专业英语1ppt课件

1、专业英语n讲授内容和偏重点n阅读篇n写作篇讲授内容和偏重点n学术论文的阅读和写作：争取到达能在语法上阅读各种专业学术文章专业知识本人掌握，写作上能写作学术文章如学术论文，给出一定的写作套路和方法。n阅读和写作业是偏重这两方面n单纯讲实际不多；根本上结合阅读和写作实际来讲解n本人总结各自的专业词汇n本人专业的知识只能本人掌握，不会讲解阅读篇n科技英语的特点n如何翻译科技英语的特点n词汇特点 n半专业词汇，如：“pupil学生，瞳孔n专业词汇，circuit diagram(电路图) ，n句子和语法n名词作定语：power source(电源) ，n被动语态居多，尽量以要描画的主体作为主语,以人为

2、主与也不要用We，you, 而经常用one来替代。如：n专业英语长句多。一个句子除主句外，往往在句中交叉许多从句和分词、不定式非谓语方式。例如：Finally looking into the future, it is possible to see the development of antibodies to chemicals associated with food breakdown being included in packaging materials to produce color changes clearly indicating the freshness of

3、the foodn句中associated with food breakdown是分词短语修饰chemicals,being included in Packaging materials也是分词短语修饰antibodies,to produce color changes是表示目的的不定式短语,clearly indicating the freshness of the food是分词短语修饰changes。n句子根本构造不一定像普通英语一样完好，如：Keep in mind that the sample or absolute thermopower will typically b

4、e opposite in sign from the measured or relative thermopower.这个句子没有主语n语篇n专业英语的语篇有显著的特点：行文有条理，逻辑很严密。普通来讲，每段都有topic sentence，段中的其他句子用来解释和阐明主题句 。n主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 修饰成分修饰成分修饰成分修饰成分修饰成分 描画词、副词、数词、量词、定语从句、介词短语副词、介词短语 副词、介词短语描画词、副词、数词、量词、定语从句、介词短语描画词、副词、数词、量词、定语从句、介词短语Skills of Translation词类转译In在英译汉过程中，由于英汉两种言

5、语的言语构造和表达方式不同，不能逐词对译。原文中有些词在译文中需求转换词类，才干使译文照射自然。一名词的转换n名词转换为动词n名词在英汉两种言语中的运用有各自不同的特点。英语中，一个句子往往只需一个谓语动词，因此名词用得多些；而汉语中一个句子往往可以连用几个动词或动词词组，因此动词用得多些。英译汉中假设逐词对译的话，往往难以符合汉语的表达习惯，将英语名词转换成汉语动词后，这一问题便迎刃而解。详细有下面两种情况： 1将由动词派生的名词转译成动词 例：例：I have no private interest in the acceptance of my inventions by the wor

6、ld. 我的发明为世界所采用，我未从中获得任何我的发明为世界所采用，我未从中获得任何私利。私利。2把具有动作意义的名词、同形词或同源词转译成动词 2名词转换为描画词 n一些由描画词派生的英语名词和一些作表语的英语名词在译成汉语时，有时需求转换成汉语的描画词。n例：The launching was proved to be a success. n现实证明这次发射是胜利的。3名词转换为副词 n一些英语名词还可以转换成副词。n例：He had the kindness to show me the way. n他非常友好地给我指路。二动词的转换n 动词转换成名词n 英语中有不少动词是由名词派生或

7、转用而来的，翻译这些动词时往往难以找到对应的汉语动词，因此需求把它们复原成名词。例：Television works in much the same way as radio. 电视机的任务原理与无线电广播几乎完全一样。 n1.This current is dependent on the voltage of the battery, on the dimensions of the sample, and on the conductivity of the material itself.n流过资料的电流取决于电池的电压、资料的截面积和资料本身的电阻率。nbe dependent (

8、on)：“由决议，取决于，后接三个on衔接的并列宾语。n One ohm is defined as that amount of resistance that will limit the current in a conductor is one ampere when the voltage applied to the conductor is one volt.n 本句可译为：1欧姆的定义是：当加到导体上的电压为1伏特时，将导体中的电流限制在1安培所需的电阻值。n a) be defined as：“被定义为，后接宾语，此处为省略“that的宾语从句。n b) 该句为双反复合句，在

9、as后的宾语从句中又分别带有一个定语从句和一个when引导的状语从句。句中出现两个that，第一个that作定语修饰amount，第二个that引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词短语。n If the battery is disconnected, the capacitor retains the charge and the voltage associated with it.n 假设断开电池，电容将坚持电荷和与电荷相关的电压。n The capacitance is directly proportional to the dielectric constant of the materi

10、al and to the area of the plates and inversely to the distance of the plates.n 电容器的电容量与介质的介电常数及平板的面积成正比，与平板间的间隔成反比。n to directly proportional：“与成正比n b) to inversely proportional to：“与成反比 n When a current passes through the coil, a magnetic field is set up around it that tends to oppose rapid changes

11、 in current intensity.n 本句可译为：当电流经过线圈时，在线圈周围将产生磁场，它将阻止电流的快速变化。n 句中that引导定语从句，修饰a magnetic field，it指代the coil。 n Also if a coil is placed on an iron core its inductance will be greater than it was without the magnetic core.n 本句可译为：而且，假设线圈中放一个铁芯，它的电感将比没有铁芯的线圈的电感大。n 此句than引导一个比较状语从句。Skills of Translati

12、on词类转译n三描画词的转换n1描画词转换为动词n英语描画词除了修饰名词以外经常和系动词一同构成系表构造，表示各种形状、知觉、情感、态度、愿望等等，后面可以经过介词接宾语。翻译时，往往把这类描画词转译成动词。以下是一些通常可译成动词的“描画词+介词的构造： dependent on (upon) 取决于，依赖于 destitute of 缺乏，没有 destructive of (to) 有害于，有损于 devoid of 短少，缺乏 different from 不同于 empty of 短少，没有 equal to 等于，胜任 equivalent to 等于，相当于 exclusive

13、of (from) 不算，不包括，免除 famous at 擅长 free from (of) 免于，免除，不 fraught with 充溢 full of 充溢 harmful to 有害于，有损于 inferior to 不及 next to 次于 parallel to (with) 平行于 peculiar to 特有、限于 perpendicular to 垂直于 poor in 缺乏 pregnant with 包含，充溢 preferable to 优于，胜过 responsible for 担任，负担 scarce of 缺乏，缺乏 similar to 类似于 short

14、of 缺乏，短少 subject to 受的支配 suitable for (to) 适于 void of 没有，缺乏 worthy of 值得 relative to 和有关2描画词转换为名词 由于表达方式不同，翻译时还可将一些描画词转换成名词。 例：After the battle they buried the dead. 战斗终了后他们掩埋了阵亡者。3描画词转换为副词 一些英语名词在翻译时要转换成汉语动词，那么相应地，修饰这些英语名词的描画词也通常要转换成汉语副词或补语。 例：A continuous increase in the temperature of a gas confi

15、ned in a container will lead to a continuous increase in the internal pressure within the gas. 不断添加密闭容器内的气体温度，会使气体的内压力不断增大。n It has a wide range of applications in such fields as audio power amplifiers，timer，voltage regulators，sensitive measuring circuits，etc.n 它在如音频功率放大器、定时器、稳压器、传感测试电路等领域具有广泛的运用。 n

16、 These high gain amplifiers are now used for a wide variety of applications，but the name operational amplifier or op-amp is normally used even though no mathematical operations are involved.n 这种高增益放大器如今已被广泛用于各个方面，即使不再涉及数学运算，但通常仍称之为运算放大器或“op-amp。nThe gain of the 741 at zero frequency is quoted as bei

17、ng typically 2105 in most manufacturers datasheets，with a minimum for any one device of 2104 or 2.5104 and no maximum value quoted.n在大多数厂家的数据表格中，741器件在零频处的增益典型值是2105，增益的最小值为2104或2.5104，无最大值引述。n其中“with a minimum and no maximum value quoted为with 的独立主格构造，起补充阐明作用。nIt will be found that the gain of a 741

18、 device falls off quite rapidly at frequencies above about 5Hz, this variation of gain with frequency is shown in Fig.1-9 for a typical 741 device.n我们将会发现741型器件的增益在频率大约为5赫兹时迅速下降，典型的741器件这种增益随频率的变化曲线如图1-9所示。nfall off：下降，跌落，减少，衰退，分开n When a suitable amount of negative feedback is employed, the differences between integrated circuit operational amplifier of the same type number can be made negligible for all practical purposes.n 当加了一定量的负反响时，在实践运用中同种型号集成运算放大器的区别可忽略。n employed：此处意为“运用。 n The operational amplifier can be employed to generate sq