattheoldmandoesnotwanttokillth

51、efishtoo,butheisforcedtokillthem,justforthesurvival.Thisisthemostimportantpointthatlaystheoldman'svalue.Hebelievesthathumanbeingsshouldgetwellwiththenature.ThathebeginstoexperienceafeelingofbrotherhoodandlovenotonlyforhisfellowmenbutforhisfellowcreaturesinnatureisaconvincingproofthatHemingway'svisionoftheworldhasundergoneaprofoundc