小升初代词讲解及习题

1、第二讲 代词、定义：代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。、代词的 分类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问 代词、连接代词和关系代词等。常见的代词分类表:分类例词人称代词we , you , he , she , it , them物主代词my , your , his , our , their , mine , hers , theirs , ours反身代词myself , yourself , ourselves , itself , themselves指示代词this , that , these , those不定代词all , some ,

2、 any , much , many , few , little相互代词each other , one ano ther疑问代词who , whom , whose , which , what连接代词who , whom , whose , which , what关系代词who , whom , whose , that , which , as1人称代词分类及用法人称代词人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit(1)主格：作主语，表示谁怎么样了、干什么了。I am a teacher.Yo

3、u are student.He feels happy everyday. We/You/They .go to school every weekday.（2）宾格：作宾语，表示动作行为的对象，一般放在动词后面。Give it to me.Let ' gs （let =letus）2.物主代词物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词可以作定语，也就是讲它可以作形容词，后面要跟名词。女口： This is my book.名性词的物主代词后面不能跟名词。如：This book is mi ne.=This is my book.人称我你他她它我们你们他们主格I

4、youhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem形容词性 物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性 物主代词mi neyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs在句中用作主语、宾语、表语、和介词of连用。如：Here is my dog. Its name is Tom.（形容词性物主代词 its作name的定语）My sister lost her bicycle. (形容词性物主代词 her 作 bicycle 的定语)Is that coffee yours or hers? ( 名词性物主代词 )It

5、s'your pen =It 's yours.It 's her dress = It's hers.(1) 名词性物主代词的用法A. 作主语如： May I use your pen? Yours (=your pen) works better.B. 作宾语 如： I love my motherland as much as you love yours (=your motherland).我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。C. 作介词宾语I am writing with your pen, not with mine(=my pen).d. 作表

6、语如： My life is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。( 2) 形容词性物主代词的用法A. 形容词性物主代词与形容词一起修饰名词时,其顺序是 :形容词性物主代词 +形容词 + 名词。如:My new bike 我的新自行车her young son 她年幼的儿子B. 形容词性物主代词所修饰的名词可以是单数,也可以是复数。如 : my pen 我的钢笔 his books 他的书C. 形容词性物主代词不能单独使用，它后面必须跟名词，即在名词前作定语。如 :这是我的钢笔 .误This pen is my.(错误的

7、原因：my在此句中单独使用)正This is my pen.D. 当名词前有形容词性物主代词修饰时 ，不能再用冠词来修饰名词(注：冠词包括定冠词 the 和不定冠词 a， an 两类)。如 :那是我的自行车 .误That is my a bike. / That is a bike.错误原因：不定冠词 a和形容词性物主代词my同时出现正That is my bike.(3) 当名词前有形容词性物主代词修饰时，不能再用指示代词 this， that， these 或 those 来修饰名词。如:他们的电脑在这儿。误Their those computers are here.(或 Those t

8、heir computers are here.)错误原因：指示代词 those和形容词性物主代词there同时出现正Their computers are here.(4) 名词性和形容词性物主代词的区别A) 名词性物主代词后不能跟名词，或代词one。它总是单独出现在句中。如： The umbrella is mine. ( mine=my umbrella )He likes my pen. He doesn 't like hers.(hers=her pen)B) 名词性物主代词 =形容词性物主代词 +名词为避免重复使用名词，通常可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+

9、名词”的形式。如： My bag is yellow， her bag is red， his bag is blue and your bag is pink. 为避免重复使用 bag， 可写成 My bag is yellow， hers is red， his is blue and yours is pink.C) 名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的-'s属格结构.如： Jack's cap 意为 The cap is Jack's. His cap 意为 The cap is his.D）可 以 说 a friend of mine （ours,

10、yours, hers, his, theirs） ， =one of my friends ； 但 是 不 能 说 a friend of me （us, you, her, him, them） 这种说法绝对错误。E）有时同一个结构用不用物主代词会导致含义的变化。如：Don ' lose heart.别灰心（lose heart:灰心）She lost her heart to Jim.她爱上了吉姆。（lose one' s heart to sb: 爱上某人）3.反身代词A. 定义：反身代词，又称为自身代词， 表示动作行为反射到行为执行者本身。还可以在句中起 到强调的作用

11、，用以加强语气。B. 用法1）可用作宾语，指的是宾语和主语表示同一个或同一些的人或事物。如： Maria bought herself a scarf. 玛丽亚给自己买了一条围巾。We must look after ourselves very well. 我们必须好好照顾自己。2）可用作表语，指的是表语和主语表示同一个或同一些人或事物。如： I'm not quite myself today. 我今天情绪不好。He doesn't seem himself this morning. 今天上午他似乎不舒服。【说明】有时用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作

12、表语表示身体或精神处于正常状态：I ' m not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。I' ll be myself again in no time.我过一会儿就会好的。3 ）可用作主语或宾语的同位语，常用来加强语气。如： She herself will fly to London tomorrow. 明天她自己将要坐飞机去伦敦。I met the writer himself last week. 我上周见到了那位作家本人。4 ）用在某些固定短语当中by oneself 单独地When I was young, I had to mak

13、e a living all by myself.Would you go there by yourself?for oneself 为自己；独自One shouldn 'livtefor himself alone.You must find it out for yourself.enjoy oneself 玩得很痛快talk to oneself 自言自语help oneself to sth. 随便吃Please help yourself to some fish.4.双重所有格 ： 在同一名词词组中同时具备 's 以及 of 两种所有格a friend of my

14、 father's 我爸爸的一个朋友（1） .of 前面的名词前面通常有一个含泛指意义的限定词如： a, any, some, no, few, several 以及 two, three 等。例如：Have you read any stories of Lei Feng's? 你看过雷锋的故事吗？They gave me some books of theirs. 他们把他们的一些书给了我。Three classmates of my brother's have found good jobs. 我哥哥的三个同学已经找到了好工作。（ 2） . 有时 of 前面的名

15、词前面可以用指示代词 this, that 表示某种感情色彩。例如：That answer of Tom's was not right. 汤姆的那个回答是不对的。Something is wrong with this hand of mine. 我的这只手出了毛病。（3） of后面带有's的名词或名词性物主代词通常是特指的人。例如：That's a book of Lu Xun's. 这是鲁迅的一本书。This is a child of theirs. 那是他们的一个孩子。5.it 的用法A.基本用法（1） .指代前面所提到过的人、物或事情，也可以指未提到

16、过的但是谈话双方都明白的事情、 情况。 Where is your backpack? It's on the chair.（2）. 指代时间、天气、距离、环境等。It is over one year since I came to this school. （时间）It is warm in winter in Kunming. （天气）It is about 2 kilometers away from here. （距离）It is very quiet here. （环境）（3）. 指代性别不明或性别被认为不重要的人或物。 Who'sthe baby in the p

17、icture? Is it your brother? No, it 'mse. （ 4） . it 作形式主语和形式宾语，代替不定式、动词的-ing 形式、从句，而把真正的主语、宾语放在后面。It is a pity that he missed the first flight.It seems that he has passed the exam.I find it a waste spending so much time on TV . 6.指示代词指示代词表示 "那个"、"这个"、"这些 "、"那些&q

18、uot;等指示概念的代词。女口： this （这），that （那），these （这些），those （那些）等。 this 和 these指单数，this 和 these指复数。指示代词在句中可以作主语 ,宾语 ,表语、定语等。this和these指距离较近的人或物。that和those指距离较近的人或物。例如： this is a dog. 这是一只狗。 （作主语）That is a good idea. 那是个好主意。These are are apple. 这些是苹果。Those are my teachers. 那些是我的老师。What do you like ? I like t

19、his. （作宾语）你喜欢什么？我喜欢这个。I should say I know that . 我应该说我知道这件事情。That pencil is long. 那支铅笔是长的。 （作定语） 否定是在 be 动词后面加 not.例如： this is not a dog. 这不是一只狗。That is not a good idea. 那不是个好主意。These are not apples. 这些不是苹果。 Those are not my teachers. 那些不是我的老师。7. 疑问代词A .疑问代词在句中起 who 名词的作用， 用来构成疑问句。 如： what ，where， w

20、hen， what time ， how， who ， whom， whose， which 等B. 指人： who， whom， whose 指物： what 既可指人又可指物： whichC 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前，没有性和数的变化，除who 之外也没有格的变化。what，which，whose还可作限定词。试比较：Whose are these books on the desk?桌上的书是谁的？（疑问代词作表语）What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion ?美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的？ Whose

21、 books are these on the desk？桌上的书是谁的？（疑问代词作限定语）What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States ？ 哪 些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国？（疑问代词作限定语8不定代词代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。如something（某事）,someone（某人）,somebody（某人）,anything（任何事）,anyone（任何 人）,anybody（任何 人）,nothing（没事）,n

22、obody（没有 人）,no one（没有人）,everything（ 一 切）,every one（每个人）,everybody（每个人）.A. some和 any的用法：some 一般用于肯定句中，意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数 名词。I have some work to do today.（今天我有些事情要做 ）They will go there some day.（他们 有朝一日会去那儿）some用于疑问句时，表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。Would you like some coffee with sugar?（你要加糖的咖啡吗？）any

23、般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“ 一些”，作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名 词 。 They didn ' t have any frie nds here.（ 他 们 在 这 里 没 有 朋 友）Have you got any questions to ask?（你有问题要问吗？）any用于肯定句时，意思是“任何一个”。Come here with any friend.（随便带什么朋友来吧。）B.不定 代词含义范围作定语时名词 的数作主语时动词 的数both两者都=2复数复数either两者中的任意一 个=2单数单数neither两者都不=2单数单数all二者或二者以上>3单復

24、数单/复数nnone三者或三者以上 都不> 3单復数each每一个> 2单数单数every每一个> 3单数单数1）Both of them enjoy the rice.他们两人喜欢吃米饭。2）Neither of us is a doctor.我们俩都不是医生。3）Either of you will go.随你们哪个去都可以。4）All of the money has been spent.钱都花完了。B. none、nothing、nobody（no one）、no 的区另Unone表特指，只能独立使用，既可指人，也可指物，可与of连用；常用来回答how many、h

25、ow much、which。n obody（ no one）表泛指，只能指人，后面不跟of短语,作主语时谓语用单数形式；用来回答who。nothing表泛指，只能指物，不能与of连用，用来回答 what。 no是形容词性的不定代词，只 能用作定语，不能单独使用。1. None of the students failed the examination. 没有一个学生考试不及格。2. How much money do you have?None.3. What are you doing now? Nothing.4. Nobody was late for school.No one kn

26、ows how he managed to get the ticket .（没有人知道他是怎样搞到那张票的）Nobody handed in his/their composition（s） yesterday. （昨天没有一个人交作文。 ） None of my friends came to see me that day.（那天没有一个朋友来看我。）There is no time left. Please hurry up. （ 没有时间了 ,请快点 ）None of them is/are in the classroom. （ 他们当中没有一个在教室里 ）I have many

27、books, but none is interesting. （ 我有很多的书 ,但没有一本是有趣的 ）C. every 和 each 用法：every 是形容词 , 只能作定语修饰单数名词 ,意思是“每一个” ,表示整体概念；each是形容词、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等，意思是“每个”或者“各个”，表示单个概念；each 可以放在名词前 ,可以后跟 of 短语。every 和 each 都用作单数理解 ,但是下文中既可以用单数的代词（如 he/him/his） 也可以用复数的代词（如 they/them/their） 替代。Every one of the students in hi

28、s class studies very hard.（他班上每个学生学习都很用功）They are very busy. Each of them has something to do. （ 他们很忙 ,人人都有事干 ）D. another、the other、others、the others 的区另Uone 代词，替代前文所出现的可数名词an other指三者以上中的另一个、“再.”others 表示复数的泛指 = other +n. the other 两者中的另一个the others 表示复数的特指如： Some girls are singing under the big ap

29、ple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.（有些女孩在大苹果树下唱歌,另的就躺在草地上说话 ）You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?（你已经吃了好几块饼子了,你真的还要一块？ ）I want another four books. （ 我还要四本书 ）This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?（这是你的一只袜子 ,还有一只呢？ ）I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still

30、 want another.（我已经吃了 4 块蛋糕 ,但是我还要以块。 ）others 与 the others 的主要区另 ：others 指“剩余的人 /物” （指大部分 ）；the others 指“其余的人 /物” ,（指全部 ）。A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them. （ 有几个学生在踢足球 ,其他一些 人在观看 ）Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.（十个男孩中有两个站着 ,其他人都围

31、着他们坐着。 ）E. few、little、a few、a little 的用法：few、little"很少几个”、"几乎没有”，有否定的意思，a few、a little "有几个”、"有些”,有肯定的意思；few、a few与可数名词连用或代替可数的事物 ， little、a little与不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。He is very poor and he has little mon ey.（他很穷，几乎没有什么钱。）Don' t worry. There is still a little ti

32、me left.（别着急，还有一点儿时间呢。）In that polar regi on there live few people.（在那个极地地区几乎不住人）You can get a few sweets from him.（你可以从他那儿弄到一些糖果）F. 复合不 定代词 somebody ,something anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等是由some , any ,no ,every,加上body, thing构成的，叫做复合不定代词，在句子中当单数使用。 somebody, someth ing, some one般用于肯定句中

33、；any thi ng, an ybody, anyone 般用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。修饰复合不定代词的定语,应放在它们的后面。Hey, Lily. There is some one outside the door.（嗨，丽丽，门外有人。）Did you meet anyone whe n you came to school last Sun day?（上个星期天你来学校时见到什么人了吗？）He has n othi ng much to do today.（他今天没有多少事情做 ）G. a lot of、lots of a number of（ /large numbers

34、 of）、a great deal of、plenty of 的区另U : 五个“名词+介词”短语都表示“大量，许多”，a lot of（或lots of）既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式，可以相应地换为much 禾口 many;plenty of “足够、大量”，既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式。a number of / large numbers of只可以修饰可数名词复数形式（它修饰的词作主语时谓语用复数形式）可以换为 some、many、a lot of、plenty of。a great deal of只可以修饰不可数名词（它修饰的词作主语时谓语用单

35、数形式）可以换为much。A lot of people think that time is money.（许多的人认为时间就是金钱。）I don' t have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.（我用不着赶忙，因为我有充足的时间。）I have a number of letters to write today.（今天我有好多信要写 ）I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping.（在购物方面我花费了大量的时间/金钱。）附：英语8个人称代词单数主格宾格形容词性物主代

36、词名词性物主代 词反身代词I我me我my我的mine我的（东西）myself我自己you你you你your你的yours你的（东西）yourself 你自己he他him他his他的his他的（东西himself他自己she她her她her她的hers她的（东 西）herself她自己it它it它its它的its它的（东西）itself它自己复数we我们us我们our我们的ours我们的（东西）ourselves 我们 自己we我们you你们your你们的yours你们的（东西）yourselves 你 们自己they他们them他们their他们的theirs他们的（东西）themselves

37、 他们自己练习题：一、填写人称代词表格人称我你他她它我们你们他们主格宾格形容词性 物主代词名词性 物主代词二、单项选择1. He can't hear you, because there isnoise hereA . very much B . too much C . much too D . so many2. name is Han Meimai.A . Herself B . Hers C . She D . Her3 . All of us were invited, butof us came A . neither B . none C . both4 . The w

38、eather in Shan ghai is differe nt fromA . Baotou B . Baotou weather C . that in Baotou D . those of Baotou5 . There isn'twater in the cup.A . any B . many C . some D . the6 . Is thispen? No,is on my desk.A . your; my B . yours; my C . your; mine D . yours; mine7 . The bottle is empty. There isin

39、 it.A . anything B . something C . nothing8 . -Look! We havesugar. -Really? Let's go and buy some.A . few B . a few C . little D . a little9 . There isn'tmilk in the fridge. You'd better buy some.A . no B . any C . some D.much10 . - “ There isn'twater here. Could you getfor me? ” - “

40、 All right.A . some; some B . any; any C . some; any D . any; some11 Today, trees are still being cut down somewhere in the world.A much too Btoo much C many too Dtoo many12 There are lots of English books here, and of them is easy to understand. A both B all C every D each13 Is the shirt on the bed

41、 ?A yours B your Cyou14 Mr. Green taught English last year.A our B we C us15 These sweaters are too small for me. Please show me one.A other B others C the others D another16 Mary can't go with us. has to look after mother at home.A She; his B She; her CHe; her DHe; His17 There isn't paper i

42、n the box. Will you go and get for me? A any; some B any; any C some; some D some; any18 I often help .A he or she Bhis and her C him and her D his and hers19 There are some trees on side of the street.A both Ball C either Deach20.”Which of the two dictionaries do you like better? ”“ I like , becaus

43、e they're not useful. ”A both B either Call D neither21 They were all very tired, but of them would stop to take a rest.A any B some C none Dneither22 There were people and noise in the park last Sunday.A many; much B much; much C much; many Dmany; many23 of them has a dictionary and one of them

44、 can look up words in the dictionary.A Each; every B Every; each C Each; each D Every; every24 Please keep together. We want of you to get lost.A none B some C many D any25 There is water here; but there are quite empty glasses.A little; a few B few; little C few; a few D little; a little26 The skir

45、t is . She made it .A hers; herself B her; herself C herself; hers D herself; her 27.”Haven't you forgotten ? ”“ ,oh, I forgot my bag. ”A anything; Excuse me B something; Excuse meC something; Pardon D everything; Pardon28 Be quiet! I have to tell you.A important anything B anything importantC i

46、mportant something D something important29 My father is very busy with his work. He has time to do the housework. A little B few C a little D a few30 of the boys in Class Four are playing games. .AAll B Each CThe both D None三、从括号内选用适当的代词填空1. Your football clothes are on the desk.Please put (they ， t

47、hem， their ，theirs) away.2. (We， Us， Our， Ours) English teacher is Mrs. Green.We all like (she ， her， hers).3. (I ，Me， My ，Mine) can ' t get my kite.Could you help (I ， me， my ， mine)?4. Tom can't get down from the tree. Can you help (he ， him ， his)?5. We can' t find our bikes.Can you h

48、elp (we ， us， our， ours)?6. These are (he， him ，his) planes. The white ones are (I ， me，mine).7 These are pens and are pencils. (that, this, those)8 Tom was sick yesterday. is why he missed school. ( That, Those, These)9 Which of shirts are Tom's ( These, this, that)10 This desk is mine, is hers

49、. ( those, this, that)11 The map of Beijing is better than of Tianjing. (this, that, these)12 (He, Her, His ) mane is Jack. . (She, He, His) is a cook.13. (I,My,Mine)aunt is a nurse. (She, He. Her) works very hard.14 Please show (me, I, mine ) the way.15 The books aren't ( my, mine, I ). (They ,

50、 It, Its ) may be (her, hers, your)16. Let (I, me, mine) tell (her, she, hers ) how to do it.17 Help (you, your, yourself ) to some fish, please18. Don't tell (he, him, his ) the answer. (I,Me,Us )believe that (he, him, his )can work out the problem (he, himself, him)19、It's going to snow,&q

51、uot; the old woman sai to . (her, herself, hers)20. The lady under the tree is (mine, my, me) aunt.(She, Her, Herself) often sings English songs with ( her, hers, she ) husband.四、句型转换A.1. That is not kite. That kite is very small, but is very big.2. The dressis . Give it to . ( she )3. Is this watch

52、? (you) No, it 'nost . ( I )4. is my brother. name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are . ( he )5. dresses are red. (we) What colour are ? ( you )6. Here are many dolls, which one is ? ( she )7. I can find my toy, but where '_s? ( you )8. Show your kite, OK? (they)9. I have a beautiful cat. name

53、is Mimi. These cakes are . ( it )10. Are these tickets? No, are not .11. aren 'htere. ( they )12. Shall have a look at that classroom? That is classroom. ( we )13. is my aunt. Do you know job? a nurse. ( she )14. That is not camera. is at home. ( he )15. Where are ? I can 'ftind . Let 'c

54、sall parents. ( they )16. Don'ttouch . not a cat, a tiger!17. This is my book. This is .18. These books are my brother 's. These are .19. This bike is my sister's. It belongs to（她的）20. My bag is small. Can I use（你的）?B.1、A:is the boy in blue?B:He 's Mike.2、A:pen is it?B:It's mine.

55、3、A:is the diary?B:It 's un der the chair.4、A:is the Chirstmas Day?B: It 's on the 25th of December.5、A:are the earpho nes?B:They are 25 yua n.6、A:is the cup?B:It's blue.7、A:is it today?B:It's Sun day.& A:was it yesterday?B: It was the 13th of October.9、A:this red one?B:It's beautiful.10、A: Can I have some paper and some crayons?B:?A: I want to make a kite.11、A:is your cousin? B: He ' s 15 years old.12、A:do you have dinner? B: At 6 o ' clock.13、Lucy asked him to turn do