2020-2021高考英语试卷阅读理解题分类汇编(及答案)

1、2020-2021 高考英语试卷阅读理解题分类汇编（及答案）一、高中英语阅读理解1 阅读理解A society that lives by the plastic fork may very well die from it. That's how things are looking. Anyway, for a world so used to disposable（ 一次性的） habits, any hope for a solution（ 解决方案）also increasingly seems to be buried.Sure, there have been some

2、hopeful ideas. Boyan Slat, the Dutch inventor developed a plan for Covering the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Not long after it started, Slat's system experienced "material fatigue（ 疲劳 ）"-likely the result of being strained（ 使受到压力） by all that trash-and thetask was delayed.All the while

3、, the plastic increases. Its growth is very fast, according to Linda Wang, a professor of chemical engineering at Purdue University. She says, "We'll have more plastic than fish by 2050." Yet Wang, along with other researchers at Purdue, may have a solution not only to this plastic pro

4、blem, but also to the growing need for clean energy. Her team has developed a system that turns waste, a durable, lightweight material that accounts for about a quarter of all plastic waste, into a highly pure form of gasoline.Publishing their findings in the journal Sustainable Chemistry and Engine

5、ering, the scientists' state that instead of making plastic go away, they can break it down and reuse it, using chemistry to destroy what chemistry brought to the world when plastic was developed back in 1907.The process uses "supercritical" water-heated to around 450 degrees Celsius （

6、842 degrees Fahrenheit）,beyond the key point at which distinct liquid and vapor phases（ 气液态 ） exist-to boil plastic waste into an oil, the researchers explain. It takes a couple of hours for the supercritical water to complete the transformation, but the result is a kind of oil that can be used as g

7、asoline or fuel. It can also be turned into other products.The researchers have only made the transformation in a laboratory setting so far, but they suggest turning the process to a commercial scale（ 规模 ） may not be far off. And considering the 300 million tons of plastic into the environment every

8、 year, that day can't come soon enough. But it will come in time.（ 1 ） Why is the plastic fork mentioned in paragraph 1?A. To indicate the hopeless future of human life.B. To figure out the solution to reducing plastics.C. To show the seriousness of the plastic problem.D. To tell people to give

9、up an unhealthy lifestyle. （ 2） What can we know about Slat's system?A. It proves harmful to the Pacific.B. It has been abandoned completely.C. It has received many people's opposition. D. It met with difficulty while being carried out. （ 3） What is the advantage of Wang's system?A. It c

10、an save fish in the ocean.B. It can recycle and reuse plastic.C. It can surely lower the prices of gas and fuel.D. It can make plastic products more affordable.（ 4） What is the author's attitude towards Wang's system?A. Hopeful.B. Disapproving.C. Cautious.D. Uncertain.【答案】（ 1 ） C（ 2） D（ 3） B

11、（ 4） A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了Linda Wang 的新系统，它可以回收利用塑料。（ 1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“ That's how things are looking. Anyway, for a world soused to disposable habits, any hope for a solution also increasingly seems to be buried. 可知，人 们习惯了使用像塑料叉子之类的塑料制品，以至于找到解决塑料问题的解决方案的机会很渺茫。由此可推断，文章提到塑料叉子是为了表明塑料问题的严重性。故选C。（ 2

12、）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“ Notlong after it started ， Slat's system experienced'material fatigue likely the result of being strained by all that trash.在启动后不久， Slat 的系统就经历了“材料疲劳”，这可能是所有垃圾造成的。可推断，Slat 的系统在实施的过程中遇到了困难。故选D。（ 3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“ Yet Wang, along with other researchers at Purdue, mayhave a sol

13、ution not only to this plastic problem, but also to the growing need for clean energy. Her team has developed a system that turns waste, a durable, lightweight material that accounts for about a quarter of all plastic waste, into a highly pure form of gasoline. 然而，王和普渡大学的其他研究人员可能不仅解决了这个塑料问题，而且解决了对清洁

14、能源日益增长的需求。她的团队已经开发出一种系统，可以将废物（一种耐用、重量轻的材料，约占所有塑料废物的四分之一）转化为高纯度的汽油。可知，Wang 的系统可以回收利用塑料。故选B。（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的 “that day can't come soo enough. But it will comein time. 那一天来得越早越好。但它迟早会到来。可推断，作者对 ”Wang 的系统满怀希望。故选A。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。2 阅读理解As we kn

15、ow, Julian Beever is an international well-known sidewalk chalk artist whose drawings have appeared on the streets of London, Buenos Aires, Paris, New York, and countless other cities around the world. Beever creates drawings that look completely three- dimensional when seen from the correct angle.N

16、ow, in his book, Pavement chalk artist: The three-dimensional drawings of Julian Beever, the artist shares some of his most fascinating and humorous pieces, Here are a few examples you'll find in the book. Philadelphia eagleIn Pennsylvania, Beever created "Philadelphiaeagle" a huge dra

17、wing with an eagle landing successfully on an American national flag. Meeting Mr. Frog"Meeting Mr. Frog" was created in Salamanca, Spain, and is about a realistic-looking frog sitting on a Lily pad.Swimming pool in the high streetMy personal favorite is "Swimming pool in the high stre

18、et" from Brussels, which is about a woman relaxing in a swimming poola swimming pool sunk into the middle of the street, that is!Along with an introduction about his background, Beever includes a description of the techniques he used and the challenges he overcame with every drawing. He shares

19、information about his time at home in the UK. and abroad; there is a fun story to back up each piece of art.Beever's artwork is truly jaw dropping. You're sure to spend ages turning the leaves back and forth, surprised at how one man can create what looks like a three-dimensional design on a

20、 flat surface with just a bit of chalk. From animals to superheroes to famous buildings, the paintings are a wonder to lay eyes on.Payment chalk artist: The three-dimensional drawings of Julian Beever is surely worth a look. And another look. This 112-page hardcover book is available now from Firefl

21、y Books at a list price of $ 29.95(1) What do we know about the book mentioned in the text?A. It has a paper cover.B. It hasn't been published.C. It includes some drawing techniques. D. It's a biography of Julian Beever.(2) What does the underlined part "jaw dropping" most probably

22、 mean?A. Romantic.B. Amazing.(3) We can infer that the text isA. a book reviewC. an advertisement for a new book【答案】(1) CB(3) C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，C. FrighteningD. Depressing.B. a description of street artD. an introduction to an artistJulian Beever是一个国际知名的粉笔艺术家，他的三维绘画作品已经出现在伦敦，布宜诺斯艾利斯，巴黎，纽约，和世界各地的无数城市

23、的 街头。而在他的新书中这位艺术家也和读者分享了一些他最迷人的和幽默的作品。(1)考查细节理解。根据第二段中的 "inhis book, Pavement chalk artist: The three - dimensional drawings of Julian Beever, the artist shares some of his most fascinating and humorous pieces '可知J ulian Beever以绘画而闻名，而他的书中也涵盖了一些他的作品， 选C。(2)考查词义猜测。根据倒数第二段中的"You're s

24、ure to spend ages turning the leaves backand forth, surprised at how one man can create what looks like a three-dimensional design on a flat surface with just a bit of chalk可知读者会惊讶于逼真的三维设计，会反复地翻看，由此判断选Bo(3)考查推理判断。文章开头介绍了著名的画家，然后通篇介绍他的新书内容，而且文 章最后还介绍了书的价格以及去哪里可以购买到此书，由此判断该文是一篇介绍书的广 告，选C。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理

25、解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇广告类阅 读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出 正确答案。3 .阅读理解If you're a fan of smart technology, you may have had some sleepless nights lately. That's because Alexa, the artificial intelligence (AI) behind US company Amazon's Echo smart speakers, has been "letting

26、 out an unprompted ( 自发的),creepy (令人毛骨悚然的 )cackle for no apparent reason, according to BBC News.Many social media users shared their stories of Alexa scaring them with the seemingly unprompted laugh."Every time Alexa laughs, an angel dies," Tesla and SpaceX founder Elon Musk joked on socia

27、l media.On March 7, Amazon released an update that fixed the problem, saying that the laugh was caused by Echo devices mistakenly thinking that users had said the command " Alexa, laugh".However, what should have been a funny story raised the ongoing topic of man versus machine.With the ri

28、se of artificial and robotic technology, "Digital machines started to demonstrate broad abilities in pattern recognition, complex communication, and other area that used to be particularly human," wrote Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee in their book The Second Machine Age: Work, Progres

29、s, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. They believe that AI will "do more and more, and our lives will get better".However, ever since the earliest days of AI there have been concerns that some day, software will take over the world, leaving the fate of humans unknown."

30、;With artificial intelligence we are order the demon (魔鬼)Musk told students during a meeting at MIT in 2014. "If I had to guess at what our biggest existential threat is, it's probably that. So we need to be very carefulMany scientists have shared the same concern. The late British physicis

31、t Stephen Hawking said at a technology conference in Portugal in November that "computers can. in theory, imitate human intelligence, and exceed it ? AI could be the worst event in the history of our civilization."If creators are to safely control AL however, Hawking suggested that they &q

32、uot;employ best practice and effective management".I am an optimist and I believe that we can create AI for the good of the world," he said at the conference. "We simply need to be aware of the dangers, identify them, employ the best possible practice and management, and prepare for i

33、ts consequences well in advance."(1) What does the underlined word "cackle" in Paragraph 1 probably mean?A.movementB.laughterC.screamD.story(2) The story of Alexa is intended to _.A.lead into the discussion about humans and AIB.prove artificial intelligence has its weaknessesC.inform

34、readers of the development of AID.show how Alexa's problem was fixed(3) According to Brynjolfsson and McAfee, which statement below is probably TRUE?A.The development of AI could threaten our survival one day.B.Digital machines have complete ability to recognize something without mistakes.C.Robo

35、ts will never match humans in complex communication.D.Humans lives will be greatly improved with the help of robots.(4) What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Man VS. MachineB.Time to Control Rise of AIC.Creepy AID.AI: The Biggest Threat【答案】(1) BA(3) D(4) B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，论述了人们对人工智能带来的潜在危险的不同观

36、点，提醒我们要提前做好充分准备。(1)考查猜测词义。根据第二段中的"Many social media users shared their stories of Alexascaring them with the seemingly unprompted laugh."可知很多社交媒体也分享了亚马逊公司 的智能机器 Alexa会发出令人毛骨悚然的笑声的事情。此句中的"laugh”与文章第一段中的划线词"cackle"意义一样，故选 B。(2)考查推理判断。前四段中介绍了亚马逊公司的智能机器Alexa会发出令人毛骨悚然的笑声的事情，再根据第五

37、段中的 "However, what should have been a funny story raised the ongoing topic of man versus machine."这个故事引起了人与机器对抗的话题。故选 A。(3)考查推理判断。根据第五段中的 "They believe that AI will "do more and more, and our lives will get better"."可知Brynjolfsson和McAfee认为现在的人工智能机器展示出了多种能 力，这些能力会让我们的生活变

38、得更好。故选D。(4)考查主旨大意。本文是一篇议论文，主要介绍了人们对于人工智能带来的潜在危险 的不同观点。在最后一段中作者引用了霍金的话，告诉我们要意识到人工智能的危险，要 做好充分的准备。B项符合文章中心思想。故选 Bo【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅 读，考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答 案。4.阅读理解At the age of seven, while his friends were spending pocket money on things like candy and toys, Jose

39、 Adolfo was busy saving money for more essential purchases. To try to get his peers to do the same, the youngster from Arequipa, Peru came up with the innovative idea of an eco-bank, which allows kids of all ages to gain economic independence while also helping the environment.Established in 2012, t

40、he Bartselana Student Bank is the world's first bank for kids. To open an account, kids have to bring in at least 5 kilograms of solid waste (paper or plastic) and establish a savings goal. Once accepted, all bank "partners" are required to deposit(存储)at least one additional kilogram o

41、f recyclables on a monthly basis and meet other requirements, such as attending financial education and environmental management workshops.The waste collected is sold to local recycling companies, who, thanks to Jose, pay a higher-than- market rate for everything brought in by Bartselana Student Ban

42、k members. The funds received are placed in the individual's account until his/her savings goal is reached. The account holder can then withdraw his/her money, or choose to leave it and continue to grow for a bigger target."At the beginning, my teachers thought I was crazy," Jose recal

43、ls. "They did not understand that we are not the future of the country but its present. Luckily. I had the support of the school principal."By 2013, the bank had over 200 members who brought in one ton of recyclable waste. Today, the eco-bank, which now has the support of several local ins

44、titutions, has ten educational centers. They are designed to teach the over 3,000 members both finance and environmental management. On December 6, 2018, in response to the growing demand, Bartselana Student Bank began accepting applications from kids all across Peru.As the teenager says, "Toge

45、ther we can change the world. We just need an opportunity."(1) What is the purpose of the eco-bank?A. To involve kids in the management of the local recycling companies.B. To help kids get pocket money to spend on things like candy and toys.C. To show kids how important it is to learn environme

46、ntal management.D. To get kids to help the environment and be economically independent.(2) What duty does an eco-bank member have to perform?A. Attending financial education workshops.B. Bringing in 5 kilos of waste.C. Saving one kilo of solid waste weekly.D. Establishing a savings goal.(3) What doe

47、s the underlined part in Paragraph 4 mean?A. Kids are more responsible when growing up.B. The future of the country relies mainly on kids.C. Kids can contribute to the society though young.D. The present is a vital period for kid development.(4) Which of the following words can best describe Jose?A.

48、 Generous.B. Crazy.C. Flexible.D. Influential.【答案】(1) DA(3) C(4) D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，巴塞拉纳学生银行成立于2012年，是世界上第一家儿童银行。为了开户，孩子们必须携带至少5公斤的固体废物(纸或塑料)，并设定一个储蓄目标。回收的垃圾被卖给当地的回收公司，多亏了Jose,这些公司为巴塞拉纳学生银行成员带来的所有东西支付高于市场的价格。(1)考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"theyoungster from Arequipa, Peru came up with theinnovative idea of an

49、 eco-bank, which allows kids of all ages to gain economic independence while also helping the environment. 可知eco-bank的目的是让孩子们帮助环境和变得经济独 立。故选D。(2)考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"Onceaccepted, all bank a partners are required todeposit(存储)at least one additional kilogram of recyclables on a monthly basis and meet

50、 other requirements, such as attending financial education and environmental management workshops.可知所有银行的管作伙伴”必须每月至少额外存放一公斤可回收物品，并满足其他要求，例如参加金融教育和环境管理研讨会。故选 Ao(3)考查词义猜测。根据第四段中的“By 2013, the bank had over 200 members who broughtin one ton of recyclable waste. Today, the eco-bank, which now has the su

51、pport of several localinstitutions, has ten educational centers. 可知到 2013 年，世界银行已有”200 多名成员，他们带来了一吨可回收垃圾。如今，生态银行已经得到了几个当地机构的支持，拥有十个教育中心。即可知生态银行是给社会带来了贡献的，即划线部分的意思是作为生态银行成员的孩子们虽然年轻，但是可以为社会做贡献。故选C。（ 4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“ Atshe teenager says, Togethewr e can change theworld. We just need an opportunity. 可

52、知Jose提到我们可以一起改变世界，我们只是需要一 个机会。与上文因为Jose 为生态银行成员带来的东西支付高于市场的价格，而使得银行成员有了增加，并得到了当地机构和教育中心的支持，可知 Jose是有影响力的故选Do【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅 读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出 正确答案。5 阅读理解A typical child plays many roles, such as friend, neighbor, son or daughter. Simply reminding childre

53、n of that fact can lead to better problem-solving and more flexible thinking, according to new research from Duke University.Better problem-solving was just one positive finding of the study, said lead author Sarah Gaither, an assistant professor of psychology and neuroscience at Duke. After thinkin

54、g about their own various identities, children also showed more flexible thinking about race and other social groupings a behavior that could be valuable in an increasingly diverse society.In a series of experiments, Gaither and her colleagues looked at 196 children, ages 6 and 7. In an experiment,

55、one group of children was reminded that they had various identities, such as son, daughter, reader or helper. A second group of children was reminded of their multiple physical attributes, such as a mouth, arms and legs. All the children then needed to handle a few tasksChildren who were reminded of

56、 their various identities showed stronger problem-solving and creative thinking skills. When shown pictures of a bear staring at honey-filled beehive（ 蜂窝 ）high up in a tree, these children had more creative ideas for how the bear might get the honey, such as turning over a bowl so that it became a s

57、tool（ 凳子 ）. In other words, they saw a new use for the bowl. Children who were reminded of their multiple roles also showed more flexible thinking about social groupings. When asked to categorize different photos of faces, they suggested many ways to Spso. They identified smiling faces such as unsmi

58、ling ones, and old and young faces. The other children, meanwhile, primarily grouped people's faces by race and gender（ 性别 ）.The-study suggests ways to promote flexible thinking for the young, which could be especially valuable for teachers." Gaither said."We have this tendency in our

59、society to only think about ourselves in connection with one important group at a time," Gaither said. "When kids think that they have various identities, they show greater abilities."（ 1 ） What are all the kids asked to do in the experiments? A.Play different kinds of roles.B.Remind others of their roles.C.Approach several tasks.D.Classify a group of tasks.（ 2） How does the author mainly clarify the conclusions of the study in paragraph 4?A.By giving examples.B.By using experts' words.C.By listing a few figures.D.By sh