infinitive 不定式

1、Offered by : Shixuan Zhao一、动词不定式的结构形式： 不定式通常由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，即：to do sth.; 不带to的不定式与动词原形同形。二、以do为例列出不定式的各种形式：to doto have doneto be doneto have been done一般式完成式一般式完成式意义形式名称主 动被 动不 定 式进行式to be doing三、动词不定式的语法功能：名 称不定式句 子 成 分主 语 宾 语 表 语主 补宾 补 定 语 状 语1. SubjectConcept:不定式作主语表示一个未来的、具体的动作Examples:To help

2、you learn English well is your teachers duty.To make our life better is all our wishes.To see is to believe.当作主语的不定式太长时，应用it 代它置于句首，如:It is the teachers duty to help the students learn English well.It is very important to develop tobacco growing in Huili.Exercises: Rewrite the following sentences wi

3、th infinitives as Subject. ( Workbook P.83)No.1 His big dream is to travel to outer space. To travel to outer space is his biggest dream. 2.Object下列动词和短语只能接不定式：agree, ask, arrange, choose, claim, determine, dare, decide, demand, desire, expect,elect, fail, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, pre

4、fer, promise, pretend, prepare, refuse, seem, seek, threaten, undertake, volunteer, want, wish, would(should) like(love) to, etc. e.g. I hope to finish it tomorrow. She chose to go and teach in the countryside. He claimed to be the owner of the car. We always desire to live in peace with our neighbo

5、rs. The rascal(流氓/无赖) threatened to kill Larry. They are busy preparing to take the final examination. You ought to learn to be patient. 有的动词既可接不定式又可接动名词作宾语：具体用法和表达的意义不同remember, forget, regret, try, mean, like, stop, go on, cant help, etc. e.g.The light in the office is still on; I forgot to turn i

6、t off.(关灯的动作未做) The light in the office is off; I remembered turning it off.（关灯的动作已经做了） e.g. When she left her mother to school, she couldnt help crying.(她离开母亲上学时，情不自禁地哭了。)She was so tired that she couldnt help (to) prepare supper with her mother. (她太疲倦，不能帮母亲做晚饭。) Summary(慨要/归纳) try mean go on stop

7、liketo do sth. 尽力做某事doing sth. 试一试做某事to do sth. 打算做某事doing sth. 意味着做某事to do sth. 接着做另一件事doing sth. 继续做同一件事to do sth. 停下来做另一件事doing sth. 停止正在做的事to do sth. 某时喜欢做某事doing sth. 习惯做某事 当作宾语的动词不定式太长时，常用 it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在后面，如： People who listen to Hawkings lectures sometimes find it difficult to understand

8、him. 有些动词带的to是介词，而不是动词不定式的符号，这类词组分别为：get/be used to, pay attention to, stick to(坚持/继续), refer to(提及), object to(反对), add to(増加), relate to(与有关系), come to(到达/涉及到), take to(从事/耽于), agree to(同意,答应,允诺), belong to(属于), account to(总计/等于), get to(开始做某事), devote oneself to(致力于/献身于)，look forward to(期待/盼望), e

9、tc.e.g. Keeping what belongs to another amounts to stealing. We southerners are used to eating rice. When it comes to helping his wife with the housework, John never grumbles(抱怨/发牢骚). 3. Predicative位于系动词be,seem等之后的动词不定式叫表语，如：Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood.4.Object Compl

10、ement 有些动词接带 to 的动词不定式作宾补，如：ask, tell, warn, advise, wish, get, hate, intend, prefer, would like, etc.e.g. I wish you to be a scientist in the future. The teacher warned us not to smoke when we were young. 接不带 to 的动词不定式作宾补：感官动词：see, watch, look at, feel, notice, observe, hear, listen to使役动词：make, le

11、t, havee.g. I heard him sing two foreign songs. You made me understand the economic law. 5.Subject Complement 在被动语态中，主动语态中的宾补就变成了主补,感官和使役动词也不例外，如： He was made to wash trucks as a punishment for a week. Marx was forced to leave his homeland for his work. 不定式结构与形容词搭配构成形容词词组作主补：例1：Henry was happy to he

12、ar it. (主句主语同时也就是不定式结构的逻辑主语)例2：Mary is easy to teach. (主句主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语)例3：The clothes are easy to wash. (主句主语既是不定式结构的逻辑主语也是逻辑宾语)6.Attribute 表示未发生的动作，如： Who is the man to teach us next term? Who is the man that will teach us next term? He is not the man to draw back(=who will draw back退却).表示带情态意义的动作，

13、如： He is the proper person to write the book. He is the proper person who can write the book. There is a quarter of an hour to kill(=that we can kill). 表示已经完成的主动动作，如： The first people to settle there were from Europe. The first people who settled there were from Europe. He was the last guest to arri

14、ve(=who arrived).不定式与名词的搭配关系名词是不定式结构的逻辑主语名词是不定式结构的逻辑宾语不定式属不及物动词时，可根据需要加上适当的介词e.g. Have you got a key to unlock the door(=that can unlock the door)? This is the best book on the subject to appear this year(=that has appeared this year).e.g. He has a large family to support(=that he must support). Thi

15、s is the best book to read(=that we can read/for us to read).There was really nothing to fear(=for us to fear).e.g. Mary needs a friend to play with.7.Adverbial 不定式常作目的和结果状语，多出现在下列结构中：In order to, so as to, tooto, soas to, enough to do例1：Jane worked hard so as not to fail in the exam.(purpose) 例2：He

16、 got up early enough to catch the first bus.(result) My brother is so strong as to easily lift a weight of 80 kilograms.(result)不定式作状语,其逻辑主语为主句的主语，如： To learn English well, we should study hard.8.Practice选择题： In order to survive, _.fighting has to be a part of man B. man must fightC. it is necessary

17、 that man fightsA. D. to be fighting is important for man不定式不定式不定式的不定式的作用作用1例1 NMET 2000 第19题Ive work with children before, so I know what _ in my job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expectsB解析该题考查疑问+不定式在句中做宾语的用法。英语中有一些动词 后可以跟一个疑问词的不定式做宾语，如：tell, discuss, know, show, learn, decide, w

18、onder, explain不定式不定式不定式的不定式的否定形式否定形式3例5 NMET 1996年 The patient was warned _ oily food after the operationThe patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eatA. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eatC解析 该题考查不定式的否定式作主补。要注意warn后跟词方式， war

19、n sb. not to do sth. warn sb. against doing sth. 该题应该用结构。两外，not 应放在to之前。 在大多数的动词可接不定式短语做宾补，只有少数动词（五个看see,watch,notice, observe,look at；三使役make,let, have;二听listen to,hear等）须接不带to 的不定式做宾补。解析例2 NMET 1999 第21题The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. A. not make B. not

20、 to make C. not making D. do not make.B不定式不定式不定式的不定式的作用作用1因为主语是the purpose，在（purpose, wish, promise, plan）后常跟不定式，古表语要用不定式，to不能省略，因此构成the purpose is tonot todo 句型，故选B 。不定式的不定式的时态时态2例3 NMET 1997第12题I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. hav

21、ing gone C. going D. to have goneD不定式不定式常和不定式完成式连用的动词还有：Would love, meant, hoped, planned, expected, promised, wish等 例如：I meant to have telephoned you, but I forgot.解析例4 NMET 1999 第14题Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. to have studied B. to studyA. C. to be study D.

22、 to have been studying A解析该题考查动词不定式做宾语的 用法。Would love(like) to 是固定搭配，因此B、C、不合题意。Would love+不定式一般式，表示“想，希望”，而接不定式完成式则表示“原本希望，而未曾实现”的意思。 非谓语动词(Infinitive) .I happened_grass to the donkey when he dropped in on me. A. to feed B. to have fed C. to be feeding D. to be fed (2).She was afraid_her teacher an

23、d parents because of the failure in the exam. A. to face B. to be faced C. to be facing D. to have faced (3).The room needs_, but we plan to wait till the next summer to do it. A. being painted B. to paint (1) C.painted D.to be painted (4). He asked the teacher how to do the experiment_make mistakes

24、. A.in order to B. in order not that C. Not in order to D. in order not to(5). The students handed in their exercises just in time_. A.for the teacher to correct B.for the teacher correct C. To correct for the teacher D.the teacher to correct (6).We think it possible_the four modernizations in China. A. to be realized B. to realize C. for realizing D. will realize(7).Edisons newspaper was the first one_on a moving train.to be printed B.to have been prin